Typic Acrustox Research Articles

Amaranth, quinoa, and millet growth and development under different water regimes in the Brazilian Cerrado

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth dynamics of the cover plants amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), and millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in a Typic Acrustox, under different water regimes in the Brazilian Cerrado. The cultivation was carried out in the winter, with reduced rainfall, which facilitated the application of varying irrigation depths to the different crops. Water regimes denominated lower, lower middle, upper middle, and upper - corresponding to 217, 386, 563, and 647 mm water depths, respectively - were tested by means of an irrigation bar composed of sprinklers with different flow rates. Plant growth was quantified by weekly collections. Amaranth was the most responsive plant to water. Quinoa showed the best performance in the treatment with the upper-middle water level among the other evaluated species. Millet showed thermal sensitivity for cultivation in the winter, making grain production unfeasible; however, it showed exceptional ability to produce biomass even in the treatment with higher water deficit.

Surface Application of Lime–Silicate–Phosphogypsum Mixtures for Improving Tropical Soil Properties and Irrigated Common Bean Yield

Core Ideas Soil acidity limits crop production in tropical regions. Soil amendments mixture can be a strategy to alleviate subsoil acidity. Subsoil profile acidity reduces common bean grain yield. The movement of surface‐applied lime to subsurface soil layers is slow, and, consequently, liming requires a long period of time to become effective. Thus, it is important to develop strategies to increase the efficiency of acidity amendments practices in order to improve the chemical properties of tropical acid soils in no‐till systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of applying mixtures of silicate, lime, and phosphogypsum to the soil surface in tropical no‐till systems on soil chemical properties and leaf nutrient concentrations, yield components, and grain yield of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A field experiment was performed during two growing seasons (2004 and 2005) in a field with Typic Acrustox soils. Among the treatments, the silicate–phosphogypsum mixture was more effective for ameliorating soil acidity at a depth of 0 to 0.20 m over a short period of time (6 mo). The application of soil amendments separately or in mixtures increased the soil pH to 0.40 m depth 18 mo after application. Combining the surface application of phosphogypsum with lime and/or silicate effectively increased the NO3−–N, SO42−–S, and Ca2+ levels at soil depths of up to 0.40 m over a relatively short period of time, resulting in a higher base saturation in the deepest layer evaluated (0.20–0.40 m). Compared with the control treatment, the mixtures of soil acidity amendments and phosphogypsum resulted in greater Ca, S, and Si concentrations in the leaves and increased the grain yield of the common bean by >22% over two growing seasons. Long‐term studies are required to establish the frequency of reapplication and the residual effects of soil amendment mixtures.

Sorção competitiva entre cádmio e cromo em Latossolo variando pH e eletrólito de suporte

The use of industrial waste sludge to agricultural areas is widely used in Brazil, may add toxic metals to soils. The objective was to determine the competitive sorption between metals Cd2+ and Cr3+ in sub-surface horizon of a Oxisol Typic Acrustox varying conditions of pH and the presence or absence of supporting electrolyte. Environments were evaluated: a) deionized water without supporting electrolyte, b) CaCl2.2H2O (0.01 mol L-1) as supporting electrolyte, c) CaCl2.2H2O (0.01 mol L-1) with an acid pH and d) CaCl2.2H2O (0.01 mol L-1) with an alkaline pH. Were added in 5.0 mL of soil, 50.0 mL of solution containing the toxic metal, with different concentrations, within the limits established in CONAMA Resolution 420/09. Set up the Freundlich sorption isotherms in the linear model. They were made adjustments polynomial regression between the concentrations of the levels of metals in solution by contaminant concentration in the filtered solution after equilibration. Correlation analysis was performed between the retardation factor (R) and oxides content and pH. The metal was preferentially sorbed Cr3+. The presence of supporting electrolyte and pH variation did not affect the sorption of Cd2+ and competitive Cr3+.

