Typical Development Patterns Research Articles

Quantifying and categorizing development paths of poverty-elimination counties in China: Based on the perspective of population-land-industry

China has achieved the poverty reduction goal of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 10 years ahead of schedule, contributing significantly to global poverty reduction. Despite extended efforts in poverty elimination, there is a lack of quantitative studies categorizing and comparing poverty-elimination counties (PECs) based on their processes. This study proposes an innovative framework for analyzing PECs’ development paths from the perspective of population-land-industry (PLI). We quantify the PLI matching degree of PECs in China during the critical phase of the battle against poverty through a multivariate matching model, classify PECs via K-means clustering according to the consistency in PLI matching degree evolution, and summarize the typical development patterns of PECs. Results indicate that the PLI matching degree of PECs in China increased substantially from 2015 to 2020, particularly in eastern areas, while the western region, including the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and southwestern Xinjiang, shows untapped potential for improvement. Five types of PECs are identified, with the majority (30.1%) showing sustained moderate PLI matching and a minority (9.6%) experiencing long-term PLI mismatch. Industry is the shortfall of various PECs, and effective strategies to facilitate all types of PECs include the development of emerging businesses and the expansion of secondary and tertiary industries. Additionally, enriching rural labor force and increasing farmland use efficiency are essential for optimal PLI matching and positive interaction, ultimately ensuring poverty elimination and sustainable development.

A Study on the Origin of China’s Modern Industrial Architecture and Its Development Strategies of Industrial Tourism

Due to the unique cultural attribution and facade aesthetics, China’s modern industrial architecture, built in the 1950s, played a significant role and expressed a specific historical value in the process of human industrial civilization. The objective of this study was to reveal the origin of China’s modern industrial architecture, meanwhile understanding the content, the channel, and the process of the global transfer of modern industrial architecture from the United States to the Soviet Union and then to China. With a literature review, we summarized the United States’ achievements of modern industrial architecture at the beginning of the 20th century and described the formation and evolution process of the Soviet Union’s modern industrial architecture from the 1920s to the 1950s. Through field investigation and measurement into China’s modern industrial plants, we comparatively analyzed the inheritance and changes among the United States, the Soviet Union, and China from the perspective of the planning concept, design theory, and structural technology. Finally, two sustainable development strategies of industrial tourism were proposed for China’s modern industrial heritage according to the comprehensive assessment, and two typical development patterns were presented based on their respective advantages.

Constrained k -means on cluster proportion and distances among clusters for longitudinal data analysis

Clustering individuals by measures of similarity or dissimilarity at trajectories of changes in longitudinal data enables determination of typical patterns of development and growth. The present research proposes a new constrained k-means method with lower bound constraints on cluster proportions and distances among clusters at focused variables and time points to fulfill various needs in clustering longitudinal data. The method assumes a large number of clusters at the onset and iteratively deletes and combines clusters according to these constraints. An additional property of the proposed constrained k-means includes direct estimation of the unknown number of clusters. Simulation results clearly show the usefulness of the method for extracting clusters in plausible, real-life analysis including non-normality within clusters, and the proposed algorithm works well and convergence of the estimates is satisfactory. An actual example using Japanese longitudinal data regarding sleep habits and mental health is presented to verify the utility of the proposed constrained k-means.

Valley Density Evaluation and Typical Development Pattern in Mountainous Areas of Beijing

Based on geographical differences and space differentiation, valley economy is a new pattern and new perspective for the development of mountainous areas, integrating ecological protection, industrial nurture, and village integration. On the basis of natural and geographical differentiation of valley, we give an overview of the spatial distribution of valley in mountainous areas of Beijing and spatial difference in valley density, and sum up the typical development pattern of valley economy, using DEM data. The results show that the spatial distribution of valley presents an asymmetric shape of inverted V or branch; Miyun, Yanqing, and Changping have high valley density, while Pinggu, Fangshan and Mentougou have low valley density; there is a significant positive relationship between valley density and the spatial distribution of river and reservoir. The development pattern of valley economy is divided into five types: leisure and high-end upgrade-based pattern, ecological development and transition demonstration-based pattern, folk culture and creation-driven pattern, scenic spots-driven and valley-linked pattern and leisure agriculture and specialty-led pattern.

