Typhoid Fever In Children Research Articles

The Relationship of Hand Washing Behavior with Soap and the Incidence of Typhoid Fever in Children Aged 5 - 12 Years in RW 01 Cikembar Village Cikembar District Sukabumi Dist

The general aim of this research is to determine the relationship between hand washing behavior with soap and the incidence of typhoid fever in children aged 5-12 years. This research is a quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The research population was children aged 5-12 years in rw 01, Cikembar village, Cikembar sub-district, Sukabumi district, from August to September 2023, data were obtained for 98 people. The research sample was 98 children aged 5-12 years who were determined using total sampling techniques. Research data was collected using a questionnaire which was then analyzed using chi square analysis. The results of the study showed that the chi square test results of the relationship between hand washing behavior with soap and the incidence of typhoid fever obtained a value (p-Value = 0.000) so that H0 was rejected and the chi square test results of the relationship between snack consumption and the incidence of typhoid obtained a value (p-Value = 0.377) so that H0 is rejected. It is proven that the habit of washing hands before eating influences the incidence of typhoid fever.

The Use of Azithromycin in Pediatric Typhoid Fever without Complication: A Case Report

Typhoid fever is an infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. The prevalence is still high among emerging countries, such as Indonesia. There are limited options for the treatment of typhoid fever in children and more so is complicated by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The use of azithromycin has evolved as an important drug in the treatment of typhoid. A male, aged 7 years and 2 months, was admitted to our hospital with remittent fever 4 days prior. The patient also presented with a period of cough since 2 days, and constipation, with full consciousness. The child had basic immunization completed for his age. He had a history of frequent consumption of street food. The diagnosis of typhoid fever was confirmed by serologic testing of positive 8 IgM Salmonella. Initially, the patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics of ceftriaxone for 8 days but shoed no clinical improvement, then the treatment was changed to intravenous azithromycin for 4 days and his condition improved greatly. The patient showed a better response with the use of azithromycin. The management of typhoid fever remains challenging up to this day with variations in treatment response. From this case, we can conclude that azithromycin in some patients may show better improvement in the management of typhoid fever in pediatric patients. Although, ceftriaxone and other third-generation cephalosporins are still highly effective against Salmonella typhi.

Typhoid fever in children in Goroka, Papua New Guinea.

Typhoid is endemic in many low-income countries, including in Papua New Guinea. This study aimed to describe the burden and clinical features of typhoid in children in a provincial hospital, to describe environmental conditions that lead to typhoid, and to document the antibiotic sensitivity of Salmonella spp. in the Eastern Highlands Province. A combined retrospective and prospective study of children admitted to with clinical features of typhoid to the Goroka Hospital throughout 2022. The study included 98 children, of which 54% were female. The median age was 8 (IQR 5-10.6) years. Over 60% of the patients were from Goroka District, the peri-urban area encompassing the town and surrounds. Ninety-four percent (92) of the patients used a pit latrine as a toilet and only 28% had access to treated water. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were common (60%), as was leukopenia (48%), thrombocytopenia (52%) and anaemia (42%). Thirty-seven patients had positive blood cultures for Salmonella typhi; all isolates were sensitive to third-generation cephalosporins, pefloxacin, ampicillin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, and only 54% sensitive to chloramphenicol. The median duration of hospitalisation was 6 days (IQR). There were no deaths. Prompt public health actions are needed to reduce the burden of typhoid infection in the Papua New Guinea. The conjugate typhoid vaccine should be considered in the highlands region, where typhoid is most endemic.

Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns in Pediatric Enteric Fever: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the antibiotic sensitivity patterns among pediatric patients with enteric fever at the Department of Paediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, during the period from July 2005 to June 2006. The primary objective was to identify the prevalent antibiotic sensitivities in order to enhance the efficacy of treatment strategies for typhoid fever in children. Methods: Ninety-eight suspected cases of enteric fever, aged between 2 and 12 years, were selected from admissions to the above-mentioned hospital. Blood culture and sensitivity testing were performed for Salmonella typhi and paratyphi. Demographic information, pre-admission antibiotic usage, and sensitivity profiles to various antibiotics, including Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Amoxicillin, Imipenem, Nalidixic acid, and Ampicillin, were analyzed. Results: The majority of patients (62.2%) were in the 5-9 years age group, and males constituted 61.22% of the study population. Blood cultures revealed 71.44% sensitivity for Salmonella typhi and 28.57% for paratyphi. Among the antibiotics tested, Ceftriaxone exhibited 100% sensitivity, followed by Cefixime (80.2%), Chloramphenicol (78.57%), Ciprofloxacin (65.20%), Azithromycin (60%), Amoxicillin (54.6%), Imipenem, Nalidixic acid (Intermediate sensitive, 56.3%), Ciprofloxacin (Intermediate sensitive, 25%), and Ampicillin (Intermediate sensitive, 18.8%). Nearly half of the patients (47.3%) received antibiotics before admission, and 43.8% of culture-positive patients had a history of pre-admission antibiotic use. Conclusion: The study concludes that understanding antibiotic sensitivity patterns is crucial for successful typhoid fever treatment in children. Ceftriaxone and Cefixime emerged as highly effective, while the unnecessary use of antibiotics prior to admission may influence sensitivity patterns. This information underscores the importance of judicious antibiotic prescribing practices to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes in pediatric enteric fever cases.
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Clinical and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of typhoid fever in children in the era of antibiotic resistance.

Enteric fever remains a significant public health problem in low- and middle-income countries with further challenges from emerging antimicrobial resistance. Our prospective study evaluated the current clinical and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of enteric fever in 88 children and compared it to previously established literature. Enteric fever usually presents with nonspecific signs and symptoms, with predominant respiratory complaints. A paradigm shift in the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern has been noted, with increasing resistance for first-line antibiotics and older antibiotics such as ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol showing good sensitivity. Thus, the introduction of the latter merits consideration.

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Dengan Penanganan Demam Thypoid Pada Anak Di Rsu Mayjen H.A Thalib Kota Sungai Penuh

Complications that often occur in typhoid fever are intestinal bleeding and perforation. Intestinal bleeding and perforation are serious complications and need to be watched out for. About 5 percent of people with typhoid fever experience this complication. Other, less common complications include swelling and inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), pneumonia, inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), kidney or bladder infections, infection and swelling of the lining of the brain (meningitis), and psychiatric problems such as delirium, hallucinations, and paranoid psychosis. This study uses an analytic descriptive design using a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were 43 respondents and the sample in this study used the Total Sampling technique. By using the chi-square test with the SPSS program. The results of this study found that the p value = 0.000 (p value≤0.05) which means that Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected, which means there is a relationship between the level of knowledge of the mother and the handling of typhoid fever in children at the General Hospital of Major General H.A Thalib City Full River. It is expected that parents can always maintain children's sanitary hygiene, especially the food consumed by children and the condition of their hands when they are going to touch food.

Using Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines to Prevent Disease, Promote Health Equity, and Counter Drug-Resistant Typhoid Fever.

Typhoid fever is a serious disease that disproportionately impacts children in low-resource settings in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. The prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant strains of S. Typhi continue to increase worldwide. Two safe, effective, and cost-effective typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) are World Health Organization-prequalified for the prevention of typhoid fever in children as young as 6 months. Typhoid conjugate vaccines have proven effectiveness in preventing drug-resistant S. Typhi and have been deployed successfully in outbreak response and routine immunization scenarios. Broad and equitable distribution of TCVs is essential to combat the spread and potentially devastating consequences of typhoid fever. It is vital to empower decision-makers in typhoid-endemic countries to introduce TCVs and for leaders to embrace this critical tool to prevent typhoid fever, slow the spread of drug-resistant S. Typhi strains, promote health equity, and save lives.