Characterization of cover crops by NMR spectroscopy: impacts on soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus under tillage regimes

The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of cover crops by solid-state CPMAS 13C NMR spectroscopy and its effects on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in a Typic Acrustox. Cover crops (Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia brasiliensis, Cajanus cajan, Mucuna pruriens and Raphanus sativus) and natural fallow were studied in rotation with maize under conventional and no-tillage regimes. Tissues of Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia brasiliensis, Mucuna pruriens and Raphanus sativus were analyzed using CPMAS 13C NMR spectroscopy. Soil samples were collected at the end of the growing season of the cover crops (September 2002) and during the grain filling period in corn from 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers. Cajanus cajan presented the lowest content of polysaccharides and along with Mucuna pruriens presented the highest percentage of aromatic carbon compounds, reflecting the slow decomposition of highly lignified material. Carbon stocks were higher in the superficial soil layer and under no-tillage due to the accumulation and slower decomposition of plant tissues under these conditions. Increases in the C/N ratio of the soil with Mucuna pruriens and the C/P ratio with Cajanus cajan in the dry season were also related to slower rates of decomposition, caused by the large concentration of aromatic compounds in the tissues of these species. The higher C/P ratios found at 0-5 cm layer are due to higher values of P (Mehlich-1) at 5-10 cm (25 mg kg-1) layer and the higher concentration of carbon in the superficial soil layer as a result of the accumulation of plant residues.

Soil fertility status, carbon and nitrogen stocks under cover crops and tillage regimes

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of cover crops on the soil's chemical fertility, in particular its carbon and nitrogen content, in a Typic Acrustox under conventional and no-tillage corn systems. We hypothesized that the no-tillage system associates with cover crops maintains or increases soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and enhance soil fertility. The no-tillage system did not present higher carbon and nitrogen stocks than conventional tillage, but resulted in higher concentrations of exchangeable bases, higher CEC, and higher base saturation in the surface soil layer, mainly under use of Canavalia brasiliensis. Carbon and nitrogen stocks (up to 40 cm depth) differ significantly between the different cover crop species. The use of Mucuna pruriens and Canavalia brasiliensis allows maintain or increase soil C and N stocks. The no-tillage system results in higher accumulation of soil organic matter (0-5 cm), and appears very likely to enhance soil fertility. The use of Canavalia brasiliensis and Mucuna pruriens in succession to corn promotes carbon sequestration and can be used to enhance soil quality in Cerrado agroecosystems.

Strategy of specification of management areas: rice grain yield as related to soil fertility

It is well-known nowadays that soil variability can influence crop yields. Therefore, to determine specific areas of soil management, we studied the Pearson and spatial correlations of rice grain yield with organic matter content and pH of an Oxisol (Typic Acrustox) under no- tillage, in the 2009/10 growing season, in Selvíria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the Brazilian Cerrado (longitude 51º24' 21'' W, latitude 20º20' 56'' S). The upland rice cultivar IAC 202 was used as test plant. A geostatistical grid was installed for soil and plant data collection, with 120 sampling points in an area of 3.0 ha with a homogeneous slope of 0.055 m m-1. The properties rice grain yield and organic matter content, pH and potential acidity and aluminum content were analyzed in the 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m soil layers. Spatially, two specific areas of agricultural land management were discriminated, differing in the value of organic matter and rice grain yield, respectively with fertilization at variable rates in the second zone, a substantial increase in agricultural productivity can be obtained. The organic matter content was confirmed as a good indicator of soil quality, when spatially correlated with rice grain yield.

Correlação linear entre componentes da produção e produtividade do arroz de terras altas em sistema plantio direto

The rice is one of the main sources of the humanity’s feeding. During the agricultural year 2009/2010, in Selvíria County, Mato Grosso do Sul State, in the Brazilian Savannah, an experiment was installed with rice upland in a Dystropherric Red Latosol (Typic Acrustox) under no-tillage, irrigated by central pivot, with the purpose of selecting the best components production to explain the variability the irrigated rice yield upland. The geostatistical grid was installed, to collect the data, with 120 sampling points, in an area of 3.0 ha and and homogeneous slope of 0.055 m m-1. The medium rice yield was of the 5980 kg ha-1. For the simple lineal regressions, the number of spikelets grenades for panicle presented the best direct potential correlation with the yield rice, given for: PGO = 115,5.NEG0,770. However, for the multiple lineal regressions, the equation equação PGO = 2754,30-411,55.NEG-461,07.NEC+436,59. NET it was the one that better she came to esteem the yield rice. However, spatial, it was not possible to establish correlation between the yield rice and the components production, once none of those it presented spatial dependence in their data.

