Order Typology Research Articles

Characteristics of Düzce Traditional Housing Architecture; The Case of Düzce Konuralp

The traditional Turkish house is a type of house that can be described as a cultural heritage, having developed since the moment the Turks appeared on the stage of history and has survived to the present day. Traditional houses are civil architectural works that are built according to the physical conditions and cultural characteristics of the environment they belong to, have become historical, and have become a national symbol. The main idea behind the creation of houses is directly related to the traditional construction rules and building materials of the period to which they belong. In the Western Black Sea Region, where the study was carried out, studies were made on the architecture of traditional houses in the Konuralp District of Düzce province. Konuralp District, a settlement where many historical layers from ancient times to the present day can be seen together, was built on the ancient Roman city of Prusias ad Hypium. In the study, six registered traditional houses, which have survived to the present day with many civil architectural works while preserving their historical texture, were evaluated in terms of building-street relationship, plan typology, facade features, materials, and construction techniques in order to determine their similarity with the architectural features of traditional Turkish houses. It was determined that the traditional houses examined were similar to the concept of Turkish house.

Farm Typology to Enhance Rice Technologies Adoption in Ethiopia

The aim of this study is to conduct a review of farm typology in order to improve the adoption of rice technologies in Ethiopia. Rice production has experienced significant growth in the country, with the cultivated area expanding from 33,820 hectares in 2013 to 60,000 hectares in 2022. However, the adoption level of rice technologies remains low, posing a challenge to meet the increasing demand that is currently being met through rice imports. To address this issue, the government has developed a national rice production strategy and flagship programs at the national level. Furthermore, understanding the characteristics of farmers is crucial for the successful implementation of these initiatives, as farmers are heterogeneous in terms of their resources, preferences, and objectives. Consequently, the adoption rate of rice technologies varies among farmers, leading to different demands for agricultural advisory services. To develop effective farm typologies, it is important to identify the key drivers of technology adoption, such as farm size, risk exposure, human capital, labor availability, credit access, and access to commodity markets. While there are various theories available for studying farm typology, the sustainable livelihood theory is particularly comprehensive in creating effective typologies. These theories employ both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In conclusion, conducting a farm typology study specific to rice cultivation is crucial for enhancing the adoption level of rice technologies.

Suicidal Ideation and Death by Suicide as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spanish-Speaking Countries: Systematic Review.

Suicidal behaviors and constructs are putting at risk the accomplishment of Objective 3 of Agenda 2030 for sustainable development in Spanish-speaking countries. The current study's principal objective is to explain the presence of suicidal ideation and deaths by suicide as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish-speaking countries based on a review of the scientific literature. The PRISMA model was used as the main method while considering the criteria of periodicity, language, typology, and country in order to choose the 28 articles that were analyzed from the following three databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science, and ProQuest Coronavirus Research Database. Suicidal ideation and death by suicide exhibited a growth trend during the COVID-19 pandemic, including post-pandemic, especially in kids, adolescents, and young women of university age belonging to lower socioeconomic strata and presenting risk factors like living in rural areas, poor mental health, unemployment, and family death due to COVID-19.

Mandarin Word Order: Syntactic Typology

This research is entitled Tataurut Kata Bahasa Mandarin:Tipologi Sintaksis. The theory used to examine the linguistic phenomena of Mandarin in this study includes two theories, namely the word order typology theory by Greenberg and the theory of relational grammar by Comrie. The research data consisted of Mandarin phrases, clauses, and sentences obtained from the Xunbao newspaper and Mandarin books. The research method used is a qualitative. The results of this study are presented using a formal method. Based on the formulation of the problem and research objectives, the results of the study show that the order pattern of Mandarin word order is SPO/SVO. As for changes in word order patterns, they can turn into SOV because O switches position with V after becoming a passive sentence. The word order pattern in imperative sentences is S-P/S-P-O. Under certain conditions, S can be eliminated but does not change the pattern. Declarative sentences have the S-P/S-P-O pattern. S is to the left of P and cannot precede P. If this occurs, then the pattern is unacceptable. Interrogative sentences have a word order pattern S-P or S-V. Chinese interrogative sentence markers can be located in the middle of a sentence and at the end of a sentence. These markers do not affect the basic pattern of word order, that P always precedes S. S is to the left of P or is praverbal. Through a syntactic typology approach, Mandarin is included in the ergative language type. Mandarin language treats S the same as P (patient) but differently from A (agent).

