Typhoid Research Articles

Cool Pack Management to Reduce Pain Levels During Infusion Installation in Typhoid Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Room

Background: Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease that attacks the digestive tract and is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria with symptoms of increased body temperature. Hyperthermia will also increase the risk of fluid volume deficiency (dehydration). One action to overcome this is by inserting fluids through an IV. However, nurses must respect the child's concerns about pain reactions. Therefore, efforts are needed to reduce pain due to the procedure provided by installing a Cool Pack. The Cool Pack, which is previously placed on the hand where the infusion will be installed, is able to reduce the level of pain because this therapy produces an analgesic effect by slowing down the speed at which pain impulses reach the brain. Objective: Management of Cool Pack in two patients to reduce the level of pain during infusion in pediatric typhoid patients in the Emergency Room of Muhammadiyah Hospital Palembang. Method: This method uses observation, interviews and assessment instruments with primary and secondary data collection techniques for 2 days from 06 May 2023 to 07 May 2023. Results: After administering the Cool Pack, the results obtained were that there was an effect from giving Cool Pack before installing the infusion. The first patient had a pain scale result: 5, and the second patient had a pain scale result: 5. Conclusion: Cool Pack management was good for reducing the level of pain during infusion in both patients. Suggestion: Cool Pack management is expected to be one of the treatment interventions to reduce the level of pain during infusion and not only in pediatric typhoid patients, but also in other pediatric patients who will undergo infusion. Keywords: Typhoid, Hyperthermia, Dehydration, Cool Pack, Infusion, Pain

A retrospective investigation of the population structure and geospatial distribution of Salmonella Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Salmonella Paratyphi A, one of the major etiologic agents of enteric fever, has increased in prevalence in recent decades in certain endemic regions in comparison to S. Typhi, the most prevalent cause of enteric fever. Despite this increase, data on the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of S. Paratyphi A remain generally scarce. Here, we analysed the whole genome sequences of 216 S. Paratyphi A isolates originating from Kathmandu, Nepal between 2005 and 2014, of which 200 were from patients with acute enteric fever and 16 from the gallbladder of people with suspected chronic carriage. By exploiting the recently developed genotyping framework for S. Paratyphi A (Paratype), we identified several genotypes circulating in Kathmandu. Notably, we observed an unusual clonal expansion of genotype 2.4.3 over a four-year period that spread geographically and systematically replaced other genotypes. This rapid genotype replacement is hypothesised to have been driven by both reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and genetic changes to virulence factors, such as functional and structural genes encoding the type 3 secretion systems. Finally, we show that person-to-person is likely the most common mode of transmission and chronic carriers seem to play a limited role in maintaining disease circulation.

The frequency and associated factors of typhoid carriage in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study.

Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi (S. Typhi) and Paratyphi A, B, and C. It continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In highly endemic areas, children are disproportionately affected, and antimicrobial resistance reduces therapeutic options. It is estimated that 2-5% of enteric fever patients develop chronic asymptomatic infection. These carriers may act as reservoirs of infection; therefore, the prospective identification and treatment of carriers are critical for long-term disease control. We aimed to find the frequency of Salmonella Typhi carriers in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. We also compared the detection limit of culturing versus qPCR in detecting S. Typhi, performed a geospatial analysis of the carriers identified using this study, and evaluated the accuracy of anti-Vi and anti-YncE in identifying chronic typhoid carriage. We performed a cross-sectional study in two centers in Pakistan. Gallbladder specimens were subjected to quantitative PCR (qPCR) and serum samples were analyzed for IgG against YncE and Vi by ELISA. We also mapped the residential location of those with a positive qPCR result. Out of 988 participants, 3.4% had qPCR-positive gallbladder samples (23 S. Typhi and 11 S. Paratyphi). Gallstones were more likely to be qPCR positive than bile and gallbladder tissue. Anti-Vi and YncE were significantly correlated (r = 0.78 p<0.0001) and elevated among carriers as compared to qPCR negative controls, except for anti-Vi response in Paratyphi A. But the discriminatory values of these antigens in identifying carriers from qPCR negative controls were low. The high prevalence of typhoid carriers observed in this study suggests that further studies are required to gain information that will help in controlling future typhoid outbreaks in a superior manner than they are currently being managed.

