Typic Eutrorthox Research Articles

Phosphate Fertilizer in Soybean-Wheat Cropping System Under No-Till Management

IImprovements in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields in cropping systems under no-till management (NTM) in the subtropics have been obtained through advances in phosphorus (P) utilization, cultivar selection, and planting and harvesting strategies. This fact, along with the P application in band application in consolidated planting, has resulted in lower P utilization efficiency and depleted soil P levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of P2O5 rates and application methods in soybean-wheat cropping under NTM during two growing seasons (2014–2016) in a Typic Eutrorthox. Four P2O5 rates (0, 30, 60, and 120 kg ha-1) of triple superphosphate (45% P2O5) were applied using two application methods (broadcast and band application at sowing) before the soybean and wheat crops were cultivated. Both P application methods resulted in a significant yield response to P2O5 rates for the soybean and wheat crops. Under NTM, broadcast P2O5 application was more effective than band application in soybean, and maximum grain yields were obtained with 129.3 and 88.1 kg P2O5 ha-1, respectively. Maximum wheat grain yields were obtained with 91.8 and 99.7 kg P2O5 ha-1 for broadcast and band application, respectively. Except for total P in leaves, nutrient uptake and yield components were not affected by the P application methods and rates. The results suggested that in soils with adequate available P levels of >15 mg kg-1 (Mehlich 1 extractant), the grain yield is equivalent or superior with broadcast P application as compared to band application for both soybean and wheat crops when cultivated in a Typical Eutrorthox under subtropical conditions. However, broadcast application is considered more effective for large areas of grain cultivation, where it is necessary to sow crops uniformly within the shortest possible time.

Vegetative Waste Management on Sugarcane Yield and Industrial Quality

ABSTRACTSugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) has economic importance in tropical and/or subtropical regions, because of the high sucrose content for cost-effective sugar and ethanol production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of vegetative waste on crop yield and industrial quality of the sugarcane. The experiment was carried out in a Kaolinitic Typic Eutrorthox, loamy texture, using the following six treatments: no fire, but leaving 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha−1 of straw mulch without trash incorporation, and sugarcane with burning and manual cutting before the harvesting, with four replicates. We evaluated total stalk yield (TSY) and industrial quality based on the apparent sucrose contents in the stalks (Pol), fibers, apparent purity (AP), reducing sugar (RS), and total recoverable sugar (TRS). The TSY after harvest, industrial quality at 180 and 240 days after harvest (DAH) and at the pre-harvest (350 days DAH) were also evaluated. The vegetative wastes had no influence in industrial quality, but 10 and 15 Mg ha−1 provided TSY 32% higher than the burning and manual cutting and 0 and the 5 Mg ha−1 of straw mulch. The use of 50% of waste to produce energy in sugarcane industrial plant did not reduce crop yield or industrial quality.

Efficiency of Sulfur Application on Soybean in Two Types of Oxisols in Southern Brazil

Modern agricultural techniques have been increasing the yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) while also causing increasing removal of sulfur (S) from the soil. Besides this, the use of concentrated fertilizers with this element and inadequate soil management, with consequent formation of organic matter with low S concentrations, has been causing frequent symptoms of deficiency in the plants. To assess the effect of S on soybean yield and to establish critical levels of sulfur sulfate (S-SO42-) available in the soil, two experiments were conducted over a 2-year period in the Paraná State, Brazil, in fields containing Typic Haplorthox and Typic Eutrorthox soils, located in the Ponta Grossa and Londrina Counties, respectively. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five S rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha−1) and four replicates. The source used was elementary S with 98 percent purity. The maximum estimated yields on average for the 2 years were obtained with application of 49.9 and 63.0 kg ha−1 in the Typic Haplorthox and Typic Eutrorthox soils, for an overall average of 56.4 kg ha−1, with concentrations of available S-SO42- in the 0- to 20-cm depth of 16.9, 19.3m and 17.1 mg kg−1, respectively, values greater than the 10 mg kg−1 indicated as the adequate concentration for soybean plant. In turn, at the 21- to 40-cm depth, the S concentrations were 49.5, 74.2, and 56.4 kg ha−1. The efficiency of the fertilization diminished with increasing S rates, in both soil types, while the greatest yield efficiency was obtained in the plants grown in the Typic Haplorthox soil.

