Typical Marine Ecosystem Research Articles

Protection pattern and driving mechanism of typical marine ecosystems: a case study of China-ASEAN countries

The protection pattern of typical marine ecosystems is an overall summary of the regional marine ecosystem protection, indicating the protection status of typical marine ecosystems. The coastal waters of China and ASEAN countries have a highly diverse range of ecosystem types, including mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass beds. The need to protect these ecosystems is urgent, but establishing marine protected areas often involves conflicts with stakeholders highly dependent on these ecosystems. By constructing an analysis model of the protection pattern and driving mechanisms of typical marine ecosystems, with a focus on the China-ASEAN region, this study aimed to analyze the characteristics of typical marine ecosystems protection patterns in China-ASEAN, evaluate the current protection status of these ecosystems, discuss the driving factors, and derive a regression function to clarify the quantitative relationship between the protection pattern and driving factors of typical marine ecosystems in the China-ASEAN region. The results indicate that there are four main driving factors influencing the protection pattern of typical marine ecosystems in China-ASEAN countries. The most significant driving factor is the Natural Geographic and Resource Factor, followed by Urbanization, Industrial Structure, and Population Size and GDP Factor. Among these, the Natural Geographic and Resource Factor and the Industrial Structure Factor have a positive impact, while the others have a negative impact. In the future, it is crucial to fully consider the diversity and distribution of marine ecosystems to promote joint efforts among China-ASEAN countries in protecting marine ecosystems through international cooperation.

Effect of climate change on birds in mangrove

In the past 20 years, global climate change has attracted great attention from scholars around the world. The mangrove ecosystem is mainly situated in the inter-tidal zone of the tropical and subtropical coasts. It is a fragile and sensitive ecosystem, as well as one of the typical marine ecosystems which could be first affected by global climate change. Mangrove birds are an indispensable part of the mangrove food chain, and they are also greatly affected by climate change in mangroves. This article will briefly outline the important role of mangroves in ecosystems and reveal the effect of global climate change on mangrove ecosystems from four main aspects: global warming, seawater chemical composition, increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, and extreme weather, and finally describe responses of mangrove bird to serious climate changes. Global climate change will bring opportunities and challenges to the research and protection of mangrove birds.

海洋生物多样性损害与沿海地区经济增长关系实证研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 海洋生物多样性损害与沿海地区经济增长关系实证研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202105141269 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家社会科学基金重大项目（16ZDA049） Empirical research on the relationship between marine biodiversity damage and economic growth in coastal areas, China Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:海洋生物多样性是海洋生态系统服务的基础，保护海洋生物多样性不仅对维持地球生态系统的功能至关重要，也与人类福祉密切相关。基于沿海11个省区生态系统亚健康程度指标和物种多样性损害指标，运用面板回归模型对中国沿海地区经济增长与海洋生物多样性损害的关系进行实证考察。研究结果表明：（1）海洋生态系统亚健康程度与沿海地区经济增长之间存在显著的线性关系，随着经济增长，典型海洋生态系统亚健康状态占比呈现出持续上升趋势。此外，实施排污费制度和建立海洋自然保护区有利于抑制海洋生态系统的恶化。（2）海洋物种多样性损害与沿海地区经济增长之间存在显著"倒U"型关系，随着经济增长，海洋物种多样性损害呈现先上升后下降的态势，转折点为人均GDP 45145元，目前海南省、广西壮族自治区、河北省未跨过转折点。此外，排污费制度有利于抑制海洋物种多样性损害，而沿海地区目前的产业结构加重了海洋物种多样性损害。根据实证分析结果，海洋生态系统健康尚未出现拐点，沿海地区经济增长如果建立在对生态环境破坏的基础上，则势必会造成生物多样性的损害。因此从规范海域利用方式，完善海岸生态保护红线划定，加强生态系统的监测与管理，保持绿色可持续的经济发展方式，引导沿海城市紧凑发展等方面提出保护和管理海洋生物多样性的建议。 Abstract:Marine biodiversity is fundamental to the provision of Marine ecosystem services. Protecting Marine biodiversity is not only essential to the functioning of the earth's ecosystems, but also closely related to human well-being. Based on the indicators of Marine ecosystem health and species diversity damage in China's coastal provinces, this paper use panel regression model to analyze the relationship between economic growth and Marine biodiversity damage in China's coastal areas. The results showed that:(1) there is a significant linear relationship between the sub-health degree of Marine ecosystems and the economic growth in coastal areas. With the economic growth, the sub-health status of typical Marine ecosystems has a continuous upward trend. In addition, the implementation of pollution charge system and the establishment of Marine nature reserves are conducive to suppress the deterioration of Marine ecosystem. (2) There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the damage of Marine species diversity and the economic growth of coastal areas. The turning point was 45,145 yuan per capita GDP. With economic growth, the damage of Marine species diversity increase first and then decrease. From the perspective of time trajectory, the inflection point of species diversity damage corresponds to the time stage from 2009 to 2010. From the perspective of spatial distribution, Hainan province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Hebei Province are still in the rising part of the curve, The economic growth level of Shandong, Liaoning, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Guangdong and Fujian provinces has passed the inflection point value, those provinces are in the curve decline stage. The pollution charge system is beneficial to suppress the Marine species diversity damage, but the current industrial structure in coastal areas aggravate the Marine species diversity damage. According to the results of empirical analysis, we know that if the economic growth is based on the destruction of the ecological environment, it is bound to cause damage to biodiversity. Even though there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between Marine species diversity and economic growth in coastal areas, there is still no inflection point between economic growth and Marine ecosystem health, so the sub-health of Marine ecosystem may further lead to the loss of Marine biodiversity, forming a vicious circle. some suggestions are put forward to protect and manage Marine biodiversity:(1) we should strengthen biodiversity protection, broaden the ways of Marine biodiversity protection, and ensure the diversity of Marine biodiversity protection methods;(2) we should maintain a green and sustainable pattern of economic development and promote industrial restructuring and upgrading. meanwhile, we should guide the smart growth of coastal areas and prevent the occupation of coastal wetlands and large-scale reclamation of land due to blind pursuit of economic growth. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR MARINE ECONOMY OF TRA VINH PROVINCE