Correlação linear e espacial dos componentes de produção e produtividade da soja

The soybean is the crop most cultivated in Brazil, with great socioeconomic importance. In the agriculture year 2008/09 in Selvíria County, Mato Grosso do Sul State, in the Brazilian Savannah, was analyzed the production components and the soybean yield cultivated in a Typic Acrustox on no-tillage. The main purpose objective was select among the production components number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant, mass of a thousand grains, mass of grains per plant and population of plants, which of the best linear and spatial correlation aiming explain the soybean yield variability. The irregular geostatistical grid was installed to collect of data, with 120 sampling points, in an area of 8.34 ha. The values of spatial dependence range to be utilized should be among 38.1 and 114.7 meters. The model of the adjusted semivariograma was predominantly the spherical. Of the lineal and spatial point of view, the number of pods per plant and the mass of grains per plant they were correlated in a direct way with the soybean yield, demonstrating be the best components to esteem her.

Effect of compaction on microbial activity and carbon and nitrogen transformations in two oxisols with different mineralogy

The use of machinery in agricultural and forest management activities frequently increases soil compaction, resulting in greater soil density and microporosity, which in turn reduces hydraulic conductivity and O2 and CO2 diffusion rates, among other negative effects. Thus, soil compaction has the potential to affect soil microbial activity and the processes involved in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. This study was carried out under controlled conditions to evaluate the effect of soil compaction on microbial activity and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization. Two Oxisols with different mineralogy were utilized: a clayey oxidic-gibbsitic Typic Acrustox and a clayey kaolinitic Xantic Haplustox (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo ácrico - LVA, and Latossolo Amarelo distrófico - LA, respectively, in the Brazil Soil Classification System). Eight treatments (compaction levels) were assessed for each soil type in a complete block design, with six repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of PVC rings (height 6 cm, internal diameter 4.55 cm, volume 97.6 cm³). The PVC rings were filled with enough soil mass to reach a final density of 1.05 and 1.10 kg dm-3, respectively, in the LVA and LA. Then the soil samples were wetted (0.20 kg kg-1 = 80 % of field capacity) and compacted by a hydraulic press at pressures of 0, 60, 120, 240, 360, 540, 720 and 900 kPa. After soil compression the new bulk density was calculated according to the new volume occupied by the soil. Subsequently each PVC ring was placed within a 1 L plastic pot which was then tightly closed. The soils were incubated under aerobic conditions for 35 days and the basal respiration rate (CO2-C production) was estimated in the last two weeks. After the incubation period, the following soil chemical and microbiological properties were detremined: soil microbial biomass C (C MIC), total soil organic C (TOC), total N, and mineral N (NH4+-N and NO3--N). After that, mineral N, organic N and the rate of net N mineralization was calculated. Soil compaction increased NH4+-N and net N mineralization in both, LVA and LA, and NO3--N in the LVA; diminished the rate of TOC loss in both soils and the concentration of NO3--N in the LA and CO2-C in the LVA. It also decreased the C MIC at higher compaction levels in the LA. Thus, soil compaction decreases the TOC turnover probably due to increased physical protection of soil organic matter and lower aerobic microbial activity. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that under controlled conditions, the oxidic-gibbsitic Oxisol (LVA) was more susceptible to the effects of high compaction than the kaolinitic (LA) as far as organic matter cycling is concerned; and compaction pressures above 540 kPa reduced the total and organic nitrogen in the kaolinitic soil (LA), which was attributed to gaseous N losses.

