Typical Crimes Research Articles

Analysis of Cyberbullying from a Pancasila Perspective

The rapid development in the field of technology has brought various positive and negative impacts. There are many typical crimes that occur, one of which is cyberbullying. These crimes take the form of oppression, insults, psychological violence or intimidation in cyberspace which is carried out repeatedly which is intended to embarrass, spread ugliness and hatred, intimidation which is directed directly or openly through digital devices and platforms such as social media, email, messaging applications, and gaming sites exist. Apart from that, there are several fundamental factors that form the background to the perpetrator's behavior and the impacts it causes. Cyberbullying cases are considered a violation of the 2nd and 5th principles of Pancasila. In responding to the problem of cyberbullying, Indonesia has sufficient laws and regulations to crack down on this criminal act of cyberbullying, one of which is Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE). By applying Pancasila values ??and understanding applicable laws, efforts to prevent and handle cyberbullying can be improved, creating a safer and more positive social media environment, especially for the nation's next generation. This research aims to determine the meaning, impact and ways to overcome it that are useful for provide knowledge to everyone. This research is research that uses a descriptive method in the type of literature study by describing, illustrating, explaining and analyzing the situation and conditions of the problem object from the researcher's perspective based on the results of the literature review.

ОБЩАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПРЕСТУПНЫХ ГРУПП, СОВЕРШАЮЩИХ КРАЖИ В КУРОРТНЫХ РЕГИОНАХ

The article deals with issues related to the general characteristics of criminal groups that commit theft in resort regions. The analysis of statistical data on the state of crime in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea for 2020 is carried out. The scientific literature is studied and the opinion of forensic scientists on the studied problems is given. Apartment thefts and pickpocketing are identified as typical crimes committed by criminal groups in the resort region. A characteristic feature of the resort region associated with the place of residence of the criminal is highlighted. It is noted that crimes can be committed by local residents or persons who do not permanently reside in the resort region, but who have specially arrived in the region for the purpose of committing crimes. The general features of the criminal groups under consideration are determined. The article considers the behavior of suspects during detention, the ways of their counteraction to the investigation. There are two types of criminal groups: poorly organized and highly organized. The characteristics of the identity of criminals who commit pickpocketing are described. The role of the organizer in the creation of a criminal group for the purpose of committing pickpocketing is determined. Recommendations are given and the circumstances that allow us to make an assumption about the involvement of the person being checked in a criminal group are highlighted.

Facial expression-based analysis on emotion correlations, hotspots, and potential occurrence of urban crimes

Thanks to the development of the Internet of things (IoT) and edge computing, the smart cameras across cities provide a massive amount of image samples with time and location labels, laying a solid basis for deep mining of image information and in-depth decision analysis. Therefore, this paper proposes to convert the images with spatiotemporal labels into quantifiable data on emotions, and apply them to crime prediction. Firstly, human emotions were divided into three categories: negative, neutral, and positive. Then, facial expression recognition (FER) was employed to quantify the portrait data. The emotion features thus acquired were imported to the crime prediction model, enhancing the model’s explanatory power. Finally, our method was compared with kernel density estimation (KDE) on six typical crimes. The results show that introducing emotion data helps to reveal the interaction between emotions and crimes and improve the performance of crime prediction.