Physical Characterisation and Analysis of the Perception of Potential Risks Associated with the Proliferation of Solid Waste along the Lomé Coastline in Togo

The coastal zone is constantly under pressure from human activities. One of these pressures is the concentration of solid waste that has escaped from the sanitation system in place. The Togolese coastline, mainly the segment from Aflao to Kpogan, is overrun by waste from households and various socioeconomic activities and is faced with the challenges of unregulated solid waste management. This situation is contributing to the degradation of the urban landscape and is giving rise to environmental and health risks. The aim of this study is to carry out a physical characterisation and analyse the perception of the potential environmental and health risks involved. The methodology included documentary research, site mapping, physical characterisation of waste using the MODECOM approach, principal component analysis and a survey of 300 households in our study area. The results show the poor waste management that prevails along the Lomé coastline, with the anarchic proliferation of waste dumps: 13 categories of waste including a predominance of flexible plastic waste out of a total of 510 kg collected. The results show that the environment is deteriorating, with unsightly, unpleasant smells and the presence of pests. These environmental risks expose the population to diseases such as malaria, lung infection, diarrhoea, typhoid fever and skin diseases.

Transcriptional profiling links unique human macrophage phenotypes to the growth of intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi

Macrophages provide a crucial environment for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) to multiply during typhoid fever, yet our understanding of how human macrophages and S. Typhi interact remains limited. In this study, we delve into the dynamics of S. Typhi replication within human macrophages and the resulting heterogeneous transcriptomic responses of macrophages during infection. Our study reveals key factors that influence macrophage diversity, uncovering distinct immune and metabolic pathways associated with different stages of S. Typhi intracellular replication in macrophages. Of note, we found that macrophages harboring replicating S. Typhi are skewed towards an M1 pro-inflammatory state, whereas macrophages containing non-replicating S. Typhi exhibit neither a distinct M1 pro-inflammatory nor M2 anti-inflammatory state. Additionally, macrophages with replicating S. Typhi were characterized by the increased expression of genes associated with STAT3 phosphorylation and the activation of the STAT3 transcription factor. Our results shed light on transcriptomic pathways involved in the susceptibility of human macrophages to intracellular S. Typhi replication, thereby providing crucial insight into host phenotypes that restrict and support S. Typhi infection.

Salmonella Typhi Haplotype 58 (H58) Biofilm Formation and Genetic Variation in Typhoid Fever Patients with Gallstones in an Endemic Setting in Kenya.

The causative agent of typhoid fever, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, is a human restricted pathogen. Human carriers, 90% of whom have gallstones in their gallbladder, continue to shed the pathogen after treatment. The genetic mechanisms involved in establishing the carrier state are poorly understood, but S. Typhi is thought to undergo specific genetic changes within the gallbladder as an adaptive mechanism. In the current study, we aimed to identify biofilm forming ability and the genetic differences in longitudinal clinical S. Typhi isolates from asymptomatic carriers with gallstones in Nairobi, Kenya. Whole genome sequences were analyzed from 22 S. Typhi isolates, 20 from stool and 2 from blood samples, all genotype 4.3.1 (H58). Nineteen strains were from four patients also diagnosed with gallstones, of whom, three had typhoid symptoms and continued to shed S. Typhi after treatment. All isolates had point mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) and only sub-lineage 4.3.1.2EA3 encoded multidrug resistance genes. There was no variation in antimicrobial resistance patterns among strains from the same patient/household. Non-multidrug resistant (MDR), isolates formed significantly stronger biofilms in vitro than the MDR isolates, p<0.001. A point mutation within the treB gene (treB A383T) was observed in strains isolated after clinical resolution from patients living in 75% of the households. Missense mutations in Vi capsular polysaccharide genes, tviE P263S was also observed in 18% of the isolates. This study provides insights into the role of typhoid carriage, biofilm formation, AMR genes and genetic variations in S. Typhi from asymptomatic carriers.