Phenomenology as Experiential Translation: Towards a Semiotic Typology of Descriptive and Expressive Ways of Making Sense of Experience

ABSTRACT This paper critically assesses and argues for the value of first- and second-person phenomenological approaches to researching aesthetic experiences. Against the background of a review of academic debates on the topic of slow cinema, this paper demonstrates the need for more rigorous and grounded research on film experiences. It therefore advocates the implementation of the empirically-informed, second-person research method of micro-phenomenology in the field of film reception studies. It argues for a renewed understanding of phenomenology as experiential translation grounded in a Peircean semiotic framework. From this semiotic angle, it proposes a typology of specific orders, levels, stages, and modes of experiential translation involved in various approaches to phenomenological research. This semiotic perspective also raises awareness of various non-verbal forms of expression, in addition to traditional linguistic forms of description, employed by participants in micro-phenomenological interviews when they intersubjectively transform their film experiences into reflective awareness guided by and through interaction with the interviewer-researcher. This paper promotes expressive phenomenology that includes non-linguistic, gestural, pictorial forms of reporting lived experience as legitimate material as well as non-traditional format of publication of research that meets academic standards of validity and verifiability.

Typology and Characterization: Reading Portraits of Identity in Mk. 1:35 and 6:46

Abstract The discovery of Jesus’ identity as the Messiah is often understood to be the central driving force of the first half of Mark’s narrative (1:14–8:30). However, from the perspective of narrative continuity, it is not always clear how each of the micro-narratives within the larger narrative unit support this purpose. Particularly puzzling in this regard is the two instances where the author briefly describes Jesus going away to pray privately by himself (1:35; 6:46). While these two verses have often been overlooked by scholars when considering Mark’s narrative purpose, this essay considers these two micro-narratives as important instances of indirect characterization, arguing that they develop layers of narrative typology in order to characterize Jesus as a key figure within Israel’s prophetic tradition.

The Sector Analysis as a Coastal Management Tool for Sustainable Tourism Development on the Mediterranean Coast of Morocco

Beaches are ecologically valuable ecosystems and sites that attract many tourists from all over the world, therefore, knowledge of their environmental conditions to establish sound management strategies is of extreme relevance. This study aims to assess and classify 50 beaches through an innovative coastal management approach called “Sector Analysis”, which integrates Litter grading, the coastal scenic quality and beach typology in order to classify sites into one of three sectors: Green (high value sites), Red (low value sites) and Yellow (sites with contradictory values). Litter Grade makes it possible to classify a site according to the quantity of litter using four grades from “A” (low) to “D” (high amount). The Coastal Scenic Evaluation System (CSES) allows to classify sites into five classes, ranging from extremely attractive natural sites (Class I) to unattractive degraded and urbanized sites (Class V). This innovative methodology for sustainable coastal area management can be easily applied to any beach in the world. The results on Litter Grade and CSES considered in this paper were obtained from previous studies and used to obtain the Sector Analysis that showed only 8 sites (16%) are in the Green sector, 18 sites (36%) in the Red sector and 24 sites (48%) in the Yellow sector. The significant percentage of sites in the Red sector (one third of the sites studied) clearly indicates the degradation that the Moroccan Mediterranean coast has undergone due to considerable anthropogenic activities and the lack of adequate coastal management programs. In this study, various management interventions were proposed to conserve and improve the aesthetic quality of beaches and reduce the impact and presence of litter in the coastal areas.

Basic word order typology revisited: a crosslinguistic quantitative study based on UD and WALS

Abstract This study quantitatively examines the first five universals of Greenberg’s basic word order typology based on 74 large-scale annotated corpora from two perspectives. The results show that (1) the dominant orders extracted from corpora concur with those retrieved from the World Atlas of Language Structures (henceforth, WALS) and provide knowledge of dominant orders to languages absent in the WALS, demonstrating the feasibility of adopting corpora to determine dominant orders in typological studies; (2) approaching word order as a discrete variable suggests that the relative order of adjective and noun cannot be predicted by the relative orders of object and verb and genitive and noun, which means the violation of Greenberg’s related universal; (3) approaching word order as a continuous variable also indicates the violation of this universal; and (4) the language samples based on the annotated corpora database further demonstrates that languages that are in line with this universal are rare and internally heterogeneous. Our findings suggest the possibility of drawing typological conclusions based on the frequencies and probabilities extracted from corpora materials and demonstrate that a more cautious adoption of the well-known universals is needed, indicating the importance of viewing word order features from various perspectives to better capture the characteristics of natural languages.

