Typological Category Research Articles

"The Circulation of a Melodic Type of Scholarly Carol From the Land of the Foresters, Hunedoara "

"The religious carol or with scholarly influence is a musical typological category that is less addressed in the specialized music literature, especially entering the area of interest of religious music. Due to this provenance and a relatively recent evolution in time (only a few hundred years), we find a distinct melodicity compared to the authentic Romanian carol. Melodic variants identified mainly in the Land of the Foresters, Hunedoara, circulate in southern Transylvania on religious carol texts, being collected in the field more than 100 years ago (Bartók, 1913). By the number of variations, we realize that it is a very beloved song, easy to remember, which closes the cycle of the Winter Holidays (Epiphany). The present research aims to identify the melodic variants of this scholarly carol, as well as, most importantly, its spread within other folk genres: old-style songs and dance songs. Keywords: Land of the Foresters, Hunedoara, scholarly carol "

Deconstructing the verbal STAMP system of Ebira

This paper investigates linear and non-linear morphology in verbal inflection in Ebira, a Benue-Congo language of Nigeria. The non-linear morphology does not target the root, but rather occurs within pre-verbal auxiliary-like satellite units called a STAMP (Anderson 2011, 2015, 2016), a mnemonic for subject agreement, tense, aspect, mood, and polarity. This paper deconstructs Ebira STAMPs and identifies individual sub-STAMP morphs based on the extensive description in Adive (1989) and Scholz (1976). The individual inflectional categories for subject agreement (1S, 2, 3S, 1P, 3P), TAM (HABITUAL, COMPLETIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, CONTINUOUS, and PERFECT), polarity (NEGATIVE), and clause-level meanings (INTERROGATIVE, 'IF', and 'WHEN') are decomposed (in part) as non-linear floating tones, floating moras, unassociated segments, and underspecified segments. While Anderson characterizes STAMPs as fused portmanteaux found widely in West and Central Africa (the Macro-Sudan Belt), we hold that 'STAMP' as a typological category may be too crude to assess areal typology. Instead we propose to investigate areality based on whether STAMP categories form a constituent before and to the exclusion of the verb root (requiring arguments independent of transcription practices). In concluding this paper, we ask why non-linear morphology such as grammatical tone does not target the root, and tie this to the pronounced functional load of lexical tone on roots in Ebira.

Salorno—Dos de la Forca (Adige Valley, Northern Italy): A unique cremation site of the Late Bronze Age

The archaeological site of Salorno-Dos de la Forca (Bozen, Alto Adige) provides one of the rarest and most significant documentations of cremated human remains preserved from an ancient cremation platform (ustrinum). The pyre area, located along the upper Adige valley, is dated to the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1150-950 BCE) and has yielded an unprecedented quantity of cremated human remains (about 63.5 kg), along with burnt animal bone fragments, shards of pottery, and other grave goods made in bronze and animal bone/antler. This study focuses on the bioanthropological analysis of the human remains and discusses the formation of the unusual burnt deposits at Salorno through comparisons with modern practices and protohistoric and contemporaneous archaeological deposits. The patterning of bone fragmentation and commingling was investigated using spatial data recorded during excavation which, along with the bioanthropological and archaeological data, are used to model and test two hypotheses: Salorno-Dos de la Forca would be the result of A) repeated primary cremations left in situ; or B) of residual material remaining after select elements were removed for internment in urns or burials to unknown depositional sites. By modelling bone weight and demographic data borrowed from regional affine contexts, the authors suggest that this cremation site may have been used over several generations by a small community-perhaps a local elite. With a quantity of human remains that exceeds that of any other coeval contexts interpreted as ustrina, Salorno may be the product of a complex series of rituals in which the human cremains did not receive individual burial, but were left in situ, in a collective/communal place of primary combustion, defining an area of repeated funeral ceremonies involving offerings and libations across a few generations. This would represent a new typological and functional category that adds to the variability of mortuary customs at the end of the Bronze Age in the Alpine are, at a time in which "globalising" social trends may have stimulated the definition of more private identities.