Croup: When Your Child Needs Hospital Care

Patient Education| 2021 Croup: When Your Child Needs Hospital Care Connected Content Translation: El crup: En qué casos su hijo necesita cuidado hospitalario: (Croup: When Your Child Needs Hospital Care) Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Croup: When Your Child Needs Hospital Care. Pediatric Patient Education 2021; 10.1542/peo_document217 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All AAP SitesAll PublicationsPediatric Patient Education Search Advanced Search Croup is a common illness that affects the airways, making it hard for a child to breathe. It's most common in toddlers but can affect children between 6 months and 12 years of age. Another symptom is a loud barking cough that is worse at night. Trouble breathing and the barking cough can be scary for parent and child. Most children with viral croup also have low fever. Most cases of croup can be treated successfully at home. However, children with severe cases of croup may need to be treated in the hospital. Call 911 or an ambulance right away if your child Makes a whistling sound (called stridor) that gets louder with each breath.Cannot speak because of a lack of breath.Seems to struggle to get a breath.Has a bluish color of the lips, mouth, or fingernails.Drools or... Copyright © 20082008 American Academy of Pediatrics You do not currently have access to this content.

Beyond the gut - Atypical presentation of Salmonella spp. infection

Abstract Salmonella is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, facultative anaerobic rod. The most studied species are Salmonella typhi and paratyphi (causing typhoid fever) and non-typhi Salmonella species (which can cause different clinical syndromes - gastroenteritis, disseminated infections, etc.). A 61-year-old male patient with multiple comorbidities (including myelofibrosis) presented to the Pulmonology outpatient department, Clinical County Hospital of Târgu Mureș, with a mucopurulent nocturnal cough. Paraclinical examinations showed the presence of a pleural empyema, which was evacuated in local anesthesia. The pleural fluid was sent to the Microbiology Department for bacteriological testing, where a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain of Salmonella spp. was detected. The patient received antibiotic treatment according to the antibiotic susceptibility testing. Due to the persistence of the symptoms, the patient returned two weeks later, when another puncture was performed. Salmonella was isolated again, but the strain showed a higher resistance to antibiotics. The two strains were compared using molecular methods of diagnosis (Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction - ERIC-PCR), the results showing a similarity of 92%. The occurrence of an extra amplicon band in ERIC-PCR suggests an important change in the bacterial genetic material, potentially related to acquisition of antibiotic resistance factors.

Etiological spectrum and diagnostic challenges of short-duration fever in West Bengal (India). A cross-sectional tertiary care study

IntroductionThe scarcity of epidemiological data on acute febrile illnesses from South Asia impairs evidence-based clinical decision-making. Our study aimed to explore the etiological spectrum of short-duration fever in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal, India. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study from May 2021 to April 2022 involving 150 adult patients presenting with a fever lasting less than two weeks at Burdwan Medical College and Hospital (West Bengal, India). We performed comprehensive clinical assessments, including microbiological, serological, and other specific investigations, to identify the causes of the fever. ResultsThe demographic profile predominantly included individuals aged 21–40 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.9:1; 60.7% of participants were from rural areas. The primary etiological agents identified were scrub typhus (25.3%), dengue (15.3%), and enteric fever (13.3%). Notably, 80% of patients presented with non-localizing symptoms, while 14.7% had respiratory symptoms. Blood cultures pinpointed Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus in a minority of cases (3.3%); malaria, primarily Plasmodium vivax, was diagnosed in 12% of the cases. ConclusionOur findings highlight the complexity of diagnosing short-duration fevers, dominated by a wide range of etiological agents, with a notable prevalence of scrub typhus. These results underscore the urgent need for enhanced diagnostic facilities, including the availability of scrub typhus testing at primary healthcare centers. We recommend empirical doxycycline therapy for suspected cases and emphasize the need for further research to develop management guidelines for acute febrile illnesses. This study also highlights the importance of raising both community and clinician awareness to prevent irrational antibiotic use.