Economic development under the scope of sustainability and environment friendliness are the development trends recently. Tra Vinh Province currently has seven typical marine ecosystems with quite abundant biological and fishery resources. The province has also established some of the integrated multi-trophic aquaculture models (IMTA) that meet the criteria of sustainability and ability to effectively use wetland resources. To promote the existing strengths, Tra Vinh Province needs to invest and develop groups of solutions for exploiting, using biological, ecological and environmental resources in sustainable, rational way, highly adaptable toclimate change and sea-level rise.

Comparative study of radioactivity levels and radionuclide fingerprints in typical marine ecosystems of coral reefs, mangroves, and hydrothermal vents

As a key environmental parameter to induce radiation dose and effect on non-human species, radioactivity level is rarely evaluated in typical ecosystems of coral reefs, mangroves, and hydrothermal vents. In this study, naturally occurring radionuclides (238U, 226Ra, 228Ra, and 40K) in carbonate, silicate, and sulfide sediments collected from coral reefs, mangroves, and hydrothermal vents were simultaneously measured using high purity germanium (HPGe) γ spectrometry. Radioactivity levels and radionuclide fingerprints (226Ra/238U and 228Ra/226Ra) were interpreted and explored for tracking sources and formation processes of marine sediments in distinct marine ecosystems. Additionally, ionizing radiation dose rate on representative marine biotas (mollusc-bivalve, crustacean, polychaete worm, benthic fish, and pelagic fish) was evaluated using the ERICA tool with an increasing rank in coral reefs < mangroves < hydrothermal vents. Polychaete worm received the highest radiation dose relative to other marine biotas. We also emphasized the dominant contribution of 210Po to total radiation dose rate on marine biotas.

海洋生态系统服务价值评估研究综述

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 海洋生态系统服务价值评估研究综述 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201804120831 作者: 作者单位: 浙江大学经济学院,浙江大学经济学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家社科基金重大招标项目（16ZDA050） Review of the evaluation of marine ecosystem services value Author: Affiliation: School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:海洋生态系统服务是通过海洋生态系统的功能结构和生态过程，以物品和服务等方式直接或间接地给人类提供的效益。海洋生态系统服务价值衡量了海洋生态系统对人类经济社会的贡献度，加快海洋强国建设，急需加强海洋生态系统服务价值评价。通过对市场价值法、替代市场法和假想市场法三大类海洋生态系统服务价值评估方法进行比较分析后可知，各类方法各有利弊，但是，存在不同方法耦合和方法优化选择的空间。通过海岸带、近海、远洋等典型海洋生态系统服务价值评估的研究案例展现了海洋生态系统服务价值评估在海洋资源开发与保护的政策选择、海洋生态补偿与环境损害赔偿的价格决定中的重要作用。海洋生态系统服务价值评估研究前景广阔，在内涵认知深入化、评估方法科学化、评估指标体系化、结果应用广泛化等方面仍有进一步拓展空间。 Abstract:Marine ecosystems provide benefits to human beings directly and indirectly, through the goods and services provided by their functional structures and ecological processes. Value for marine ecosystem services measure the contribution of marine ecosystems to human society and economies. To help protect the ocean and obtain benefits from it, evaluation methods of marine ecosystem services need to be improved. We compared the three main marine ecosystem service valuation methods:market value method, surrogate market method, and simulated market method, and found that each method has pros and cons. However, the possibility exists to combine and optimize the different methods. Typical marine ecosystem valuation case studies, such as those conducted in coastal sites, offshore sites, and ocean sites, reveal the crucial role of this research in policy choices for ocean resource development and protection, and price determination for marine ecosystem compensation and environmental damage penalties. In future studies, the connotation cognition and value of marine ecosystem services need to be analyzed more deeply; the evaluation methods for marine ecosystem service value need to be more dynamic, scientific, and predictive; the evaluation criteria for marine ecosystem service value should be constantly systematized and data collected; and the results of marine ecosystem services evaluations should be more closely tied to decision making and planning in marine-based economies. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Extremely low radioactivity in marine sediment of coral reefs and its mechanism