Sign networks: Nucleated network sign languages and rural homesign in Papua New Guinea

AbstractThe sociodemographic typology of sign languages classifies them based on the characteristics and configurations of their users. When considering homesign and sign languages in rural areas, this typology needs further refinement. Here, I present new concepts to enable this. The study is based on fieldwork with twelve deaf people in Western Highlands, Papua New Guinea, and review of studies worldwide. Sign language communities can be mapped assign networks. Using this mapping, I propose a new typological category for languages with one central deaf user and many fluent hearing signers:nucleated network sign language. I usesign base analysisto determine lexical consistency between unconnected deaf signers in Western Highlands. The high level of consistency among largely unconnected deaf people is explained by aregional sign networkconnecting deaf and hearing signers. This research emphasises the role of both deaf and hearing signers in sign language emergence and maintenance. (Sign languages, social networks, sign networks, typology, homesign, rural sign languages, Papua New Guinea)*

Investigating ancient technology and ceramic composition at Al‐Khidr site (Failaka Island, Kuwait): Geochemical analyses of Bronze Age pottery by pXRF and thin‐section petrographic analyses

AbstractPottery assemblages from the site of Al‐Khidr on Failaka Island, Kuwait, were analysed in order to reconstruct the chemical composition of Bronze Age wares and to build a mineralogical database of Bronze Age pottery dated from Failaka Periods 1–3B (2000–1650 BCE). A total of 145 ceramic sherds from Al‐Khidr, as well as reference groups, were analysed by non‐destructive portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry. Preliminarily petrographic thin‐section analysis was applied to four samples to reconstruct possible clay paste recipes and to identify raw materials. The results indicate that geochemical analyses can successfully distinguish subgroups within a typological category of ceramic assemblages. The results identified two subgroups within the Al‐Khidr typological category: the Dilmun Barbar tradition and the Mesopotamian tradition. Future comparative compositional studies can be conducted to explore other aspects of craft specialisation, such as ceramic technological choices and possibly the influence of sociopolitical units.

Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Technological and Typological Elements in the Production of Flint Projectile Points of the Neman Culture in the Polish Lowland Region

The production of flint projectile points in the late stage of the Neman culture shows certain elements which are clearly similar in terms of technology and typology to the solutions known from flint-working of the people representing the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age cultures. The occurrence of such features has already been presented in relation to Neman culture ceramic production which lies at the heart of the concept of separating horizons within Linin type complexes. An in-depth analysis of the techno-typological features of flintworking in the Neman culture, and especially the typological category of projectile points, reveals similar patterns as well as cultural and chronological references in the case of ceramics. The most striking elements show analogies to those known from the south-eastern area of the cultural groupings influenced by impulses flowing from the civilization centres of the time. Traces of these influences are clear in certain typological and technological solutions, such as the forms of triangular projectile points, or in applying a trough-like retouch on such points. At the current stage of research, it is hard to determine whether the analogies observed result from not yet recognised intercultural contacts, or rather constitute a certain signum temporis characteristic of production in a wider area but during a single, specific chronological interval.

The poverty of manner categories in motion verbs coding vertical relations. Evidence from Polish and Russian

The article discusses the ways in which lexicalization of vertical motion takes place in two satellite-framed languages: Polish and Russian. In this typological category the manner of motion is typically rendered by the verb. The analysis of the descriptions of motion events by native speakers of these two genetically related languages shows that the lexicalization pattern of vertical motion differs from the horizontal one. First of all, when describing vertical relations, respondents less frequently code the manner of motion in the verb than when talking about motion along the horizontal plane. What is more, the results show that both Russian and Polish respondents use more motion verbs to describe vertical than horizontal relations, which points to the natural human tendency to code novel situations.

Evidentiality and Mirativity in Traditional Negev Arabic: Morphological, Lexical and Discourse-Syntactic Strategies

Abstract Evidentiality as a typological category pertains to the source of information from the speaker's point of view without specifying it. This information may be conveyed as non-witnessed, inferred or surprising (mirative), among other possibilities. Evidentiality strategies and mirativity strategies are usually secondary extensions of other primary functions, such as resultativity. These strategies may be grammatical, syntactic or discursive, and I also include here lexical items with no other function. In Traditional Negev Arabic, as spoken by elderly Bedouin in Southern Israel, grammatical evidentiality was noted in 1992. Since then, however, evidentiality in Arabic has only been recognized in some peripheral dialects in contact with evidential languages. This study analyses the interaction and pragmatic-rhetorical effects of three strategies for evidentiality and mirativity in oral narrative texts in Traditional Negev Arabic: a grammatical strategy via the evidential participle; a lexical strategy via evidential particles; and a discourse-syntactic strategy via presentatives, combining visual evidence with mirativity and often inference. These strategies tend to cluster together in narrative peaks, creating saturated environments of high dramatic tension. Their complex interaction is highly effective in focalizing and achieving pragmatic and rhetorical ends in this under-studied and rapidly disappearing oral narrative tradition.