Testing Extractants for Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in Tropical Soils Treated with Sewage Sludge for 13 Consecutive Years

In this paper, we report on a field experiment being carried out in a Typic Eutrorthox. The experiment was initiated in the 1997–98 agricultural season as a randomized block design with four treatments (0, 5, 10, and 20 t ha−1) of sewage sludge and five replicates. Compound soil samples were obtained from 20 subsamples collected at depths of 0–0.1 and 0.1–0.2 m. Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations were extracted with DTPA pH 7.3; 0.1 mol L−1 HCl, Mehlich-I, Mehlich-III, and 0.01 mol L−1 CaCl2. Metal concentrations were determined via atomic absorption spectrometry. Diagnostic leaves and the whole above-ground portion of plants were collected to determine Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations extracted by nitric–perchloric digestion and later determined via atomic absorption spectrometry. Sewage sludge application caused increases in the concentrations of soil Cu, Fe, and Mn in samples taken from the 0–0.1 m depth evaluated by the extractants Mehlich-I, Mehlich-III, 0.01 mol L−1 HCl and DTPA pH 7.3. None of the extractants provided efficient estimates of changes in Mn concentrations. The acid extractants extracted more Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn than the saline and chelating solutions. The highest concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Zn were obtained with Mehlich-III, while the highest concentrations of Mn were obtained with HCl. We did not observe a correlation between the extractants and the concentrations of elements in the diagnostic leaves nor in the tissues of the whole maize plant (Zea mays L.).

Fractionation of Zn, Cd and Pb in a Tropical Soil After Nine-Year Sewage Sludge Applications

A long-term field experiment was carried out in the experiment farm of the Sao Paulo State University, Brazil, to evaluate the phytoavailability of Zn, Cd and Pb in a Typic Eutrorthox soil treated with sewage sludge for nine consecutive years, using the sequential extraction and organic matter fractionation methods. During 2005-2006, maize ( Zea mays L.) was used as test plants and the experimental design was in randomized complete blocks with four treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of four sewage sludge rates (in a dry basis): 0.0 (control, with mineral fertilization), 45.0, 90.0 and 127.5 t ha −1, annually for nine years. Before maize sowing, the sewage sludge was manually applied to the soil and incorporated at 10 cm depth. Soil samples (0-20 cm layer) for Zn, Cd and Pb analysis were collected 60 days after sowing. The successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil did not affect heavy metal (Cd and Pb) fractions in the soil, with exception of Zn fractions. The Zn, Cd and Pb distributions in the soil were strongly associated with humin and residual fractions, which are characterized by stable chemical bonds. Zinc, Cd and Pb in the soil showed low phytoavailability after nine-year successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil.

Application of chemometric methods in the evaluation of chemical and spectroscopic data on organic matter from Oxisols in sewage sludge applications

Chemometric methods can contribute to soil research by permitting the extraction of more information from the data. The aim of this work was to use Principal Component Analysis to evaluate data obtained through chemical and spectroscopic methods on the changes in the humification process of soil organic matter from two tropical soils after sewage sludge application. In this case, humic acids extracted from Typic Eutrorthox and Typic Haplorthox soils with and without sewage sludge application for 7 consecutive years were studied. The results obtained for all of the samples and methods showed two clusters: samples extracted from the two soil types. These expected results indicated the textural difference between the two soils was more significant than the differences between treatments (control and sewage sludge application) or between depths. In this case, an individual chemometric treatment was made for each type of soil. It was noted that the characterization of the humic acids extracted from soils with and without sewage sludge application after 7 consecutive years using several methods supplies important results about changes in the humification degree of soil organic matter. These important result obtained by Principal Component Analysis justify further research using these methods to characterize the changes in the humic acids extracted from sewage sludge-amended soils.

Characterization by Fluorescence of Organic Matter from Oxisols under Sewage Sludge Applications

Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment contains organic matter and plant nutrients that can play an important role in agricultural production and the maintenance of soil fertility. The present study has aimed to evaluate the degree of humification following sewage sludge application of soil organic matter by laser‐induced fluorescence and humic acids using ultraviolet‐visible fluorescence, and including comparison with Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Sewage sludge applications to the soil caused a decrease in the degree of humification of the soil organic matter and humic acids for both a Typic Eutrorthox (clayey) soil and a Typic Haplorthox (sandy) soil of around 14 and 27%, respectively. This effect is probably due to incorporation of newly formed humic substances from the sewage sludge into the characteristics of less humified material, and to the indigenous soil humic substances. The minor alterations observed in the clay soil probably occurred due to both the greater mineral association, which better stabilized the indigenous soil organic matter, and the higher microbial activity in this soil, which accelerated sewage sludge mineralization. Sewage sludge applications increased the C content for the clay and sandy soils by 7.4 and 15.4 g kg−1, respectively, suggesting a positive effect on these two soils.