CLINICAL RESULTS IN PATIENTS WITH MAMMARY GLAND CANCER ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY AND GESTOSIS AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF THE MEDICINAL REMEDY “Y”

Breast cancer has a growing trend. The number of breast cancer patients in young women increases, associated with pregnancy. Cases of pregnancy-associated mammary gland cancer (CGMaS) and gestosis are increasing, requiring treatment and minimizing preoperative risks for surgical treatment in the first trimester of pregnancy. Material and methods. 12 patients with CGMaS and medium gestoses were included in the study. The patients were administered the medicinal remedy “Y”, studying the clinical and laboratory data in accordance with the Research Protocol, approved by the Ethics Committee. Statistical processing was performed using modern mathematical methods and the generally accepted statistical processing software “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” SPSS 17 for Windows 10.0.5 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) and “GraphPad PRISM® 5.0 for Windows 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.). Results. Following the administration of the claimed method in patients with CGMaS and gestoses, the basic parameters improved - blood pressure normalized in 10 (83.3%) patients, pulse normalized in 11 (91,7%), nausea disappeared in 10 (97.3%), vomiting at 12 (100%), hypersalivation at 11 (91.7%), headache - at 11 (91,7%), sleep disturbances at 12 (100%), uterine tone at 12 (100%), low fever at 12 (100%), etc. laboratory indices also normalized at the same time. Conclusion. The use of the medicinal remedy “Y” in the treatment of early gestoses of moderate severity is effective through detoxification and confirmed by the improvement of the patients’ condition and laboratory indicators.

Efficacy and safety of CalliSpheres drug-eluting beads for bronchial arterial chemoembolization combined with intravenous chemotherapy for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer.

e20137 Background: We aim to explore the efficacy and tolerability of Drug-Eluting Bead Bronchial Arterial Chemotherapy Embolization (DEB-BACE) combined with intravenous chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with initially diagnosed extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Methods: We collected data from 24 patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer who received DEB-BACE combined with intravenous chemotherapy (DEB-BACE-V) and initially diagnosed at our hospital between 2013 and 2022. Among them, nine patients received BACE combined with intravenous chemotherapy from the first-line (first-line DEB-BACE-V), ten patients from the third-line (third -line DEB-BACE-V), and five patients from the second-line (second -line DEB-BACE-V). Then, the treatment response (objective response rate and rate of cancer regression) and tumor marker levels were evaluated at the first month and third month after treatment. The quality of life was assessed using the EORTC QLQ-C30 scale. Overall survival (OS) was also evaluated. First, compare the first-line DEB-BACE-V group with the second-line DEB-BACE-V group. Then, compare the first-line DEB-BACE-V group with third-line DEB-BACE-V group. Lastly, compare the second-line DEB-BACE-V group with the third-line DEB-BACE-V group. Results: In initially diagnosed extensive-stage SCLC patients treated with DEB-BACE combined with intravenous chemotherapy, first and third month post treatment, the objective response rates were 58.33% and 79.17%, respectively; and the rates of cancer regression were 75% and 91.67%, respectively. In addition, the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and progastrin-releasing peptide levels were reduced at the third and sixth month. Quality of life assessed by EORTC QLQ-C30 scale, which included subscales of general health status, functional domains, symptom domains, and single domains except for financial difficulty, was markedly improved in first and third month of post treatment. Adverse reactions were mild and manageable, the most common being chest pain and low fever. Median values of OS in first-line DEB-BACE-V, second -line DEB-BACE-V and third -line DEB-BACE-V were 15.7 (95% CI: 9.1595-20.759) months, 29.63 (95% CI: 20.5684-36.268) months 16.92 (95% CI: 10.4044-21.871) months, and respectively. Conclusions: Due to its favorable therapeutic response, quality of life, survival benefits, and safety profile, DEB-BACE combined with intravenous chemotherapy may become a treatment option for patients with extensive-stage SCLC, particularly as second-line therapy.