A study of etiopathogenesis, clinical and laboratory profile evaluation of typhoid fever in paediatric age group in Bijapur

Background: Salmonella typhi causes typhoid illness. In India, it is a huge public health issue. Several impoverished nations have endemic typhoid fever. The wide range of clinical symptoms of typhoid fever makes diagnosis difficult. The purpose of this study was to better understand the vast range of clinical symptoms, comorbidities, and drug sensitivity patterns associated with typhoid fever in children. Methods: From March 2021 to October 2022, 100 children hospitalised to the paediatric unit at Al-Ameen Medical College and Hospital in Bijapur with proven typhoid fever were included in the study. Age, gender, presenting complaint, laboratory tests, and antibiotic sensitivity pattern are all gathered and analysed in each patient. Results: There were 58 men (58%) and 42 females (42%) among the 100 cases. The most typical age range was 5 to 15 years. Fever was the most prevalent symptom, occurring in 100% of patients, headache (80%), coated tongue (100%), vomiting (45%), and abdominal pain (70%). In 68% of cases, the most prevalent indication was a toxic look, and hepatomegaly in 44%. In 28% of instances, leukocytopenia was discovered. In every case, the blood culture proved positive. The length of hospital stay ranged from 3 to 10 days. There was no recorded death. Conclusions: Unhygienic habits and consuming meals from the outside are the main causes of typhoid fever. By raising people's understanding of disease transmission and its many preventative methods, this serious public health issue can be resolved.

Typhoid Fever: Azithromycin vs. Ceftriaxone for the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Cases in Children

Background: Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs. Without prompt treatment, it can cause serious complications and can be fatal. It's caused by a bacterium called Salmonella typhi, In areas where there are few carriers of the typhoid bacterium, the disease is uncommon. It's also unusual to find places with sanitary water treatment and waste management systems. Nowadays both Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone are used for the treatment of mild to moderate cases in children.
 Objective: To assess the outcome of treatment of Acute Typhoid Fever with Azithromycin vs Ceftriaxone in Children with no other complication.
 Methods: This comparative study was carried out at tertiary hospital from January 2019 to January 2020. Where 200 patients coming to the hospital were initially screened in the outpatient department. During the study period, all children 5-18 years of age who, according to the outpatient department physician, had a diagnosis of typhoid fever were admitted to hospital. After admission to the ward, Among 200 patients, 100 patients treated with azithromycin (7 days of 10 mg/kg/day (maximum dose, 500 mg/day) and 100 patients treated with ceftriaxone were cured (P > .05).
 Results: During the study, majority belong to 5-10 years age group and 45% live in semipucca building followed by 60% drink Supply water without boiling and 80% cases were accustomed to solely home made food and outside of food. Clinical characteristics of azithromycin and ceftriaxone recipients who had typhoid fever and for whom blood cultures were positive where in azithromycin group mean duration of hospital stay was 9.8 days followed by 100 cases showed salmonella typhi positive.
 Whereas in Ceftriaxone group mean duration of hospital stay was 9.0 days followed by 100 cases showed positivity in salmonella typhi positive. In azithromycin group 90% were cured by day 7 followed by 86% were cured microbiologically, plus no relapse cases were found.
 Whereas in ceftriaxone case 80% were cured by day 7 followed by 78% were cured microbiologically, plus 5 relapse cases were found.
 Conclusion: Oral azithromycin given once daily appears to be beneficial in the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children. If these findings are verified, the agent could be a viable therapeutic option for typhoid fever, especially in developing nations where medical resources are limited.

Characteristics of Body Temperature in Children with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Typhoid Fever

Background: Dengue and typhoid fever are endemic diseases with similar symptoms and characteristics, necessitating rapid and accurate diagnosis. Aim: The purpose of this article is to describe cases of dengue or typhoid fever in children, and children who infected both diseases. This case reports from three children suffering from infectious diseases in one of DKI Jakarta Regional Jakarta and focuses on the patient's body temperature. Result: The findings revealed that children with typhoid fever experienced an increase temperature from the evening until early morning on average, with the temperature gradually rising. Child with dengue fever is immediately high, usually above 390C, and the body temperature fluctuates during the patient's hospitalization. Children who infected both diseases showed the body temperature rises sharply towards the night, above 390C. Conclusion: Early detection of characteristics body temperature this infectious disease in children can reduce the risk of complications and hasten the patient's recovery.