Nickel in soil and maize plants grown on an oxisol treated over a long time with sewage sludge

The major limitation for the use of sewage sludge in agriculture is the risk of soil contamination with heavy metals, and their possible transference to man via the food chain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the content of nickel (Ni) in soil by the two methods of digestion (HNO3 + H2O2 + HCl and HClO4 + HF), and in different parts of maize plants grown on a tropical soil classified as Typic Eutrorthox, that had been treated with sewage sludge for nine consecutive years, and the effects on dry matter and grain production. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in Jaboticabal-SP, using a randomized block design with four treatments and five replicates. Treatments consisted of: 0.0 (control, mineral fertilization), 45.0, 90.0 and 127.5t ha−1 sewage sludge (dry basis), accumulated during nine years. Sewage sludge was manually applied to the soil and incorporated at 0.1 m depth before sowing the maize. Soil Ni evaluated by Jackson’s method was 76.8% higher than evaluated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency method that digests the samples by heating with concentrated HNO3, H2O2 and HCl. Sewage sludge rates did not affect Ni content in the soil. Ni was accumulated in leaf and stem but was not detected in grain. Sewage sludge and mineral fertilization applied to soil for a long time caused similar effects on dry matter and grain production.

Heavy metals in Oxisols amended with biosolids and cropped with maize in a long-term experiment

Biosolids comprise organic matter and plant nutrients, but are also a source of heavy metals hazardous to soils, plants and humans. The aim of this work was to evaluate accumulation, movement in the soil profile and availability to maize plants of heavy metals in two oxisols amended with biosolids for five years. The experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, under field conditions, using a split-plot design. Biosolids were added to the soils at four different rates, 0.0 (control with mineral fertilization), 2.5; 5.0 and 10.0 t ha-1, dry weight basis, annualy for three years. In the fourth and fifth years, the 2.5 t ha-1 treatment rate was increased to 20.0 t ha-1. In the fifth year, soil samples were collected at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths and analyzed for Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn total and extractable (Mehlich 1) contents. Biosolids increased the concentration of Ni and Zn in the Typic Eutrorthox, and of Ni, Pb, Zn and Cu in the Typic Haplorthox, but values did not exceed critical limits established by legislation. The elements generally accumulated in the 0-20 cm depth. Lead and Ni concentrations in grains were below detection limits. In general, heavy metals contents in maize plants were not affected by application of biosolids. Mehlich 1 extractant was not efficient in predicting the availability of Ni, Mn, and Pb to maize plants.

Chromium Movement in Columns of Two Highly Weathered Soils

The movement of contaminants through soils is an important environmental task. Chromium (Cr), a heavy metal that is potential hazardous to the environment (including human health), has been sometimes added to agricultural soils of some regions through the disposal of tannery wastes. There is a lack of knowledge about the movement of this metal in highly weathered soils frequently found in the tropics. The purpose of this work was to study the movement of Cr in soil columns considering the influence of the pH and the horizons of the soils. It was also applied a mathematical model to quantify some parameters of this movement, although in an exploratory way. Miscible displacement experiments were carried out in A and B soil horizon samples, that received two liming levels, collected in São Paulo State, Brazil: a Typic Eutrorthox (TE), and a Typic Haplorthox (TH). Liming showed little effect on the elution curve forms for both soils. The Cr movement in the A horizon for the TE soil was greater than the observed in the B horizon, possible due the formation of soluble compounds between the metal and fulvic acids. It was also applied a simplified version of the MRTM (Multireaction and Transport Model), which showed good fit to experimental data.