Radionuclides are hazardous materials which impose ionizing radiation on humans and are valuable proxies for tracking environmental processes. Radionuclides are widely reported in global marine sediments, which are recognized as the final destination of radionuclides. As one of the typical marine ecosystems, coral reefs are “hotspots” of high biodiversity providing rich biological resources and significant tourist sites for humans. Seafood consumption and SCUBA diving would induce internal and external radiation on humans, respectively. However, radioactivity is rarely studied in coral reef ecosystems. Here, we exhibited radionuclides in marine sediments collected from the fringing and atoll reefs with a latitudinal coverage of 14° (~1500 km) in the South China Sea (SCS). Naturally occurring radionuclides (40K, 226Ra, 228Ra, and, 238U) were quantified by Standard River Sediment (GBW08304a) and were validated by Irish Sea Sediment (IAEA-385) using High Purity Germanium (HPGe) γ spectrometry (Canberra BE6530). The energy resolution of HPGe γ-spectrometry (~2 keV) is much better than that of NaI γ-spectrometry (~50 keV). Overall, radioactivity in marine sediments was in the order of 238U (28.96 Bq/kg) >40K (24.36 Bq/kg) >228Ra (5.08 Bq/kg) >226Ra (3.34 Bq/kg). Radioactivity was higher in marine sediments collected from the fringing reefs than the atoll reefs due to the influence of terrigenous minerals in the fringing reefs. The occurrence of terrigenous minerals was confirmed by the mineral components (K-feldspar, illite, and quartz) using X-ray diffraction analysis. Additionally, the rare earth elements (REE) are generally used to trace terrigenous inputs. In the present study, the ranking pattern of the 40K activity was consistent with the concentration of REE in marine sediments (sediments outside the coral reef regions > sediments from fringing reefs > sediments from atoll reefs), giving supporting evidence of the influence of terrigenous minerals. A comparison of radionuclides in marine sediments from coral reefs and other sea regions indicated that the radioactive level (Radium equivalent activity, Ra eq) of marine sediment in coral reefs was only 1%−10% of that of other marine sediments and global soil. The value of Ra eq in marine sediments collected from coral reefs (3−42 Bq/kg) was also lower than that in marine sediments collected from the pristine environment of the Arctic Ocean (70.62 Bq/kg) and Southern Ocean (76.92 Bq/kg). Particularly, the mean value of Ra eq in marine sediments of the atoll reefs in the SCS (3.97 Bq/kg) was less than 5% of that in global average soil (108.70 Bq/kg). Therefore, radioactivity in marine sediment was extremely low in coral reefs relative to other sea regions. Marine sediments in coral reefs had three unique characteristics of low 40K activity, low 226Ra and 228Ra activity, and low 226Ra/238U ratio. It was worth noting that the abnormally low 226Ra/238U activity ratio (<0.1) of marine sediments was observed in the atoll reefs and was attributed to the biological process of active uptake of 226Ra and 238U from seawater by coral polyps rather than the ingrowth process of the 238U-230Th-226Ra decay chain. The mechanism of radioactive characteristics in marine sediments was attributed to the fragmentation and weathering of biominerals in coral reefs in contrast to the weathering and subsequent transport of soil and rocks in other marine sediments outside the coral reef region. These three characteristics have potential to be novel geochemical proxies for tracking particle dynamics in coral reefs in addition to other traditional approaches including the Al, Ti, REE, and mineral components.