Evaluation of Two Observational Assessment Systems for Children's Development and Learning

This study provided preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of Teaching Strategies GOLD, a recently developed observational system for assessing young children's development and learning. The measurement properties of Teaching Strategies GOLD were compared with those of an older instrument, The Creative Curriculum Developmental Continuum for Infants, Toddlers & Twos, using a sample of children from birth to age 2. Results showed that both instruments had adequate internal consistency reliability, although Teaching Strategies GOLD produced a slightly better level of internal consistency. Results demonstrated the expected relationship between age and child development. The Rasch analyses supported the construct validity of the instrument. The item hierarchy reflected typical patterns of development and learning for young children. The distribution of the Teaching Strategies GOLD items was improved over the items of The Creative Curriculum Developmental Continuum for Infants, Toddlers & Twos. R...

Industry Transformation – Conceptual Considerations from an Evolutionary Perspective

The explanandum ‘industry transformation’ is conceptualized against the background of market process theories. A system of indicators to measure industry transformation is set up and typical patterns of development and challenges for entrepreneurial action on business-to-business markets are derived.

Formation and evolution of a population of strike-slip faults in a multiscale cellular automaton model

SUMMARY This paper describes a new model of rupture designed to reproduce structural patterns observed in the formation and evolution of a population of strike-slip faults. This model is a multiscale cellular automaton with two states. A stable state is associated with an ‘intact’ zone in which the fracturing process is confined to a smaller length scale. An active state is associated with an actively slipping fault. At the smallest length scale of a fault segment, transition rates from one state to another are determined with respect to the magnitude of the local strain rate and a time-dependent stochastic process. At increasingly larger length scales, healing and faulting are described according to geometric rules of fault interaction based on fracture mechanics. A redistribution of the strain rates in the neighbourhood of active faults at all length scales ensures that long range interactions and non-linear feedback processes are incorporated in the fault growth mechanism. Typical patterns of development of a population of faults are presented and show nucleation, growth, branching, interaction and coalescence. The geometries of the fault populations spontaneously converge to a configuration in which strain is concentrated on a dominant fault. In these numerical simulations, the material properties are uniform, so the entire process of fault development arises spontaneously from the pattern of interactions between the elements of the system over time. Furthermore, homogenization of the strain rate along faults and structural regularization of the fault trace can be quantified by analysis of the output patterns. The time dependent stochastic process allows relocation of faults by branching from bends and irregularities of the fault traces. This relocation mechanism involves partitioning of the strain and competition between faults. Possible relationships between the seismic regime and the geometry of the fault population suggest that the fault system may be attracted by a critical point. Towards this critical point, the correlation length (i.e. the length of the largest fault) increases, the proportion of large event is higher and larger faults are able to slip at lower stresses.

Urban forest in China: Development patterns, influencing factors and research prospects

Urban forest is a very important part of urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services. It benefits urban communities environmentally, aesthetically, recreationally and economically. This article reviews the development status, development patterns and influencing factors of urban forest in China. There are four typical development patterns of urban forest in China: the forest city, garden city, ecological economics and forest greenbelt. Social, climatic, economic and other factors influence urban forest development in China. Social factors include government behaviour, laws and regulations, science and technology, education and culture, public awareness and participation, ecological planning and management. Climatic factors include rainfall, temperature and sunlight. Economic factors include urban economic level and funding for urban forest. In future, government, NGOs and the private sector should be considered more in the planning and management of urban forest. The social, climatic and economic factors should be taken into account when improving urban forest management. Research on urban forest from the academic and the management viewpoint should be strengthened. This can improve the development and management of urban forest in China and in other developing countries.

Adapting a foreign direct investment strategy to the knowledge economy: the case of Singapore's emerging biotechnology cluster

The Singapore Government has identified biotechnology as one of the four pillars of the economy for the twenty‐first century. For the last forty years, Singapore has pursued a very successful economic growth strategy of attracting investment from leading multinationals through a combination of financial incentives, world‐class infrastructure, a highly literate workforce and a business‐friendly regulatory environment. In the biotechnology industry worldwide, however, the typical development pattern has been very different: new start‐up companies backed by venture capitalists clustered around leading research universities. This article examines the development of the biotechnology cluster in Singapore, showing how a modified version of Singapore's traditional growth model is co‐existing with a more typical biotechnology development pattern.

Enhancing Peer Interactions Within the Context of Play

This paper provides a review of concepts and practices in the enhancement of peer relationships amongst young children in the context of play experiences, with particular emphasis upon the needs of individuals with developmental disabilities. We examine definitions and typical development patterns of social competence and a range of factors which influence it, including family issues. A set of best practice guidelines are then discussed in terms of the extant research literature, along with potential areas for future research in this field.