Simulação de aldicarb e tebuthiuron movimento em solos sob cultivos de banana e cana-de-açúcar no semi-árido brasileiro

Este trabalho apresenta resultados da tendência de movimento de tebuthiuron e aldicarb aplicados em cana-de-açúcar e banana respectivamente, no perfil vertical de solos de área da região Submédio São Francisco com lençóis subterrâneos encontrados a partir de 1,5 m de profundidade. Os solos analisados foram: Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico, Latossolo Amarelo Eutrófico, Latossolo Vermelho Eutrófico, Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico, Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Eutrófico, Argissolo Amarelo Álico, Argissolo Amarelo Distrófico, Argissolo Amarelo Eutrófico, Argissolo Acinzentado Álico, Planossolo Eutrófico, Neossolo Quartzarênico Distrófico e Neossolo Quartzarênico Álico. A movimentação foi acompanhada por simulação de sistemas para um período de três anos consecutivos, após uma única aplicação, em cenários separados por cultura e tipo de solo. Os resultados indicaram maior tendência de lixiviação de tebuthiuron e de aldicarb em Latossolo Vermelho Eutrófico, Neossolo Quartzarênico Distrófico e Neossolo Quartzarênico Álico. Não há indicativos de risco para a saúde humana, conforme padrão de referência da diretiva 89/778/EEC, para ambos os produtos nos cenários analisados.

Influência da matéria orgânica e de formas de ferro na reflectância de solos tropicais

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o efeito dos conteúdos de matéria orgânica e de ferro cristalino e amorfo na reflectância espectral de solos tropicais ocorrentes no Brasil, pela utilização de um espectrorradiômetro em condições de laboratório, na faixa espectral entre 400 e 2500 nm. Os solos estudados foram: a) Nitossolo Vermelho, designado como TR (Typic Argiudoll); b) Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico, LR (Typic Eutrorthox); c) Argissolo Vermelho, PE (Typic Argiudoll); d) Latossolo Vermelho, LE (Typic Haplortox), sudividido em três categorias de acordo com a textura; e) Neossolo Quartzarênico, AQ (Ty.pic Quartzipsamment) e f) Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, PV (Typic Paleudalf). Foram coletadas amostras superficiais e subsuperficiais, e analisadas quanto a características químicas, físicas e mineralógicas. As amostras de terra receberam quatro tratamentos químicos de dissolução seletiva: a) Testemunha; b) H2O2 para remoção de matéria orgânica; c) H2O2 + Oxalato Ácido de Amônio para remoção de matéria orgânica e de ferro amorfo; d) H2O2 e Ditionito-Citrato-Bicarbonato de Sódio para remoção de matéria orgânica, de ferro amorfo e de ferro cristalino. Esses tratamentos foram comparados utilizando suas respectivas curvas espectrais e simulação de dados do sensor TM (Thematic Mapper)/Landsat. A remoção da matéria orgânica promoveu aumento da reflectância em todo o espectro analisado, para todos os solos. A remoção da matéria orgânica e do ferro amorfo causou aumento geral da reflectância para todos os solos, mas sem modificar o formato das curvas espectrais. A remoção do ferro cristalino provocou aumento da reflectância na região inicial do espectro (até 1.000 nm), mas não nas regiões intermediárias (entre 1.000 e 1.900 nm) e final do espectro (acima de 1.900 nm). O ferro cristalino mostrou-se responsável pelas concavidades formadas em 400 nm e em 850nm. Os dados orbitais simulados mostraram que é possível discriminar diferenças relativas à matéria orgânica e às formas de ferro. O uso de radiometria de laboratório mostrou-se uma técnica rápida, não destrutiva, e pouco exigente em preparo para analisar feições de absorção por ferro e efeitos de matéria orgânica em curvas especiais de solos.

Pó-de-aciaria como fonte de zinco para o milho e seu efeito na disponibilidade de metais pesados

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o pó-de-aciaria como fonte de zinco para o milho (Zea mays L.) e seu efeito no acúmulo e disponibilidade de Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb no solo e nas plantas. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se dois Latossolos Vermelhos e em dois valores de pH (5,0 e 6,0). As fontes de zinco foram o pó-de-aciaria e o sulfato de zinco aplicados nas doses de 0, 5, 50 e 150 mg.dm-3 de Zn. Fez-se a extração de Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr e Ni do solo utilizando-se as soluções de DTPA e de Mehlich-1. A menor dose de Zn adicionada ao solo, nas duas fontes, proporcionou teores na parte aérea da planta superiores ao nível crítico para a cultura. As concentrações dos metais Pb, Cd, Cr e Ni, tanto na parte aérea como no solo, foram menores que os níveis críticos para toxicidade. Os coeficientes de correlação entre o Zn extraído do solo pelas duas soluções e a concentração de Zn na parte aérea do milho foram significativos e semelhantes para ambos os solos. O mesmo não foi observado para os outros elementos. Conclui-se que, nas condições estudadas, o pó-de-aciaria é uma fonte eficiente de Zn para o milho; os extratores são adequados para determinar a disponibilidade desse elemento, ineficientes, entretanto, para os outros metais estudados. O pH alterou a disponibilidade do Zn diminuindo a disponibilidade com seu aumento.