PRODUTIVIDADE DA SOJA E RESISTÊNCIA MECÂNICA À PENETRAÇÃO DO SOLO SOB SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO NO CERRADO BRASILEIRO

The mechanical resistance to soil penetration can be a negative influence to soybean root growth, greatly affecting its yield. In the agricultural year 2008/2009, in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, in the Brazilian Savannah, the soybean yield was analyzed in relation to the mechanical resistance to soil penetration, in a Dystropherric Red Latosol (Typic Acrustox) under no-tillage. The main purpose was to select, among the soil attributes, the one that best presented spatial and linear correlation to explain the soybean yield variability. A geostatistical grid was installed to collect the soil and plant data, with 120 sampling points, in an area of 8.34 ha and homogeneous slope of 0.055 m m-1. Thus, in order to support future researches concerning precision agriculture, based on the same soil’s attributes used for this study, the values for spatial dependence range should be placed between 38.1 m and 114.7 m. From the linear point of view, the mechanical resistance to soil penetration, when evaluated in the 0.10-0.20 m layer, showed good inverse exponential correlation with the soybean yield. However, from the spatial point of view, the number of pods per plant showed to be a good indicator for soybean yield. KEY-WORDS: Glycine max, soybean production components; precision agriculture; soil management; cone index.

Variabilidade espacial da produtividade do feijoeiro correlacionada com atributos químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico sob sistema de semeadura direta

O feijão, importante fonte proteica, é um alimento muito comum na dieta da população dos países latino-americanos, sendo o Brasil maior produtor mundial deste legume. Nacionalmente, seu cultivo no sistema de semeadura direta tem crescido ano após ano. Em 2002, foi avaliada a variabilidade espacial do feijoeiro, em função dos atributos químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico no sistema de semeadura direta, em Selvíria (MS) no Cerrado Brasileiro. O objetivo do presente estudo foi selecionar, entre os atributos do solo pesquisado, aquele com a melhor correlação, linear e espacial, para explicar a variabilidade da produtividade do feijoeiro. Foi instalada uma rede amostral, para a coleta de dados do solo e das plantas, com 135 pontos amostrais, em uma área de 7500 m². A produtividade de grãos de feijão (PG) representou o atributo da planta, enquanto os do solo foram: P, MO, pH, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, S, T e o V%. Estabeleceram-se correlações lineares, simples e múltiplas, entre a PG e os atributos do solo. Foram modelados semivariogramas para todos os atributos, obtendo-se as respectivas krigagens e validações cruzadas. Também foram estabelecidas as co-krigagens entre a PG e os atributos do solo. Em relação à produtividade de grãos de feijão, 22% da sua variação foram atribuídos à variação nos atributos químicos do solo. Tanto linear quanto espacialmente, o pH do solo foi bom indicador da produtividade de grãos de feijão quando cultivado sob sistema de semeadura direta.

Sorção de cromo em solos do cerrado goiano, Brasil

Land application of tannery sludge, which usually contain high levels of chromium, and considerable amounts of organic matter, macronutrients and micronutrients may contribute to the improvement of soil fertility and plant nutrition, and constitutes a form of disposal residue in the environment. The objective of this work was to determine the sorption isotherms of metal chromium (Cr+3) in a Ultisol, Oxisol Typic Acrustox, Quartzipsamment and Kandic Oxisol, identify soil classes that are prone to chromium mobility, and characterize the potential of agricultural soils of Goiás that are subject to groundwater contamination by the potentially toxic metal. For the establishment of sorption isotherms, solutions were prepared at 1:10 in volume. Air dried samples of 5.0 cm3 of each class of soil were placed in triplicates in beakers of 250.0 cm3. A solution containing 50.0 cm3 of the potentially toxic metal was added to solution. The solutions were prepared in CaCl2.(2H2O) (0.01 mol.L-1) as electrolyte support and employing the basic chromium sulphate as a source of metal. Adjustments were made to the polynomial regression between the concentrations of potentially toxic levels of metal contaminants in the solution depending on the concentration of metal in the filtered solution after equilibrium. The Quartzipsamment showed lower retention compared to other classes of soils. Therefore it is more vulnerable to groundwater contamination if industrial wastes containing trivalent chromium are used as fertilizer.