Machine versus corpus-based translation of multiword terms

Abstract Machine translation (MT) post-editing is an increasingly common practice in the translation industry which is also slowly being applied in the development of terminological resources. However, more studies have been devoted to analyze the practice in a translation scenario than in a terminographic context. Consequently, term-oriented post-editing guidelines are a current need if terminographers are also to become post-editors. With a view to enhancing the multilingual representation of environmental multiword terms (MWTs) in terminological resources, we analyze English–Spanish MWT translation in various generic MT systems. Our aims are: (1) to evaluate MT output in order to check whether it can be of any help to terminographers’ work; (2) to develop an error typology in order to raise terminographers’ awareness; and (3) to use the error typology to sketch a series of basic pre-editing and post-editing rules in a terminographic scenario. A comparison of MT output with the equivalents found in a comparable corpus is also presented. Even though MT often presents errors or unidiomatic choices, it can still serve as a basis for human post-editing, and provided that post-editors are familiarized with the potential errors. Comparable corpora, on the other hand, offer better results, but searches are more time-consuming and equivalents are not always available.

Learning and the typology of word order: a model of the Final-over-Final Condition

This article investigates whether cross-linguistic generalizations may arise from asymmetries in learnability of competing syntactic patterns. The model presented here uses a domain- general statistical learner for parameter systems in order to probe whether languages violating the Final-over-Final Condition (FOFC; Sheehan et al. 2017) might be difficult to learn, rather than syntactically impossible. In this model, no parameters ruled out *FOFC languages, and no penalties targeting them were built into the learner. Regardless, the results of two learning tasks demonstrate a correlation between the learnability of a word order pattern and its frequency in the typology. *FOFC languages were harder to learn, providing a possible explanation for their relative rarity.

Tipologías de mayores de 65 años en España según la Encuesta Europea de Salud

IntroductionNumerous organizations and institutions warn of the need for physical activity due to the multiple benefits it brings to the health of the population. In people over 65 years of age, doing some type of activity has a direct impact on healthy ageing. ObjectiveTo find out the state of health and physical activity of people over 65 years of age in Spain and to identify population typologies in order to establish specific health promotion strategies. MethodDescriptive cross-sectional study using a sample formed by 7167 older adults with data collected during the years 2019 and 2020 from the European Health Survey in Spain. Sociodemographic variables related to physical activity and health status were selected. A latent class analysis was carried out to analyze characteristics in subgroups of the population over 65 years of age. ResultsFive population subgroups were found where only one, representing 21.35% of the older adult, had a good perception of their health and regularly engaged in physical activity. ConclusionMost of the Spanish population over 65 years, despite not suffering from limiting health problems, has high levels of sedentary lifestyles and obesity. It is necessary to promote healthy ageing policies taking into account the characteristics of the subgroups of the population over 65 years of age.

An Overview of the Codes and Conventions of Drama Film Music

This article is, a part of a larger chapter, which treats the analysis of also other drama soundtracks , with various plots, directing visions and kinds of typologies in order to draw a line between the conventions and codes in music. Still, it is hard, since the final result is mostly an eclecticism between program music, large types of audio layouts, applied accordingly to the script and the personal craft of the composer. I identified some general approaches in drama film music, such as: the large usage of strings, or the highlight of melodic parameter, the minor keys and so on. I believe, for a composer it is essential to know the tools one needs to choose before writing music for a film. Even more, the codes found in an soundtrack are necessary because of the fact that they „talk” about the composer s style, his trademark.

The Effect of Difference in Word Order on Semantic Processing in Hindi-English Bilinguals.

The typology of word order in Hindi (Subject-Object-Verb, SOV) differs from that of English (Subject-Verb-Object, SVO). Bilinguals whose two languages have conflicting word order provide a unique opportunity to understand how word order affects language processing. Earlier behavioural and event-related brain potential (ERP) studies with Spanish-Basque bilinguals showed longer reading times and more errors in the comprehension of OSV sentences than SOV sentences in Basque language, indicating that non-canonical word orders (OSV) were difficult to process than canonical word order (SOV). This study was designed to explore how the difference in word order in Hindi and English languages affects N400 parameters in proficient Hindi-English bilinguals, using semantic congruity paradigm. Twenty-five proficient Hindi-English bilingual subjects were asked to silently read the congruent and incongruent sentences presented in one word at a time in both the languages. ERPs were recorded from midline frontal, central and parietal sites. The mean amplitude of the N400 effect at the parietal sites in Hindi-English proficient bilinguals was larger for English than for Hindi but there was no significant difference in the N400 latencies. Hindi-English bilingual subjects processed SOV and SVO sentences with equal ease as evidenced by the N400 latencies. Higher amplitude of the N400 effect with English sentences indicate that placing 'Object' as the final word makes sentences more predictable than verb as the final word. Understanding the word order difference might help to unravel the neurophysiological mechanisms of language comprehension and may offer some insights in terms of functional advantage of a particular word order in bilinguals.