The war on drugs in Southeast Asia as ‘state vigilantism’

This paper makes the case that existing typologies of political violence and state killing do not capture the character of extra-judicial killings seen in the Philippines’ ongoing war on drugs, and its forerunner which took place in Thailand in 2003. It will argue that the thousands of murders witnessed in both campaigns represent a distinct form of targeted killing, which is state directed and biopolitical in form, in attempting to discipline vital aspects of human life. It is this disciplinary element which raises questions of vigilantism, which was historically an extra-legal form of social control. As a consequence, the paper responds to the lacuna in current targeted killing literature, which has neglected and as a consequence undertheorized how states utilise apparent vigilante violence for political ends in the context of the war on drugs. Comparing both Rodrigo Duterte and Thaksin Shinawatra's tactics in their respective wars on drugs, it will demonstrate that state vigilantism as a typological category refers to intense periods of extrajudicial killings, where the state seeks to dehumanise a target group while actively orchestrating vigilante style violence against it.

Imaginal architectural devices and the ritual space of medieval necromancy

The material and spatial dimensions documented in the manuscripts of ritual magic that circulated in the medieval and early modern periods have long eluded researchers. Studying where those rituals take place is important to understand the history of the practice of ritual magic. Few attempts have been done to interpret the reasons behind the construction of magic circles and the use of domestic locations. The author introduces a new interpretative category of such ritual spaces: imaginal architectural devices (IADs). IADs pick out a specific kind of portable, spatially unfixed ritual space, where “magical” ones are a key example. They are temporary architectural artefacts, attested across a swath of sources of ritual magic, that work as strategic tools for orienting cognition, behavior, and belief. Drawing on spatial theory and cognitive studies, the author constructs IADs as a typological category for comparative analysis. It describes architectural operations that work at the interplay between mental projections and material culture, and that modify the perception of space. In the second part of the article, IADs will be applied to study the circles described in the second section of the Liber Iuratus Honorii, a thirteenth-century handbook containing instructions on how to conjure different ranks of spirits. In the end, the author suggests future directions of research on the transmission of IADs into contemporary ritual magic.

The use of the lateral tranchet blow technique at Nesher Ramla (Israel): A new cultural marker in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic?

The open-air Middle Paleolithic site at Nesher Ramla, Israel, dated to the end of Marine Isotope Stage 6 and Marine Isotope Stage 5, is characterized by extensive use of the lateral tranchet blow technique. This technique consists of the removal of an elongated thin spall along the retouched edge of the blank. In Nesher Ramla, this technique is used for producing a specific tool kit component: unifacially retouched tools with a lateral tranchet blow (LTB). The tools with LTB were systematically produced throughout the 8-m-thick Middle Paleolithic sequence of Nesher Ramla representing the major typological category in some of the layers. Together with tools with LTB, the assemblages contain large numbers of LTB spalls. Here we present a detailed techno-morphological analysis of the tools and spalls from Nesher Ramla Unit III, one of the richest archaeological layers of the site. Our results suggest that the goal of the LTB technique at Nesher Ramla was to manufacture a tool with an edge that is partially retouched and partially sharp, i.e., shaped by LTB. The LTB technique employs a long knapping routine, including a series of compulsory and optional steps, implying non-opportunistic behavior. Although on-site use of the LTB technique is attested, the fact that these tools were also often introduced to the site as finished objects further emphasizes their importance and suggests that most of them were not produced on-site in response to an immediate need for sharp edges.This tool type represents a new, previously unreported component in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic toolkit. A comparison with other archaeological units along the 8-m-thick stratigraphy of Nesher Ramla suggests that the LTB technique was one of the major techniques for manufacturing tools at that site and that the tools with LTB represent a cultural marker for Nesher Ramla hominins and possibly a new cultural marker in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic. According to a comparison of tools shaped by LTB from other geographic and temporal contexts, most notably, the central European Keilmesser, the Nesher Ramla tools with LTB were likely designed and used by right-handed hominins in a longitudinal cutting motion.