Microbial and enzymatic activity in soil after organic composting

Microbial activity and biochemical properties are important indicators of the impact of organic composting on soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate some indicators of soil microbial and biochemical processes after application of compost (household waste). A Typic Acrustox, sampled at a depth of 10 cm under Cerrado biome vegetation, was evaluated in three treatments: control (soil without organic compost amendment) and soil with two doses of domestic organic compost (10 and 20 g kg-1 soil). The following properties were evaluated: released C (C-CO2): microbial respiration 15 days after incubation; microbial biomass C (MBC); total glucose (TG); metabolic quotient (qCO2); and enzyme activity of β-glucosidase and acid and alkaline phosphatase. The application of household compost, at doses of 10 and 20 g kg-1 Typic Acrustox, resulted in significant gains in microbial activity, organic C and C stock, as evidenced by increased MBC and TG levels. On the other hand, qCO2 decreases indicated greater microbial diversity and more efficient energy use. The addition of compost, particularly the 20 g kg-1 dose, strongly influenced the enzyme β-glucosidase and phosphatase (acid and alkaline). The β-glucosidase activity was significantly increased and acid phosphatase activity increased more than the alkaline. The ratio of β-glucosidase to MBC was greater in the control than in the composted treatments which suggests that there were more enzymes in the control than in the substrate or that the addition of compost induced a great MBC increase.

The combined use of reflectance, emissivity and elevation Aster/Terra data for tropical soil studies

Reflectance, emissivity and elevation data of the sensor ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer)/Terra were used to characterize soil composition variations according to the toposequence position. Normalized data of SWIR (shortwave infrared) reflectance and TIR (thermal infrared) emissivity, coupled to a soil-fraction image from a spectral mixture model, were evaluated to separate bare soils from nonphotosynthetic vegetation. Regression relationships of some soil properties with reflectance and emissivity data were then applied on the exposed soil pixels. The resulting estimated values were plotted on the ASTER-derived digital elevation model. Results showed that the SWIR bands 5 and 6 and the TIR bands 10 and 14 measured the clay mineral absorption band and the quartz emissivity feature, respectively. These bands improved also the discrimination between nonphotosynthetic vegetation and soils. Despite the differences in pixel size and field sampling size, some soil properties were correlated with reflectance (R² of 0.65 for Al2O3 in band 6; 0.61 for Fe2O3 in band 3) and emissivity (R² of 0.65 for total sand fraction in the 10/14 band ratio). The combined use of reflectance, emissivity and elevation data revealed variations in soil composition with topography in specific parts of the landscape. From higher to lower slope positions, a general decrease in Al2O3 and increase in total sand fraction was observed, due to the prevalence of Rhodic Acrustox at the top and its gradual transition to Typic Acrustox at the bottom.

Compactação causada pelo tráfego de trator em diferentes manejos de solo

The objective of this work was to evaluate soil compaction induced by tractor traffic in a Red Latosol (Typic Acrustox), submitted to different soil managements. The experiment was arranged in a subdivided parcel scheme, with types of soil tillage as the primary soil treatments and the number of tractor passes as secondary treatments. In addition to a control treatment without soil tillage, the treatments were: tilling to a depth of 18 cm, a tilling to a depth of 18 cm followed by harrow use at a depth of 10 cm, and a 40-cm deep subsoil tilling. After preparing the parcels, soil penetration resistance was measured with an electronic penetrometer, before tractor passes and after 1, 3, 5 and 7 tractor passes on the same track. Soil density was also evaluated. It was concluded that the greater the pulverization during soil tillage, the greater the potential for compaction. Recently tilled soils (plough + harrow) were more susceptible to compaction than soils that were just tilled or deeply tilled. The effect of tractor traffic was chiefly concentrated on a superficial layer. The first tractor pass caused the greatest soil compaction, while the effect of subsequent passes was smaller.