Nieletni sprawca przemocy w rodzinie w świetle prawa i praktyki organów ścigania

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest odpowiedź na pytanie jak w latach 2008-2018 kształtowała się w Polsce skala zjawiska przemocy domowej, w której sprawcą jest nieletni. Niniejsze opracowanie zawiera analizę zjawiska przemocy w rodzinie w oparciu o dostępną literaturę przedmiotu oraz policyjne dane statystyczne. Autorki publikacji przedstawiły teoretyczne kwestie definicyjne związane osobą nieletniego. Następnie wskazały przestępstwa mogące łączyć się ze zjawiskiem przemocy domowej oraz przedstawiły i przeanalizowały dane statystyczne celem poznania rzeczywistego obrazu i skali opisywanego zjawiska. Zwrócono także uwagę na trudności, jakie autorki napotkały w trakcie analizy danych oraz powstałe z tego tytułu wątpliwości interpretacyjne. Dokonana analiza obowiązujących aktów prawnych pozwoliła stwierdzić, że system sankcji, które można zastosować wobec nieletnich, ma na celu zbadanie przyczyn wkraczania przez nich na drogę przestępstwa i zaakcentowanie funkcji wychowawczej kary. Zmiany w systemie prowadzenia statystyk policyjnych w roku 2012 jak też nie do końca precyzyjne nazewnictwo spowodowało wskazanie przez Autorki opracowania problemów interpretacyjnych, które są warte uwagi, ponieważ powodują trudności w analizowaniu danych statystycznych.

Regulation of criminal liability for the election and referendum crime: state legislative changes

The article examines the state legislature editing grounds of criminal liability for a referendum and election offenses. It is concluded that frequent amendments of articles of criminal law, these defining characteristics of crimes negatively reflected on the effectiveness of the application of criminal law. Formulation of the problem . Frequent changes of articles that contain elements of crimes that violate the right to vote and the right to participate in the referendum due to changes in electoral legislation. This negative impact on the application of criminal law. Definition of the main trends in the field of lawmaking will formulate proposals for improving the criminal protection of rights and freedoms. Basic material research . The current Criminal Code of Ukraine contains seven articles that provide evidence of a crime against the election and referendum rights (Articles 157-160 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). Compared with primary Edited Criminal Code of Ukraine - it is a significant step in the differentiation of responsibility for crimes in these relations. Criminal Code of Ukraine, adopted on 5 April 2001, contained four articles concerning this sphere of legal regulation. With the system of articles of Section V Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is an article about the election and referendum crimes often edited legislator. Since the enactment of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in 2001 when the legislator had prystalnoyu attention of criminal law that indicate signs of election crimes. This article disposition changed often. Changes in criminal law have been associated with the expected election procedure appropriate level or response to detected violations of electoral law after the election. Conclusions . The analysis of legislative amendments to the articles of the criminal law that contain elements that reference the electoral crimes led to the finding of the problematic issues that arise as a result. Legislators can not always accurately reflect the text contents of the criminal law prohibited acts, and very often, these changes lead to clashes between criminal law. A limited system of criminal prohibitions elements of crimes that would contain features typical crimes against electoral and referendum rights, ie those actions that are most common and reflect the specific character of these relations. When these crimes are combined with other acts (eg, violence, forgery, theft, damage or destruction of official documents, etc.) which are punishable under articles other sections, the opportunity to keep their skills for multiple offenses.

Conceptual Representation of Expert Knowledge in FunGramKB: The Derivation Process in Several Typical Crimes of Criminal Law

FunGramKB is a multilingual and multipurpose lexico-conceptual knowledge-base designed for its use in various tasks in Natural Language Processing (NLP), like information extraction and retrieval, machine translation or artificial reasoning (Periñán and Arcas, 2004; Mairal and Periñán, 2009; 2010). Its modular structure reflects three levels of knowledge—lexical, grammatical and ontological— which, though independent, are interrelated through the conceptual module and divided into three others: the Ontology, the Cognicon and the Onomasticon. Moreover, the Ontology represents a hierarchical catalogue of concepts that describe semantic knowledge organized in three subontologies, whose metaconcepts correspond to #ENTITY, #EVENT and #QUALITY, which permit the internal organization of nouns, verbs and adjectives respectively. Each of these subontologies is divided as well into three groups: metaconcepts (they represent cognitive dimensions), basic concepts (which comprise common sense knowledge) and terminal concepts (that provide expert knowledge). In this contribution we analyze some criminal offences prototypical from the legal domain, such as “corruption”, “extortion” and “forgery”, derived from their corresponding verbs. We have chosen these as examples of terminal concepts that attest that it is possible to integrate expert knowledge in FunGramKB, thanks to the conceptual representation language COREL, common to the three main modules of the conceptual level. The detailed analysis of the above mentioned entities will ascertain not only that it is possible to reuse the information from the Meaning Postulates (MPs) of the events from which they derive, but also that the information already included in the knowledge base is maximized.