Концептуальні основи інфраструктурно-сервісної методології розвитку локальних спільнот

The viability of the socioeconomic environment directly depends on the level of development, quality and reliability of infrastructure. In these circumstances, the role of self-organization of communities is growing, which requires, on the one hand, reasonable prioritization in the social spheres and development of infrastructure of life activities, etc. (consistent with the goals and objectives of the development strategy), and on the other hand, assessment of the own and the potential sources of ensuring the implementation of these priorities, which can be made through the development of self-sufficient innovative communities. The aim of the study is to determine the substantial content of the infrastructure and service methodology and its potential in the context of post-war recovery. The infrastructure and service approach involves maximum satisfaction of human needs and requests, as well as the creation of conditions for work and life, and is focused on meeting the needs of the community through attracting and retaining human resources through the development of services and infrastructure. The infrastructure and service approach is focused on adapting the management of the development of innovative communities to the problems of sustainable development as such, which opens up opportunities for studying promising organizational and economic mechanisms for managing service orientation, based on assessing the impact of status changes as a result of military hostilities in the economic space and its effects on the quality of life, living space and human capital. The methodology of the infrastructure and service approach is based on the ideas of the geography of innovations, combining the methods of economic geography, regional economy and innovatics and explores the spatial patterns of creation, implementation and dissemination of new ideas, technologies, products, as well as the impact of these processes on regional (local) development. From these positions, the infrastructure and service approach is relevant, because it relies on the potential of the territories and is aimed at more intensive use of its own capabilities. The infrastructure and service methodology for the development of innovative communities implies the understanding that innovations cover not only technological changes, but also changes in organizational, labor and social practices as those that can potentially affect the well-being of human capital of communities. Service modeling involves describing all processes in communities of different typologies in order to take these processes into account while projecting. Infrastructure and service projecting is the process of organizing space in such a way that economic agents interact as smoothly and efficiently as possible within innovative communities. In this context of the project, service innovations will be considered at the local level as an integration totality of basic factors of living standards, socioeconomic conditions, characterizations of innovative business entities, innovation infrastructure, cluster and network connections. The authors believe that for infrastructure development at the decent level, it is necessary to maximize the existing potential of the community, which is as most effectively possible through the development of innovative communities. Within the terms of practical implementation of the infrastructure and service methodology for the development of innovative communities, it is advisable to consider the hypothesis that development at the regional level should be carried out through a combination of smart-specialization strategies and the objectives of sustainable development.

Well-Being and Geography: Modelling Differences in Regional Well-Being Profiles in Case of Spatial Dependence—Evidence from Turkey

The aim of this study is to provide a new quantitative perspective on the geography of well-being using an urban–rural typology and characteristic city size elements in order to detect where people are happier and to examine the determinants of well-being by considering spatial dependence effects. We use 81 NUTS 3 regions and the time period 2012–2019 to analyse the geography of well-being for Turkey with panel and spatial panel models. Our results show that living in an urban area, in general, makes people happy, but that density negatively affects well-being. In addition, city size matters for enhancing well-being. We also analyse the determinants of well-being by using several socio-economic well-being indicators. Next, the aspatial and spatial model results based on spatial econometric regressions show that education, health, employment, and income are all important for well-being, whereas indirect effects (spillovers) of these indicators also exist. Our results indicate that ignoring spatial effects causes a misinterpretation of the effects of critical determinants of well-being in geography.

Detecting flood-type-specific flood-rich and flood-poor periods in peaks-over-threshold series with application to Bavaria (Germany)

Previous studies suggest that flood-rich and flood-poor periods are present in many flood peak discharge series around the globe. Understanding the occurrence of these periods and their driving mechanisms is important for reliably estimating future flood probabilities. We propose a method for detecting flood-rich and flood-poor periods in peak-over-threshold series based on scan-statistics and combine it with a flood typology in order to attribute the periods to their flood-generating mechanisms. The method is applied to 164 observed flood series in southern Germany from 1930 to 2018. The results reveal significant flood-rich periods of heavy-rainfall floods, especially in the Danube river basin in the most recent decades. These are consistent with trend analyses from the literature. Additionally, significant flood-poor periods of snowmelt-floods in the immediate past were detected, especially for low-elevation catchments in the alpine foreland and the uplands. The occurrence of flood-rich and flood-poor periods is interpreted in terms of increases in the frequency of heavy rainfall in the alpine foreland and decreases of both soil moisture and snow cover in the midlands.