Selection of isotopic baselines in marine ecosystems

Stable isotope analysis has been widely used in marine food web studies. An appropriate isotopic baseline is essential for calculating diet or trophic position of marine organisms when using stable isotopic data. This paper provided an overview of the selection of isotopic baselines for four ty-pical marine ecosystems, i.e. estuary and bay, neritic zone, oceanic zone, and deep sea. The interferential factors of baseline selection and the significance of compound specific stable isotope in minimizing the effects of temporal-spatial variations of isotopic baseline were summarized, and the issues needed to be solved in this field and several directions for further research were presented. It would provide a beneficial reference for further research on stable isotope ecology in marine ecosystems.

음향기술을 이용한 내수면 주요어종의 음향산란특성과 연직분포

This study is aimed to understand the vertical distribution of fish in the daytime and nighttime using an acoustic survey in Yondam reservoir of Jeollabuk-do, and an acoustical backscattering strength of dominant species, bass (Micropterus salmoides) and a bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), which are classified as the ecosystem disturbing species. The results showed that the fish school was distributed in the shallow areas of less than 10 m depth during the period of Aug. and Oct. where it had a strong thermocline, otherwise, it was distributed over 10-times density under stable water temperatures as <TEX>$13^{\circ}C$</TEX> in Nov. There was no vertical patchiness difference between daytime and nighttime unlike the typical marine ecosystem. The dominant species were crucian carp, bluegill, bass. The hydroacoustic method can provide the spatial distribution and effective removal ways of the ecosystem disturbing species in inland fisheries.

Bacterioplankton community structure in the Arctic waters as revealed by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes

Fjords and open oceans are two typical marine ecosystems in the Arctic region, where glacial meltwater and sea ice meltwater have great effects on the bacterioplankton community structure during the summer season. This study aimed to determine the differences in bacterioplankton communities between these two ecosystems in the Arctic region. We conducted a detailed census of microbial communities in Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen) and the Chukchi Borderland using high-throughput pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant members of the bacterioplankton community in Kongsfjorden. By contrast, the most abundant bacterial groups in the surface seawater samples from the Chukchi Borderland were Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Differences in bacterial communities were found between the surface and subsurface waters in the investigation area of the Chukchi Borderland, and significant differences in bacterial community structure were also observed in the subsurface water between the shelf and deep basin areas. These results suggest the effect of hydrogeographic conditions on bacterial communities. Ubiquitous phylotypes found in all the investigated samples belonged to a few bacterial groups that dominate marine bacterioplankton communities. The sequence data suggested that changes in environmental conditions result in abundant rare phylotypes and reduced amounts of other phylotypes.

Feeding ecology ofUrophycis brasiliensison the Uruguayan coast of the Río de la Plata estuary