Nauczyciel funkcjonariuszem publicznym? Zakres ochrony i odpowiedzialności nauczycieli w polskim prawie karnym

Teachers take advantage of the protection guaranteed to public functionaries while performing or in relation to their official duties. According to the survey, teachers often fail to react to acts of violence at school including violence directed to themselves as they do not feel competent enough to act against people demonstrating aggressive behavior. They are also not fully orientated in the mechanisms of the protection guaranteed to public functionaries as well as in its scope. Low legal awareness on the matter results in the fact that teachers not always know that they often balance just within the law and some of their activities (or omissions) are even against the law. They are also not fully aware of the fact that legal liability arising from the specificity of their profession is by nature broader than in the case of other professions. Should they be aware of such liability, there will always be numerous questions and doubts. This article constitutes an attempt to find the answers to the above questions. Simultaneously through a short description of typical crimes committed against teachers and offences committed in relation to the duties performed by teachers the article is a compendium of basic legal knowledge on the matter.

Scripts for typical crimes and their effects on memory for eyewitness testimony

AbstractThe effect of scripts on memory for information presented as eyewitness testimony in a mock criminal trial was tested. In Experiment 1 the nature of people's scripts for three types of robberies was examined. There was a high rate of agreement in a heterogeneous sample of 247 people regarding the actions that comprise a typical robbery of each type. In Experiment 2 the effects of people's robbery scripts and the effects of leading questions by the attorney on memory were probed. An audio‐recording of a mock trial was presented in which some of the script‐relevant actions from Experiment 1 were stated by the eyewitness and some were unstated. One week later a significant number of unstated items were recalled and recognized as having been stated. Further, unstated actions mentioned in ‘misleading’ questions by the attorney were recalled as having been stated by the eyewitness, and cautionary instructions warning of the possible misleading effect of the attorney's questions did not significantly reduce this misleading effect. Thus, people have scripts in memory for typical robberies, and when such scripts are activated people incorporate into their memory script‐relevant information not presented, along with information presented. Moreover, most people do not differentiate between information presented by the eyewitness versus the attorney. These results have practical implications for the way jurors process and remember trial testimony.

Beyond crime seriousness: Fitting the punishment to the crime

This paper presents an exposition of how the factorial survey approach may enhance empirical assessments of the complex judgment principles involved in public views of just punishments for convicted offenders. Ratings of the appropriateness of sentences given across 50 typical crimes obtained from a household sample (N=774) of the Boston SMSA and several special-interest samples in 1982 are examined in three alternative ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression equations. These analyses show there is not a one-to-one direct relationship between public perceptions of the seriousness of criminal acts and desired sanctions. Crime seriousness is modified by the characteristics of the offenders and victims and by the consequences of the crimes. Preferred punishments also vary in severity by demographic, experiential, and attitudinal characteristics of the persons who make the judgments.

Case Routinization in Investigative Police Work

This study of the interpretation and handling of criminal incidents is based on nine months of participant observation in a city police detective division. Detectives' ethods for handling ordinary cases do not follow from the formal organization of the work or the character of normal supervisory practices, but rather from the bureaucratic requirements of 1) producing reports and 2) making the proper number and type of arrests. The essence of the case handling process lies in the interpretation of particular criminal incidents in terms of commonalities between the specific case and typified conceptions of routine or normal cases. The extent to which a case is investigated depends primarily on whether the incident is defined as routine or nonroutine. The case routinization procedures employed by detectives reflect their shared understandings of typical crimes, typical involved parties, and the expected behavior of different types of residents in the urban environment.