Modelling Typhoid Fever Transmission with Treatment Relapse Response: Optimal Control and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Modelling Typhoid Fever Transmission with Treatment Relapse Response: Optimal Control and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Children with bicytopenia and pancytopenia – clinical picture, etiological spectrum, and outcome

Background: Children who develop cytopenias present with several etiological causes, posing diagnosis, and management difficulties for both physicians and pathologists. With these in mind, we assessed the clinical profile and etiology of children who attended a healthcare facility in South India with bicytopenia or pancytopenia. Aims and Objectives: (1) The primary objective of this study was to find out the clinical and etiological spectrum in children with bicytopenia and pancytopenia who were admitted to the Institute of Child Health and Research Center, Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai. (2) The secondary objective of this study is to follow-up children with bicytopenia and pancytopenia to find out the outcome and prognosis. Materials and Methods: This study was in the Department of Pediatrics at the Government Rajaji Hospital in Madurai, Madurai Medical College’s Institute of Child Health and Research Center, which is where we carried out the study. Two hundred and sixty-four patients with bicytopenia and 36 patients with pancytopenia were included in this study. Once in 2 weeks, all children with bicytopenia and pancytopenia were assessed in our Saturday hematology outpatient clinics. Results: Fever was the most prevalent sign of both pancytopenia and bicytopenia in this investigation. Etiological variables among cases of pancytopenia, cancer, infections, non-infections, and idiopathic causes were recorded in 11%, 58%, 17%, and 14% of cases, respectively. Similarly, bicytopenia, malignancy, infections, non-infections, and idiopathic causes were found in 23%, 70%, 4%, and 3% of cases, respectively. According to the prognosis, 28%, 33%, 6%, and 33% of cases with pancytopenia recovered, passed away, were lost to follow-up, or were undergoing treatment, respectively. Similar to those individuals, 67%, 11%, 4%, and 18% of bicytopenia cases were treated, recovered, or lost to follow-up, respectively. Conclusion: In children, there is a wide etiological range of cytopenias. Infections and dangerous diseases like acute leukemia are among the reasons. The geographical location of the hospital, the frequency of malnutrition, and the regional presence of certain diseases such as malaria and enteric fever determine the causes reported in a hospital environment.

Serum inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and IL-18 Levels in Patients with Typhoid Fever in Baghdad

Background: Gram-negative Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, or S. typhi, is intracellular bacteria belong to Enterobacteriaceae family that infect humans and cause Salmonellosis (typhoid fever), or (enteric fever), this disease is a major public health problem and a life-threatening bacterial infection in developing countries. Every year, there are thought to be between 12 and 33 million cases of typhoid fever, which leads to over 600,000 deaths. Specific immunity both humoral and cellular specific immune response activated to control Salmonella infection. This study aimed evaluate the function of IL-4 and IL18 levels as a diagnostic aid for this infection. Material and methods: Ninety suspected patients with typhoid fever diagnosed by specialist according to sign and symptom and thirty apparently healthy control where enrolled during the study period from September 2023 to February 2024. Blood was taken from both groups (5ml) and serum were gathered using centrifugation (3000 rpm for 5 min) and kept frozen in three Eppendorf for detection of serum IgM, IgG, IL-4 and IL-18 levels. Results: the result showed that out of 90 blood samples only 60 samples were positive to salmonella infection (confirmed by detecting specific salmonella IgM and IgG antibodies using ELIZA kits Sunlong biotech\China). Serum levels of IL-4, and IL18 (pg/ml) was measured in positive samples using ELIZA kits (Cloud-clone corp \USA). There is a significant increase in the level of IgM (0.33 ± 0.13) (mg\dl) and IgG (0.27 ± 0.1) (mg\dl) as compared to the control group in patients (0.16±0.03 and 0.12±0.03) (mg\dl) respectively with P &lt; 0.01, and there was a significant increase in the average IL-4 (334.00 ± 87.49) (pg/ml) and IL-18 level in patients (380.44 ± 68.95) (pg/ml) compared to the control group (83.40 ± 17.44 and 189.66 ± 70.40) (pg/ml) respectively with P &lt; 0.001. The results indicated a direct correlation between IL-4 and IL-18 serum levels with high level of serum IgM antibody compared to their levels in control group.