Correlação linear e espacial entre a produtividade do feijoeiro e atributos físicos de um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico de Selvíria, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul

The attributes of plant, in no-tillage (bean grain yield – GY) and soil (mechanical resistance to penetration – RP, bulk density – BD, gravimetric – GM, and volumetric –VM moisture), in a Typic Acrustox soil at the Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (Unesp), Brazil, were analyzed in the year of 2006. The purpose was to study the variability and linear and spatial correlations among the attributes (plant and soil), aiming to select an index of soil physical quality with good capacity to represent bean grain productivity. A geostatistical grid was installed to collect soil and plant data, with 135 sample points, in an area of 7,500 m2. The studied attributes showed high to low variability, with excellent spatial performances, and ranged between 13.9 and 39.8 meters. Otherwise, the linear correlation between GY and the soil attributes (RP, BD, GM and VM), due to the large number of data, were low. Those with best correlations with GY were BD1 and RP1. However, regarding spatial variability, an inverse correlation took place between GP and BD1. So, the bulk density, analyzed in soil surface layer, proved to be the best index of soil physical quality in Selvíria, for bean grain productivity.

Atividade respiratória da microbiota e conteúdo de glicose em resposta à adição de fósforo em solo de Cerrado

A atividade metabólica dos microrganismos é um dos principais processos reguladores das transformações de nutrientes no solo. No entanto, a atividade microbiana do solo é influenciada por fatores como a disponibilidade de nutrientes, incluindo o P. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adição de P (de 50 a 500 mg kg-1 de P no solo) na atividade respiratória da microbiota e nos teores de glicose extra e intracelular em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico fase Cerrado. As amostras de solo foram avaliadas quanto ao C liberado (C-CO2) pela atividade microbiana; pelo C orgânico total e pela glicose extra e intracelular. Durante o período de incubação (31 dias), a adição de P aumentou a atividade respiratória diária de 6,30 para 23,59 (mg kg-1 dia-1 de C-CO2 no solo), quando comparado com o controle. No entanto, a relação entre C-CO2 liberado por dia, por unidade de P adicionado, diminuiu, mostrando uma redução da eficiência na utilização do P adicionado. O teor de glicose extracelular no solo foi menor do que o encontrado intracelularmente. Ao final de 31 dias de incubação, o teor de glicose intracelular reduziu-se em decorrência da adição de P no solo, sugerindo maior consumo de glicose pelos microrganismos nas condições de adição do nutriente. Houve correlação negativa (r= -0,98, p < 0,01) entre a respiração diária e a glicose intracelular. Aos 31 dias de incubação, o CO total do solo diminuiu com a adição de 500 mg kg-1 de P no solo. A estreita relação entre o aumento da atividade e a diminuição de glicose intracelular sugere que a resposta da microbiota à adição de P pode estar associada ao conteúdo do açúcar no solo.

Imobilização de nitrogênio da uréia e do sulfato de amônio aplicado em pré-semeadura ou cobertura na cultura de milho, no sistema plantio direto