Characterization and discrimination of soils by their reflected electromagnetic energy

The objective of this work was to verify if reflected energy of soils can characterize and discriminate them. A spectroradiometer (Spectral reflectance between: 400-2,500 nm) was utilized in laboratory. The soils evaluated are located in Bauru region, SP, Brazil, and are classified as Typic Argiudoll (TR), Typic Eutrorthox (LR), Typic Argiudoll (PE), Typic Haplortox (LE), Typic Paleudalf (PV) and Typic Quartzipsamment (AQ). They were characterized by their spectral reflectance as for descriptive conventional methods (Brazilian and International) according to the types of spectral curves. A method for the spectral descriptive evaluation of soils was established. It was possible to characterize and discriminate the soils by their spectral reflectance, with exception for LR and TR. The spectral differences were better identified by the general shape of spectral curves, by the intensity of band absorption and angle tendencies. These characteristics were mainly influenced by organic matter, iron, granulometry and mineralogy constituents. A reduction of iron and clay contents, which influenced higher reflectance intensity and shape variations, occurred on the soils LR/TR, PE, LE, PV and AQ, on that sequence. Soils of the same group with different clay textures could be discriminated. The conventional descriptive evaluation of spectral curves was less efficient on discriminating soils. Simulated orbital data discriminated soils mainly by bands 5 and 7.

Transporte de crômio trivalente influenciado pelo pH, horizonte do solo e fontes do crômio

Neste trabalho estudou-se qualitativamente a eluviação de Cr(III) em colunas, influenciada: (i) pelo pH, (ii) pelo horizonte e (iii) por fontes de crômio. Utilizaram-se amostras dos horizontes A e B de dois solos, com diferentes teores de matéria orgânica, do Estado de São Paulo: Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico, textura argilosa (LVe) e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico, textura média (LVd) em que as amostras do horizonte superficial receberam adição de carbonato de cálcio. Realizaram-se experimentos de lixiviação em colunas, para obtenção das curvas de eluição de três fontes de crômio: a) em solução salina (Cr-SAL); b) complexado (Cr-EDTA) e c) associado a um resíduo de curtume (Cr-RESÍDUO). A eluviação do crômio foi maior no LVd de textura média que no LVe argiloso; já a calagem teve pouca ou nenhuma influência na diminuição da eluviação. No solo LVe, a movimentação de crômio foi maior no horizonte superficial em relação ao subsuperficial, possivelmente em decorrência da formação de compostos solúveis entre o crômio e o ácido fúlvico presente na matéria orgânica. A eluviação foi influenciada pela fonte de crômio, cujos maiores valores foram observados com a aplicação de Cr-EDTA , e os menores com Cr-RESÍDUO.

Isotermas de adsorção de Freundlich para o crômio (III) em Latossolos

Os impactos causados no ambiente pela aplicação de resíduos de curtume contendo crômio em solos agrícolas devem ser estudados detalhadamente para que se evite a contaminação da biota e das águas subterrâneas. A adsorção do crômio ao solo reveste-se de especial importância em estudos de movimentação de solutos, uma vez que, se a capacidade adsortiva de um solo for ultrapassada, o metal fica potencialmente disponível para ser lixiviado. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a adequação da Isoterma de Freundlich em descrever a adsorção do crômio em Latossolos; analisar o comportamento da adsorção do crômio considerando-se os diferentes solos e horizontes, bem como de alguns de seus atributos químicos e físicos, como teores de óxidos e textura, e analisar a influência do nível de pH dos horizontes A. Utilizaram-se amostras dos horizontes A e B de dois solos coletados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: a) LATOSSOLO VERMELHO ESCURO Eutroférrico (LVe) e b) LATOSSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO Distrófico (LVd). O pH das amostras do horizonte superficial foi alterado com adição de carbonato de cálcio para elevar a saturação por bases a 70%. Duas repetições de cada amostra foram agitadas com soluções contendo diferentes concentrações iniciais Co de crômio na forma de CrCl3: 0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,5; 5,0; 10,0 e 50,0 mg L-1. Ajustaram-se isotermas de Freundlich (exponencial) para descrever a adsorção do crômio ao solo. O modelo de Freundlich conseguiu descrever satisfatoriamente o comportamento do crômio na maioria dos tratamentos utilizados. A adsorção do crômio foi maior no LVe em relação ao LVd e foi favorecida pela calagem. Não foi possível evidenciar diferença na adsorção de crômio entre os horizontes dos dois solos estudados.