О различии в формализации логики у индийцев и греков в связи с различием порядка слов в предикации

The article discusses some logical, semantic and metaphysical consequences or correla­tions with the introduced typology of word order in verbal and nominal sentences, which in the European tradition represent speech patterns used in judgments. The combinatorics of word order gives four variants, of which three are actually represented by native lan­guages of distinctive philosophical traditions. It is shown that the Western word order predisposes the semantic intuition in favor of substantialism, the Arabic variety (in verbal sentences) is in conformity with the process logic of sense discovered and described by A.V. Smirnov. The Sanskrit word order in predication predisposes to the understanding of thinking as a natural transition from one object to another, whereas the ontological type of the object is not predetermined.

Parts of speech and the placement of Targets in the corpus of languages in northwestern Iran

AbstractThis study applies a corpus-based quantitative approach to the word order typology and linguistic theories about word order in several genetically unrelated language varieties in northwestern Iran, such as Mukri Kurdish, Northeastern Kurdish and Armenian (Indo-European), Jewish Neo-Aramaic (Semitic), and Azeri Turkic (Turkish). Despite the difference in the default position of the direct object, the existing corpora of published and personal field data of narrative free speech demonstrate that these languages share the clause-final position of Targets predominantly (e.g., physical and metaphorical goals, recipients, addressees, and resultant-states) in their word order. Yet, Targets are more flexible in Mukri Kurdish, Northeastern Neo-Aramaic, and Azeri Turkic, whereas they are less flexible in Armenian and Northeastern Kurdish. Among various factors relevant to the placement of Targets, morphosyntactic features such as parts of speech exhibit constraints and clear preferences in the pre- and postverbal placement of Targets.

Geospatial analysis framework for evaluating urban design typologies in relation with the 15-minute city standards

Today, the majority of the world’s population lives in cities and it is expected that urban population will continue to grow in the coming decades. The increase in urban population will negatively impact urban performance, measured by equal access to amenities, knowledge creation and economic growth, if cities cannot respond to pressures that arise from increased migration. While urban design principles can help solve these problems, many core concepts of city form are often too abstract to allow for quantification of critical key indicators, comparative benchmarking for best practices and rigorous implementation strategies to ensure success. Given the complexity of how people interact with a city, the critical question arises: How does a city’s shape influence its urban performance? In this paper, we intend to address this fundamental question. First, we propose a framework to create a series of urban form typologies, which describe generally, a city’s shape and size, as a unifying concept to describe a city's design underlying pattern. Second, we propose that the urban form typologies can be quantified through the framework, to establish a disciplined methodology to compare the shape and scale of one city to another. The methodology combines topological (street network) and morphological (building form) features of urban form as well as other metrics related to geographic scale, entropy and density. Third, we provide a unified method to evaluate urban performance in terms of urbanization efficiency, innovation metrics and distribution of amenities. Fourth, we apply this framework to study the relationship between city typology and urban performance in order to determine which city designs are best suited to meet the demands of population growth, resource management, and energy usage. We apply this methodology to data gathered on 24 cities worldwide and their internal 8,228 subdivisions. By grouping the subdivisions into 208 agglomerations based on common urban form features, it is possible to identify and characterize their internal tapestry of city form typologies and evaluate their respective urban performance KPIs. We show that city typologies have a distinct effect on urban performance, quantify this impact and provide comparisons between the different typologies. Finally, we apply this methodology to evaluate the ability for each city typology to achieve the standards set forth by the 15-minute city, a sustainable development proposition of a decentralized city composed of walkable neighborhoods that provide equal access to housing, education and amenities.

Paraguayan Guaraní and the typology of free affix order

Cross-linguistically, affix order is commonly determined by semantic scope (Rice 2006) or a morphological template. Less frequently, affix order is free, which means that suffixes can be reordered without a concomitant change in scope. To address the question of what gives rise to and constrains free affix order (FAO), I present a case study of Paraguayan Guaraní (or PG, Tupí-Guaraní, Paraguay, ISO 639-3: gug). I argue that FAO in PG should be analyzed as driven by prosodic factors. The prosodic analysis has previously been proposed only for Chintang (Bickel et al. 2007). Two major analyses of FAO see the phenomenon as driven by either morphology (e.g. Ryan 2010) or prosody (Bickel et al. 2007). The morphological analysis proposes that FAO is a consequence of free variation within the morphological template. The prosodic analysis models FAO with prosodic subcategorization for phonologically prominent positions. I argue that the two analyses make different predictions as to the preconditions for and the extent of FAO. I show that both the morphological and the prosodic profile of FAO are attested. I propose that FAO in PG is an instance of the latter. Thus, I demonstrate that FAO is not a unified phenomenon, but rather should be typologized as driven by either morphological or prosodic factors.