Cognitive Semantics, Linguistic Typology and Grammatical Polysemy: “Possession” and the English Genitive

This paper explores the cognitive semantics of the typological category “possession” using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (nsm) approach. At the macro level, we argue that “possession” is not a unitary cognitive category for speakers, but instead represents an aggregation of diverse semantic schemas which center around three distinct conceptual anchor points: ownership, body-parts, and kinship relations. It is shown how each of these conceptual anchor points can be clearly identified using the nsm metalanguage of semantic primes and molecules. At the micro level, the paper undertakes a close examination of the cognitive semantics of English s-genitives in the frame [THIS SOMEONE’S] SOMETHING, e.g. Mary’s ring, Mary’s shoes, Mary’s drawing, Mary’s plate, Mary’s train. It is argued that the wide range of use of the s-genitive can be captured in a set of five semantic schemas, which constitute a network of grammatical polysemy.

Is the “BE compound tense” in Xhosa (Nguni) a Serial Verb Construction, or not?

Developed within the dynamic, cognitive approach to categorization, the present article analyzes the taxonomical status of the BE gram in Xhosa (Nguni, Bantu) within the category of Serial Verb Constructions (SVC). By testing the BE gram for the features associated with the SVC prototype, the author concludes the following: the full type of the BE gram can be viewed as a minimally less canonical member of the SVC category, whereas the contracted type constitutes its non-canonical instantiation. The categorial difference between the two types stems from their dissimilar advancement on the grammaticalization path leading from less cohesive to more cohesive schemas. The study furthermore indicates that the typological category of SVCs has another diachronic input apart from coordination – namely, syntactic dependency.

The expression of path in three satellite-framed languages

Cross-linguistic studies of the lexicalization of motion tend to contrast satellite- with verb-framed languages (e.g. Slobin 1996; 2004; Cardini 2008; Özçalışkan & Slobin 2003; Kopecka 2004; Fargard et al. 2013, etc.) and concentrate less frequently on intra-typological analyses (but cf. e.g. Filipović 2007; Hasko 2010; Ibarretxe-Antuñano 2009; Ibarretxe-Antuñano & Hijazo-Gascón 2012). Even fewer studies contrast genetically related languages (but cf. e.g. Łozińska 2018). The main aim of this study was to establish the path-saliency cline of three satellite-framed languages: Polish, Russian, and English. The analysis was based on elicited data. The overall patterns of expressing the path of motion in the three languages were shown to be caused by their belonging to the same typological category. The differences could be attributed, to a large extent, to differences in the morphological structures and in the lexical repertoires of motion-coding expressions available to the speakers of the three languages. However, the analysis of descriptions of three specific spatial situations (i.e. vertical, boundary-crossing, and deictic relations) pointed to other factors that may influence path coding in the three languages. Thus, despite the satellite-verb character of the languages examined and the morpho-syntactic differences between them, all our participants, who were native speakers of the three languages examined, tended to code vertical relations by means of path verbs. The number of tokens of path verbs used to code this particular spatial relation was found to be higher than the number of tokens of path verbs used to code deictic or boundary-crossing motion.

Directed Motion Constructions in Korean and Its Typological Category

Directed Motion Constructions in Korean and Its Typological Category

Urban chronopolis: Ensemble of rhythmized dislocated places

Urban rhythmicity, the topic of this paper, is to a certain extent a reflexion of the current discourse on approaches to urban research. The presented paper approaches everyday urbanism through rhythms. An urban place can be defined not only by its spatial attributes, but also through its affiliation to a particular spatio-temporal system. For this purpose the paper employs two theoretical traditions – Lefebvre’s rhythmanalysis and Bakhtin’s concept of chronotope. Lefebvre’s rhythmanalysis should be seen here primarily as a framing outline, whereas Bakhtin’s chronotope provides considerably more analytical power to delimit temporally-defined urban place as a typological category. These two traditions however offer only limited possibilities to follow temporal connections among the set of spatially dislocated places. For this reason, this paper develops Laguerre’s concept of chronopolis, reconceptualised at the city-scale level. This paper aims to (i) further explore the nature of “urban polyrhythmia”; (ii) describe particular places as specific chronotopes; (iii) identify particular types of chronotopes based on the similarity of rhythmical profiles (chronopolis); and finally, (iv) to define the city as a set of particular chronopoles. The empirical part of the paper analyses a selection of localities within the space of Brno, Czech Republic. Based on long-term observations, a daily rhythm profile was described for each of 18 chosen urban localities. Particular types of chronopoles are identified according to their common rhythmical profiles stemming from the presence and absence of human users. The empirical part of the paper identified four different chronopoles (work-cycle, return, hot-spot, centre) that enable a description of the city as an ensemble of temporally rhythmized and spatially dislocated places.