Instituto Oceanogra´fico, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, BrasilSummaryThe Brazilian codling (Urophycis brasiliensis) is the target of animportant artisanal fishery in Uruguay. In the present study weanalysed the feeding habits of this species over a 2-year cycle.Thesampleswereobtainedfromlandingsoftheartisanalfisheryat two sites on the Uruguayan coast: one representing atransitional habitat between estuarine and marine conditions(Piria´polis), the other representing a typical marine ecosystem(La Paloma). Different approaches were considered (Index ofRelative Importance, IRI; graphical methods and multivariatetechniques of cluster analysis and Principal Component Ana-lysis). The ontogenetic changes in the diet were also assessed.Stomachcontentsof870individualswereanalysedandatotalof24 prey species identified. The shirmp Artemesia longinaris hasthe highest IRI (89.9%) score followed by Cynoscion guatucupa(IRI ¼ 4.3%). Molluscs were only marginally represented(IRI < 0.01%). Both the graphical method of Corte´s and themethod of Amundsen indicate the specialization of Braziliancodling to A. longinaris. However, a trend to a generalist dietevolves in bigger fishes, which also consume fishes in importantquantities, mainly C. guatucupa. Moreover, opportunism isoccasionallypresentbothseasonallyandspatially,andrespondsto variations of the availability of prey items throughout itsdistribution.U.brasiliensispredationplaysanimportantroleinthe trophic dynamics of the SW Atlantic ecosystem. It isdependent on shrimp for feeding, a reason for an integratedmanagement of coastal habitat and fisheries of both resources.ThedependenceofBraziliancodling,mainlywhenitissmall,onshrimp calls for an integrated management of both the coastalhabitat and fisheries.IntroductionThe coastal estuarine and marine ecosystems are of greatimportance for the fish community. During their juvenile andadultsstages,thesesystemsofferpotentialforagingareasaswellas refuge from aquatic predators. Estuarine and diadrom fishspecies usuallypreferthisenvironment forspawningbecauseofthe excellent nursery zones for their larvae (Potter and Hyndes,1999;Methven et al., 2001).This studyis focusedonthe Ri´odelaPlataestuaryanditsadjacentAtlanticOceanwaters.TheRi´ode la Plata is a very large temperate ecosystem characterised bystratified conditions with a saline wedge along the Uruguayancoast from the ocean towards the estuary head (Nagy et al.,1997;Lo´pezLabordeandNagy,1999).Thisfactallowsentranceofmarinespeciesintotheestuary.Urophycisbrasiliensis(Kaup,1858) (Brazilian codling) is a permanent and common inhabit-antoftheRi´ode laPlata(Jaureguizar et al.,2003).Thisspeciesis abundant in waters where depths are greater than 60 m(Goldstein, 1986), and its geographic distribution extends fromArgentina(40 S)toBrazil(23 S)(Cousseau,1993;Acun˜aet al.,2000).Braziliancodlingmigratesseasonallybetweenthemiddleand external regions of the Ri´o de la Plata estuary, being moreabundant at the external area in summer (12–16 m depth andsalinities between 25 and 34 psu) (Jaureguizar et al., 2003). Onthe Uruguayan coast it is associated with temperatures below19 C (Acun˜a, 2001), while in the Ri´o de la Plata U. brasiliensisoccurs in waters ranging from 9.5 C (autumn) to 21.8 C(summer) and salinities from 15 (spring) to 30 (summer)(Jaureguizaret al.,2003).Informationregardingfeeding,repro-duction, growth and fishery exploitation have been analysed byAcun˜aet al.(2000),Vianaet al.(2000)andAcun˜a(2001).ThesestudiesrevealedthatU.brasiliensisisanactivebenthic-demersalpredator, which has a slow growth and presents gonadal restduringmostoftheyear.Duetothequalityoftheirflesh,thisfishconstitutes a very attractive and valuable artisanal resource(Acun˜a and Verocai, 2001).Due to the multispecific nature of the fisheries along theUruguayan coast, proper management requires some know-ledge of the amount and direction of prey–predator ecologicalinteractions. To fully understand the sustainability and func-tionality of coastal ecosystems, detailed information on thetemporal, spatial and ontogenetical nature of prey–predatortrophic interactions are needed (Livingston, 1985; Walterset al., 1999; Hallowed et al., 2000; Whipple et al., 2000).At the study area, there is still limited background know-ledge of interrelationships, trophic connections, and trophicguild structure of the fish assemblage. Regarding the Braziliancodling some antecedents on its morphological anatomyrelated with feeding habit were focused at Montevideo(Uruguay) and the Atlantic Argentine coasts (Mora andPintos, 1980; Goldstein, 1986, 1988). The present studyprovides new and detailed information on the feeding ecologyof U. brasiliensis considering temporal and ontogenetic vari-ability along the Uruguayan coast. This information isrelevant to ascertain the consequences at the ecosystem levelthat are generated by the commercial extraction ofU. brasiliensis, thus allowing evaluation of direct and indirecteffects on and between other components of the ecosysteminhabited by this species.Materials and methods

A weak constraint inverse for a zero-dimensional marine ecosystem model

Data assimilation for nonlinear ocean models can be extremely complicated. A typical marine ecosystem model consists of equations that are both nonlinear and coupled to each other, and the data assimilation problem is therefore nontrivial. While several papers describe data assimilation techniques for estimating the model parameters in marine ecosystem models, this paper discusses a different approach. We let the model parameters have fixed values and instead allow for an unknown error term in each of the model equations. Thus, the model is included as a weak constraint in a variational formulation. To be more specific, unknown error terms are assumed for the model, the initial conditions and the data, and a weak constraint cost function containing weighted squares of the unknown error terms is to be minimized. For this purpose, we use very simple iterative gradient descent schemes, where each iterate is based on the gradient of the cost function. An ordinary gradient steepest descent scheme is compared to a more elaborate conjugate gradient scheme denoted by the Fletcher and Reeves method. Several data assimilation experiments are performed in which the data are generated from an “exact” forward model integration (twin experiments). To make the experiments more realistic, normally distributed noise is added to the measurements. Properties like the sensitivity with respect to data density and length of the assimilation interval are investigated. Also, a twin experiment with measurements of only the phytoplankton component is performed. Remotely sensed ocean colour data represent the major part of currently available observations and data sets of this type may be used to measure the phytoplankton compartment. Thus, showing that it is possible to obtain good results also for the other ecosystem components when only phytoplankton is measured seems to be of vital importance for creating a marine biochemical data assimilation system.