Free-electron lasers: vacuum electronic generators of coherent radiation

Vacuum electronic sources have shown marked improvement since the invention of the magnetron before World War II, and dramatic increases in both average powers and frequencies have been achieved. Of course, many of these gains have been achieved by the development of different devices. The typical development pattern for a given device exhibits and initial period of rapid improvement followed by a plateau determined by technological or physical limitations on the concept. Slow wave devices such as magnetrons and/or klystrons operate efficiently at frequencies up through X-band or somewhat higher. Helix or coupled cavity traveling-wave tubes are used for various applications at frequencies ranging up through W-band. At still higher frequencies, fast wave devices such as gyrotrons and free-electron lasers are required for high-power operation. The free-electron laser concept is unique in that the mechanism is applicable across the entire electromagnetic spectrum; free-electron lasers have been built at wavelengths from microwaves through the ultraviolet, and plans are under development for X-ray systems. Our purpose in this paper is to describe the principal directions of free-electron laser research at the present time. To this end, we first give a brief tutorial of the physics underlying the concept and then describe the principal development paths under way.

Longitudinal patterns of tobacco smoking from childhood to middle age

This study described the development of tobacco smoking of subjects between ages 12 and 36 using prospectively collected self-reports of 212 Swedish men and women born in the 1950s. Smoking habits were studied in terms of stability, longitudinal patterns of smoking, and the relation between age of initiation and later smoking. Findings showed that light smoking (up to 6 cigarettes/day) did not remain stable after adolescence. Typical development patterns from age 15 to age 36 included staying a nonsmoker; smoking intensely (>10 cigarettes/day) and continuing into adulthood; smoking less intensely for some periods; or smoking intensely and quitting before age 36. Differences in age at smoking initiation were related to later habitual smoking only when participants reported initiation had occurred after age 12.

Change and Continuity in the Development of Children with Autism

The developmental approach to childhood psychopathology identifies deviations from typical patterns of development and stability of individual characteristics over time, and precursors in early life of later functions. The application of this approach to the social, communicative, and cognitive development of children with autism is discussed. Results from a longitudinal study of children with autism and other developmental disorders are described, indicating that children with autism have stable deficits in joint attention, representational play, and responsiveness to the emotions of others, and that early variations in these abilities are important for concurrent and subsequent language development and for peer engagement many years later.

The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1997: Change and Continuity in the Development of Children with Autism

The developmental approach to childhood psychopathology identifies deviations from typical patterns of development and stability of individual characteristics over time, and precursors in early life of later functions. The application of this approach to the social, communicative, and cognitive development of children with autism is discussed. Results from a longitudinal study of children with autism and other developmental disorders are described, indicating that children with autism have stable deficits in joint attention, representational play, and responsiveness to the emotions of others, and that early variations in these abilities are important for concurrent and subsequent language development and for peer engagement many years later.

Was Prometheus Unbound by Chance? Risk, Diversification, and Growth

This paper offers a theory of development that links the degree of market incompleteness to capital accumulation and growth. At early stages of development, the presence projects limits the degree of risk spreading (diversification) that the economy can achieve. The desire to avoid highly risky investments slows down capital accumulation, and the inability to diversify idiosyncratic risk introduces a large amount of uncertainty in the growth process. The typical development pattern will consist of a lengthy period of “primitive accumulation” with highly variable output, followed by takeoff and financial deepening and, finally, steady growth. “Lucky” countries will spend relatively less time in the primitive accumulation stage and develop faster. Although all agents are price takers and there are no technological spillovers, the decentralized equilibrium is inefficient because individuals do not take into account their impact on others' diversification opportunities. We also show that our results generalize to economies with international capital flows.

THE DETERMINANTS OF THE INTER‐INDUSTRY PATTERN OF DIVERSIFICATION BY U.K. MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES*

SummaryEvidence of the diversity of output of larger U.K. manufacturing enterprises’in 1958, 1963 and 1968 is provided in the Reports on the Census of Production. The Censuses show that between 1958 and 1968 diversification was a significant and general trend in manufacturing industries and an important element in the growth of firms during the period. Moreover diversification seems to be part of a longer term trend in U.K. industry and part of the typical development pattern of the large firm. A theory of the firm's diversification decision is proposed and from this theory predictions are made of the structural features both of a firm's primary industry and of outside industries which are likely to encourage diversification from the one industry to the other. The power of the model in explaining the pattern of diversification between SIC manufacturing orders in the period 1963–68 is weak, due in part to the wide variety of factors influencing diversification and to the aggregated form of the data. Nevertheless, the results show the importance of research and development effort in encouraging diversification and the stimulus to diversification given by profitability and risk in firms’primary industries and high rates of output growth in outside industries. While the findings offer no clear conclusions regarding the impact of diversification upon economic performance, the results are consistent with the propositions that (i) diversification encourages technical progress in industry and (ii) diversification increases the efficiency with which resources are allocated between industries.