Hematological Manifestations of Dengue, Malaria and Enteric Fever in Children Presenting To a Tertiary Care Hospital, Pakistan

Hematological Manifestations of Dengue, Malaria and Enteric Fever in Children Presenting To a Tertiary Care Hospital, Pakistan

Are we overdiagnosing multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)? A case series of children with bacterial infection mimicking MIS-C.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a serious hyperinflammatory condition associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Usually, the diagnosis of MIS-C is made by criteria defined by international organizations, which include specific clinical features, laboratory findings, and evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We hereby present a case series of three children. The objective of this case series, involving chart review of medical records of children admitted with MIS-C, is to emphasize that the features of MIS-C may overlap with other conditions. Three children were presented with MIS-C based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and given treatment for the same. However, due to persistent symptoms, they were further worked up and diagnosed to have underlying bacterial infections which included liver abscess, enteric fever, or urinary tract infection. The criteria for MIS-C may overlap with other conditions, particularly bacterial infection that may lead to overdiagnosis of MIS-C. Therefore, one should be very careful in making an MIS-C diagnosis and other differential diagnoses should be considered when the symptoms persist or worsen.

Analytical observational study of salmonella PCR and its comparison with routine laboratory parameters in cases of enteric fever in tertiary care hospital in central India

Background Enteric fever, predominantly caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, remains a significant global health concern, particularly in resource-limited settings. The diagnostic landscape for enteric fever relies on traditional methods such as the Widal test and blood culture, each with inherent limitations regarding sensitivity and turnaround time. Methods The study will employ an Analytical Observational Study design conducted at Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital in central India over a two-year period. Participants will include adults above 18 years admitted to the ward or Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with acute febrile illnesses. Inclusion criteria encompass a wide age range, ensuring a diverse study population. Peripheral blood samples will be collected for Salmonella PCR, Widal testing, and blood culture. Dot-PCR for Typhi will be employed, and DNA extraction will follow strict protocols. Data will be systematically recorded, and statistical analyses, including sensitivity, specificity, and comparative assessments, will be conducted to evaluate diagnostic performance. Expected Outcome It is anticipated that Salmonella PCR will exhibit superior sensitivity and specificity compared to traditional diagnostic methods, offering a more rapid and accurate identification of enteric fever cases. The study aims to contribute valuable evidence supporting the incorporation of Salmonella PCR into routine diagnostic algorithms, potentially revolutionizing the approach to enteric fever diagnosis. Moreover, insights gained from the study are expected to inform clinical practices, enhance patient management, and potentially reduce the economic burden associated with misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis of enteric fever. The outcomes of this research are poised to impact public health strategies, providing a foundation for more effective and efficient diagnostic protocols in the context of enteric fever.

Optimized detection of Salmonella typhimurium using aptamer lateral flow assay.

Salmonella typhimurium, a pathogenic bacterium with significant implications in medicine and the food industry, poses a substantial threat by causing foodborne illnesses such as typhoid fever. Accurate diagnosis of S. typhimurium is challenging due to its overlap symptoms with various diseases. This underscores the need for a precise and efficient diagnostic approach. In this study, we developed a biosensor using the Taguchi optimization method based on aptamer lateral flow assay (LFA) for the detection of S. typhimurium. Therefore, signal probe and nanobioprobe were designed using anti-Salmonella aptamer, conjugated with gold nanoparticles (GNPs), and used in LFA. The strategy of this test is based on a competitive format between the bacteria immobilized on the membrane and the bacteria present in the tested sample. Moreovere, the optimization of various factors affecting the aptamer LFA, including the concentration of bacteria (immobilized and into the sample) and the concentration of nanobioprop, were performed using the Taguchi test designing method. The data showed that the optimal conditions for the LFA reaction was 108CFU/mL of immobilized bacteria and 1.5μg/μL of nanobioprop concentration. Then, the visual detection limit of S. typhimurium was estimated as 105CFU/mL. The reaction results were obtained within 20min, and there were no significant cross-reactions with other food pathogens. In conclusion, the aptamer-LFA diagnostic method, optimized using the Taguchi approach, emerges as a reliable, straightforward, and accurate tool for the detection of S. typhimurium. Overall, this method can be a portable diagnostic kit for the detection and identification of bacteria.