No segundo ano de estudo, sulfato de amônio (SA) e uréia (U) marcados com 15N foram aplicados na cultura do milho, em sucessão à aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schieb.), no sistema plantio direto, 33 dias antes e 10 dias depois da semeadura, na dose de 80 kg ha-1 de N, incorporados a 5-7 cm de profundidade, em sulcos espaçados de 0,8 m, nas entrelinhas do milho. O objetivo foi quantificar o N dos fertilizantes imobilizado no solo (15N orgânico), no sulco de adubação, e o N recuperado na planta nos estádios de 4-5 folhas, 11-12 folhas, florescimento e colheita. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, efetuando-se a análise de variância em esquema fatorial 2 x 6 em pré-semeadura (duas fontes, U e SA, em seis épocas de amostragem) e 2 x 3 (duas fontes em três épocas de amostragem) em cobertura, com três repetições. O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho ácrico típico fase Cerrado subcaducifólio, na Fazenda Floresta do Lobo - Pinusplan, em Uberlândia (MG). Na aplicação em pré-semeadura, a máxima imobilização foi observada aos 22 dias da aplicação do SA (9,1 kg ha-1 ou 11,4 % do N aplicado) e aos 11 dias da aplicação da U (46,5 kg ha-1 ou 58,1 % do N aplicado). Até a colheita, a planta (parte aérea, grãos e raiz) acumulou 66,0 e 47,9 kg ha-1 de N-SA e N-U, respectivamente, correspondendo à eficiência de absorção de 82,5 e 59,9 % do N aplicado. Na aplicação em cobertura, a imobilização do N fertilizante das duas fontes foi inferior a 12,5 % do N aplicado, em todas as fases de crescimento da planta, evidenciando que a biomassa do solo não concorreu com a planta pelo N fertilizante, sendo similar à quantificação realizada na safra 1999/2000. Na média das duas safras (1999/2001) e dos estádios de 11-12 folhas e florescimento, para cada kg de N fertilizante imobilizado, as plantas de milho absorveram 8,9 e 15,4 kg ha-1 de N-SA, em pré-semeadura e cobertura, respectivamente. Para N-U, esses valores foram, respectivamente, de 4,5 e 5,2 kg ha-1, mostrando menor proporção de N-imobilizado de SA, com a aplicação dos fertilizantes em cobertura. As produtividades de grãos obtidas com SA e U, independentemente da época de aplicação, foram de 8.543 e 7.767 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Na adubação em pré-semeadura do milho, o SA apresentou maior rapidez na ciclagem do N imobilizado-mineralizado (turnover), em relação a U, e, conseqüentemente, causou maior absorção do N pela cultura, como verificado na safra anterior. Em cobertura, no sulco de adubação, de forma similar à observada na safra anterior, somente houve imobilização significativa do N-U, retardando sua absorção pela planta.

Traffic effects on the soil preconsolidation pressure due to eucalyptus harvest operations

One of the limitations for reaching sustainable forest development is related to the traffic of machines and vehicles during harvest operations and wood transport, which may cause soil structure degradation. Seeking a way to analyze this problem, the objective of this study was to determine the traffic effects due to harvest operations and wood transport, on the preconsolidation pressure (sigmap) in a Typic Acrustox cultivated with eucalyptus. This study was conducted using undisturbed soil samples collected at the 0.1-0.125 m depth. Undisturbed soil samples were used in the uniaxial compression tests. Soil sampling consisted of two stages, before and after the mechanized harvest operations. The traffic effects on the sigmap in the dry season indicated that the soil compaction process was neither evident nor important. However, in the rainy season the traffic effects on the sigmap indicated that the operations performed with Harvester and Forwarder caused greater soil compaction than those with Motorized Saw and Manual, which caused less soil compaction.

Molibdênio foliar e nitrogênio em feijoeiro cultivado no sistema plantio direto

Nitrogen is the most uptaken nutrient by common bean and its metabolism depends on molybdenum supply. The objective this work was to evaluate the common bean cropped in winter, in no tillage system and submitted to leaf molybdenum application (0, 40, 80 and 120g/ha), and nitrogen fertilization at sowing (0 and 20kg/ha) and at side dressing (0 and 70kg/ha). The experimental design utilized was a randomized complete blocks, in a factorial scheme 4x2x2 (molybdenum on leaf x nitrogen at sowing x nitrogen at side dressing), with four replications. The soil of experimental area was a typic acrustox. The parameters analyzed were: stand, nitrogen content in plants, plant dry matter, numbers of pods and grains per plant, grains per pods, hundred grains weight and grain yield. It was concluded that molybdenum application on leaf, nitrogen at sowing or at side dressing increase grain yield in common bean Perola cultivar. In the IAC Carioca - Eté cultivar there is no effect of molybdenum or nitrogen applicated.