Typical Thinking Research Articles

Conceptual metaphor sport as war in Vietnamese football news

Abstract Stemming from the widespread appearance of war metaphors in Vietnamese sports news, the article conducts the research on the emergence of metaphors related to the source domain of war in Vietnamese sports news. The International Commentary section aims to clarify the relationship between “sport” and “war” in Vietnamese mind maps. This article analyses the conceptual metaphor sport as war underlying the metaphorically used words and expressions in Vietnamese sports news and explains the mapping scheme between source domain and target domain. Based on the experiential correlations and knowledge mapped from source domain to target domain, the article shows typical thinking of the conceptual construction, which is both universal and typical of Vietnamese people thinking, indicating the hierarchy in conceptual thinking. The primary metaphor sport as war, through mapping scheme, the article proves the appearance of derivative metaphors in sports news such as sports competition as a battle between the warring parties; the footballers as military participants; the main footballers in competition are the weapons in the war; tactics in competing in a sports event as tactics in battle; the actions of footballers are the actions of the warring parties; fouls and misconduct are destroying an opponent in battle; coach as battle commander; winning/losing the match as winning/losing the battle. The current study’s findings are the metaphors grouped into categories: battle activities, battle devices, battle results/consequences, battle tactics. The article’s research results may help journalism students in writing skills and use conceptual metaphors in writing news and articles; suggest to sports bulletin editors how to use conceptual metaphors in news and articles to increase attraction for readers and listeners; and make matches more excited, dramatic and attractive.

Conceptualizing content-related PD facilitator expertise

Studies of facilitators of professional development (PD) for mathematics teachers have been increasing in order to improve their preparation for conducting PD. However, specifications of what facilitators should learn often lack a conceptualization that captures facilitators’ expertise for different PD content. In this article, we provide a framework for facilitator expertise that is in line with current conceptualizations but makes explicit the content-related aspects of such expertise. The framework for content-related facilitator expertise combines cognitive and situated perspectives and allows unpacking different components at the PD level and the classroom level. Using two illustrative cases of different PD content (probability education in primary school and language-responsive mathematics teaching in secondary school), we exemplify how the framework can help to analyze facilitators’ practices in content-related ways in a descriptive mode. This analysis reveals valuable insights that support designers of facilitator preparation programs to specify what facilitators should learn in a prescriptive mode. We particularly emphasize the importance of working on content-related aspects, unpacking the PD content goals into the content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge elements on the classroom level and developing facilitators’ pedagogical content knowledge on the PD level (PCK-PD), which includes curricular knowledge, as well as knowledge about teachers’ typical thinking about a specific PD content. Situated learning opportunities in facilitator preparation programs can support facilitators to activate these knowledge elements for managing typical situational demands in PD.

Typicality or Fluency?

The modern Japanese writing system comprises different scripts, such as Kanji, Hiragana, and Katakana. These scripts differ greatly in both typicality and frequency of usage. In two experimental studies using names of cities or prefectures in Japan as target stimuli, we examined two hypotheses, the typicality hypothesis and fluency hypothesis, in order to assess effects of Japanese script on psychological processes. It was found that Kanji names induced typical thinking in a participant's description of a location, whereas Katakana names induced rather nontypical thinking. In contrast, we found that script differences did not affect distance estimations. We discuss these effects of Japanese script on psychological processes in terms of the typicality hypothesis (differences in typical usage habits between Kanji and Katakana that affect psychological processes).

Suburbs, Immigrants and Ethnicity. Autobiographical Novels of Algerian Immigrants in France as an Attempt of Emancipation from Ethnic Discrimination Discourse

Abstract The article applies to three autobiographical novels written in the 1980s and 1990s by citizens of France, second generation Algerian immigrants. The authors of these novels widely relate to their own experience of life in the suburbs of French cities. The protagonists are young people who on the one hand feel French and demand acceptance, and on the other experience acts of discrimination. Moreover, their relationship to traditional Algerian culture is also ambivalent. The place with which they identify themselves is not France, in spite of the citizenship, nor Algeria, in spite of the origin, but their own district, which is a place where they live their everyday life. The author of the article analyzes the chosen novels through the perspective of the republican model of integration which excludes recognition of ethnic origin of the citizens. The article, referring to M. Foucault’s theory of heterotopia, argues that although the novels in question sensitize French readers to the various social questions, they, paradoxically, support the typical thinking of the republican model.

Exploration and Application of Dissolution Approaches for Belief Conflicts in Music Therapy

In this article, the author attempts to clarify the structure of belief conflicts for different approaches in music therapy by presenting a typical thinking process that can be applied by music therapists. Dissolution Approaches for Belief Conflicts (DAB) is a methodology that consists of a group of methods and theories that were specifically created for the dissolution of belief conflicts. This article demonstrated the application of this approach to develop an effective attitude and method of thinking for music therapists. In addition, this approach can promote mutual understanding in the field of music therapy and help prevent future belief conflicts over the differences in clinical and research approaches.

Leadership in Singapore Schools: The Impact of National Culture

When we look at school management in Singapore, is there a distinctive characteristic that acts as a cultural imperative which shapes the working patterns and lives of school principals? As part of an international comparative study of the principalship, we sought to gain insights into the typical thinking and behaviours of four school principals. Using a cultural analysis model to examine power relationships, relationships with colleagues, gender issues and tolerance of ambiguity and uncertainty, we concluded that these leaders' lives were far from routine and were characterized' by paradox. They used a range of cultural ‘tools’ as a way of trying to sustain stability in an erratic and fast-changing system. Thriving amidst the complexities and chaos of their jobs suggested a unique characteristic, something that might best be described as ‘Singaporeanness’.

The roots of architectural invention: site, enclosure, materials

Site, Enclosure and Materials in Architecture is a study in the history and theory of architecture. Challenging the contemporary concentration on style, it argues that site, enclosure and materials are fundamental elements in sound architectural design. Each of the chapters in this study reviews and criticises current assumptions and then provides an analysis of historical texts, by such theoreticians as Perrault, F. L. Wright, and Le Corbusier, in so far as they illuminate current thinking. Considerable discussion is also devoted to significant buildings, both modern and venerable, that provide the basis for the author's argument. Outlining typical thinking in architecture, with reference to rhetoric and the art of memory, Site, Enclosure and Materials in Architecture defines architecture as a form of representation that is caught up in the temporal unfolding of human events.

Cultural Policy and Development in Korea

Although the importance of interfacing development with culture had long been recognized by policy makers and development planners, analysis of national development plans and activities shows that many developing countries have not accorded to culture a central place either as an object or an instrument of development. Korea has not been an exception to this. The typical thinking among the early policy planners in fact was that traditional values and institutions have placed too much emphasis on the spiritual, cultural aspect of a person or society to the point of disregarding and even neglecting the material needs. The backwardness of the nation owed, they believed, much to the overemphasis upon the spiritual and cultural value at the expense of the material well-being of the people. The materialistic culture of the west on the other hand was assumed to have enabled their societies to develop rapidly through industrialization.