Structure classification of the proteins from Salmonella enterica pangenome revealed novel potential pathogenicity islands

Salmonella enterica is a pathogenic bacterium known for causing severe typhoid fever in humans, making it important to study due to its potential health risks and significant impact on public health. This study provides evolutionary classification of proteins from Salmonella enterica pangenome. We classified 17,238 domains from 13,147 proteins from 79,758 Salmonella enterica strains and studied in detail domains of 272 proteins from 14 characterized Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). Among SPIs-related proteins, 90 proteins function in the secretion machinery. 41% domains of SPI proteins have no previous sequence annotation. By comparing clinical and environmental isolates, we identified 3682 proteins that are overrepresented in clinical group that we consider as potentially pathogenic. Among domains of potentially pathogenic proteins only 50% domains were annotated by sequence methods previously. Moreover, 36% (1330 out of 3682) of potentially pathogenic proteins cannot be classified into Evolutionary Classification of Protein Domains database (ECOD). Among classified domains of potentially pathogenic proteins the most populated homology groups include helix-turn-helix (HTH), Immunoglobulin-related, and P-loop domains-related. Functional analysis revealed overrepresentation of these protein in biological processes related to viral entry into host cell, antibiotic biosynthesis, DNA metabolism and conformation change, and underrepresentation in translational processes. Analysis of the potentially pathogenic proteins indicates that they form 119 clusters or novel potential pathogenicity islands (NPPIs) within the Salmonella genome, suggesting their potential contribution to the bacterium’s virulence. One of the NPPIs revealed significant overrepresentation of potentially pathogenic proteins. Overall, our analysis revealed that identified potentially pathogenic proteins are poorly studied.

#862 Prevalence and surrogate predictors of acute kidney injury in tropical infections in eastern India

Abstract Background and Aims Acute kidney injury (AKI) in tropical countries is strikingly different from the other countries with a temperate climate. The epidemiology of AKI is largely influenced by environmental factors and climatic conditions and differ significantly its outcome and the surrogate predictors are not much studied. 1. To observe the spectrum and estimate the prevalence of AKI in tropical infections. 2. To evaluate the outcome and surrogate predictor of tropical AKI. Method This was a tertiary level single centre prospective observational study. All patients admitted with tropical infections associated AKI (KDIGO) were enrolled in two years and underwent complete history taking, clinical examinations and necessary laboratory investigations according to situations.. All patients were followed up more than 6 month. All data recorded were analysed in suitable statistical tool. Univariate analysis is followed by multivariate analysis was done for predictors followed by hazards ratio and Neglekers test. Results Out of 132 patients with Tropical AKI M:F was 1.5:1. Mean age was 42.3 ± 14.4 year, About 35.6% had Malaria,31.1% Dengue, 17% Scrub typhus, 10.4% Leptospira, and 5.9% patients had Typhoid fever. Malaria was the most common causative factor followed by Dengue. study reflecting the high dengue incidence occurring in the months of August, September, October &amp; November. Among Malaria AKI (MAKI) 43.75% (21) had Falciparum malaria, 50% (24) had Vivax malaria and 6.25% (3) had dual infection. Out of 132 patients with Tropical AKI about 60% totally recovered at the time of discharge. 40% patients had Shock. Among them 60% Dengue AKI, 33.3% Malarial AKI 5 (21.7%) Scrub typhus, 4 (28.6%) Leptospira AKI &amp; 3 (37%) Typhoid AKI patients had Shock. About 23% patients required RRT. Among them 8 (25%) patients died, 5 (15.6%) patients had CKD progression compared to non-RRT group where only 3 (2.9%) patients died, and 2 (1.94%) patients had progression to CKD. Total 11 (8.1%) patients died during hospital stay and only 7 (6.2%) patients had progressed to CKD. The mean Hospital stay was 5.51 ± 3.8 days. S hock at presentation, requirement of ICU support ( in form of ionotropic and ventilatory support), Need of RRT, prolong hospital stay, late referral was the bad prognostic predictor in terms of death. Though not statistically significant, presence of anaemia, hyponatraemia, deranged liver function &amp; hypoalbuminemia were more in patients who died compared to survival group. Limitations: Small enrolments. non inclusion of all cause including snake bite, less biopsy in this study. Conclusion There are wide spectrum of tropical AKI with high mortality and morbidity. A greater awareness and early intervention is necessary for prompt diagnosis, treatment and favourable outcome.