Fator de retardamento e coeficiente de dispersão-difusão para o crômio (III) em solos muito intemperizados, influenciados pelo pH, textura e matéria orgânica

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi analisar a variação dos fatores de retardamento (R) e dos coeficientes de dispersão-difusão (D) para o crômio (III) em dois solos muito intemperizados, considerando diferentes atributos edáficos: textura, pH e matéria orgânica. Utilizaram-se amostras dos horizontes A e B com diferença marcante no teor de matéria orgânica de dois solos coletados no estado de São Paulo: Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico textura argilosa (LVe) e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico textura média (LVd). A alteração do pH das amostras do horizonte superficial foi realizada com adição de carbonato de cálcio para elevar a saturação por bases a 70%. Foram realizados experimentos de adsorção em condições estáticas e de lixiviação em colunas de solo, utilizando a teoria do deslocamento miscível. Os Rs obtidos para o LVe foram maiores em comparação aos obtidos para o LVd. O aumento do pH do solo propiciado pela adição de carbonato de cálcio resultou em aumento no R. No LVe, a presença significativa de ácidos fúlvicos na matéria orgânica propiciou um R menor no horizonte superficial em relação ao subsuperficial. Não foi evidenciada relação nítida entre D e os diferentes solos, níveis de calagem e horizontes.

Doses e métodos de aplicação de nitrogênio em girassol

O experimento foi conduzido com a cultura de girassol, em Latossolo Roxo eutrófico, durante as safras 91/92, 92/93 e 93/94. Avaliou-se o efeito das doses 0; 30; 60 e 90 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio (N) e dos métodos de aplicação deste nutriente 1. incorporado/aiveca (aplicado a lanço e incorporado com arado de aiveca a 30 cm de profundidade antes da semeadura); 2. incorporado/grade (aplicado a lanço e incorporado com grade de disco antes da preparação do leito de semeadura); 3. incorporado/grade/parcelado (30% N aplicado a lanço e incorporado com grade de disco antes da preparação do leito de semeadura e, 30 dias após a emergência das plantas, os 70% de N restantes em cobertura). Foram estudados os efeitos dos tratamentos na produção e peso de 1.000 aquênios, altura de plantas e diâmetro do caule. O fósforo e o potássio foram aplicados na semeadura junto com a adubação nitrogenada. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, com as doses nas parcelas e os métodos nas subparcelas e quatro repetições. A área total do experimento foi de 3.528 m2, com a densidade de semeadura equivalente a 42.857 plantas ha-1. A produção de grãos aumentou até a dose de 90 kg ha-1 de N, sendo que a dose econômica foi obtida com 17,5 kg ha-1 de N. As maiores produções e peso de 1.000 aquênios foram alcançados no ano agrícola de 1993/94, enquanto que os maiores valores de altura de plantas e diâmetro do caule ocorreram em 1991/92. Os métodos de aplicação de nitrogênio não influenciaram na produção de grãos. Por outro lado, o maior peso de 1.000 aquênios foi obtido com o método de incorporação do N com grade/parcelado, sendo que, para as demais variáveis, a incorporação com arado de aiveca proporcionou os maiores valores.

Process of fixation, imobilization and mineralization of ammonium in soil using N-15

The organic and inorganic forms of soil nitrogen and how they participate in the process of fixation, immobilization and mineralization of ammonium in soils were evaluated, after different periods of incubaton, utilizing two soils, a Lithic Haplustoll and a Typic Eutrorthox. The results obtained permit to suggest that : 1) The method for determination of the ammonium fixing capacity based on the extraction with 2N KC1, is considered to be subject to interferences of other soil fractions capable of retaining ammonium. 2) The increase in exchangeable ammonium content is related to the decrease in amino acids and hydrolyzable ammonium. 3) The immobilization and mineralization processes are still held under mil microbial. The forms more affected by this condition are amino acids and hydrolyzable ammonium.