Intepretasi Ayat-ayat Teologis Muḥammad al-Shawkānī tentang Manusia, Wahyu, dan Iman

The article examines typological category of al-Shawkānī’s “theological product”, which cannot be categorized as a part of Sunnī. This view is hold by Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-Dhahabī and Muḥammad ‘Alī Ayāzī. Al-Dhahabī concludes that al-Shawkānī’s theological thought is seen as being Sunnī but his work, Fatḥ al-Qadīr, is classified as al-Zaydīyah. Ayāzī, on the other side, says that al-Shawkānī’s theology tends to be more similarly rational to al-Zaydīyah and al-Mu‘tazilah. The author seeks to discuss the issue by exploring al-Shawkānī’s interpretation of theological verses on free will, pre-destination, and the relevance of revelation and human’s ratio. This study finds that al-Shawkānī’s theological arguments tend to be closely similar to Ahl al-Sunnah’s theological doctrines compare to that of al-Mu‘tazilah and al-Zaydīyah although he surroundedly grew up among the very rational al-Zaydīyah. It can be observed, for an instance, in his view of human’s deeds which clearly indicates him as having close position to the thought of al-Māturidīyah Bukhāra. In terms of the relevance of human’s ratio and the function of revelation, al-Shawkānī’s theological arguments are harmonious with al-Ash‘arīyah’s ideology.

LEFT DISLOCATION: A TYPOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

The Left Dislocation construction is a typologically universal phenomenon that has received detailed analysis, from both formal and functional perspectives, in a number of genetically and areally diverse languages. The present paper aims to provide a general overview of this cross-linguistic research with a concentration on: 1) the comparison of syntactico-semantic features of LD across languages, 2) the generalized cross-linguistic patterns and categories attested for LD, and 3) the explanations offered for LD in terms of its motivation and function in discourse. Accordingly, the paper will proceed in two parts. The first part will entail a brief survey of the syntactic and semantic attributes that have established LD as a typological category. In light of these attributes, linguists generally distinguish between two broad types of LD on the basis of particular syntactic patterns and constraints. Thus, a general description of these types is provided, along with a brief description of several less prototypical LD types. The second part of the paper will focus on the explanation of LD both in terms of the cognitive and contextual constraints that motivate its use in discourse, as well as the communicative goals and pragmatic effects achieved by the construction in particular contexts.

The Corporal Repertoire of Prison Protest in Spain and Latin America: The Political Language of Self-Mutilation by Common Prisoners

By means of case studies and historical information regarding penitentiary institutions in Spain and Latin America, the author offers an interpretative view of protest in prisons. Taking into consideration the concept of prisonisation, this paper discusses the body treated as a typological category. In a manner of speaking, this perspective enables the author to establish differences in the nature of the arsenal of collective actions employed by and thus to put forward his own conceptual definition as bioprotest. There is a subtle asymmetry in the bodily-harm aspect of prisoner protest, which needs to be examined in light of the dominant cultural frameworks. On the one hand, we have political and ideological prisoners, whose non-violent corporal arsenal (hunger strikes, in particular) is often a sufficient to make themselves heard. On the other, we have common prisoners, who are often unable to break free of the cultural stigma of criminality which clings to them, and therefore feel compelled to add a more sacrificial (corporal) aspect to their actions - mainly by way of self-mutilation.

A few lesser known Afrikaans dictionary monuments

Woordeboeke weerspieël nie net die woordeskat van 'n taal nie, maar dra ook by tot die standaardisering van 'n taal. Dit geld sowel woordeboeke waarin algemene taal as dié waarin die vaktaal bewerk word. Die Afrikaanse leksikografiese praktyk vertoon 'n uitgebreide tipologiese verskeidenheid, wat bekende en minder bekende woordeboeke en woordeboeksoorte insluit. Elke woordeboek kan aanspraak maak op monumentstatus, alhoewel talle woordeboeke se rol in die leksikografiese ontwikkeling van Afrikaans nie genoegsaam erken word nie. In hierdie artikel is die fokus op enkele minder bekende woordeboeke wat wel monumente van en vir Afrikaans is. Daar word aandag gegee aan woordeboeke wat gemeenskapsgedrewe produkte is en onder meer blyke gee van die kreatiewe woordskeppingskrag van die Afrikaanse taalgemeenskap. Daarbenewens word daar ook gewys op vernuwende leksikografiese produkte wat saamgestel is om aan spesifieke leksikografiese behoeftes van hulle teikengebruikers te voldoen.