Risk Factors and Outcome of Complicated Typhoid Fever at Dr M R Khan Shishu Hospital

Background: Typhoid fever is caused by salmonella typhi which invades the bloodstream causes systemic involvement & different complications. This study was designed to evaluate the complications of typhoid fever in children admitted to a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. M R Khan Shishu Hospital & ICH, over twelve months from July 2019 to June 2020 of 100 children aged 6 months to 15 years who were diagnosed with typhoid fever. Complete history, physical examination and investigation were done to reach the complications. Complications were evaluated and data were analyzed. Results: Complications were found in 37% of typhoid fever cases. Among them, hepatitis, UTI, pneumonia, thrombocytopenia were mostly observed. The majority were boys from poor socio-economic Backgrounds. Complications were usually found on the third week and significantly associated with male child, young age, poor socio-economic Background, poor oral compliance, delay treatment, leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia. Conclusion: A significant portion of children with typhoid fever can develop complications. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2023; 41: 58-62

Typhoid fever clinical presentation pattern and antimicrobial sensitivity in paediatric patients coming to tertiary care Hospital Peshawar

Objective: to investigate the clinical features and antimicrobial sensitivity of typhoid fever in children. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: the study was carried out at the medical teaching institute lady reading hospital peshawar's paediatrics department. Material And Methods: this research included 384 children aged 2 to 15 who had a fever of 38 degrees celsius or higher. Clinical signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory testing, were used to assess all patients for typhoid fever. Blood culture, sensitivity, complete blood count, functional liver test, and urine examination were all performed. The frequencies and percentages for qualitative variables were computed and tabulated using SPSS, whereas the mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables were calculated and tabulated.

Clinical Efficacy of Azithromycin Versus Ciprofloxacin in Treatment of Typhoid Fever in Children

Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy of Azithromycin with ciprofloxacin in treatment of typhoid fever in children. Methodology: After permission from hospital ethical committee (letter attached) and informed written consent taken from attendants of patients of inclusion criteria, data was collected on data collection Performa. Patients fulfilling the criteria were admitted in Paediatric Department, Dar-ul-sehat hospital, Faisalabad. Patients were divided by lottery method into two groups A and B. Group A was given ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg/dose BD orally for 7 days. Group B was given azithromycin 10mg/kg/dose OD orally for 7 days. Both groups were kept under close observation for 7 days. Monitoring of patient during stay was done by researcher. The cost of medicine was beard by hospital. Results: In our study, 65%(n=65) in Cipro group and 52%(n=52) in Azithro group were between 3-8 years of age while 35%(n=35) in Cipro group and 48%(n=48) in Azithro group were between 9-14 years of age, mean+sd was calculated as 7.07+3.25 and 8.27+3.03 years respectively, 48%(n=48) in Cipro group and 55%(n=55) in Azithro group were male while 52%(n=52) in Cipro group and 45%(n=45) in Azithro group were females. Comparison of efficacy of oral azithromycin versus Ciprofloxacin in children with enteric fever shows that 72%(n=72) in Cipro group and 85%(n=85) in Azithro group were treated effectively, p value was calculated as 0.02 showing a significant difference. Conclusion: We concluded that the clinical efficacy of Azithromycin is significantly higher when compared with ciprofloxacin in treatment of typhoid fever in children. Keywords: Children, Typhoid fever, treatment, Azithromycin, ciprofloxacin.

Outbreak of Typhoid Fever in Children of Urban Vellore: A Report from the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India Cohort.

ABSTRACT.We report an outbreak of typhoid fever between April and June 2019 in the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India cohort, a pediatric cohort from four contiguous semi-urban settlements of Vellore in South India. This cohort of children 6 months to 15 years of age was under surveillance from October 2017 to December 2019. A clustering of typhoid cases in the cohort was noted with reference to time, place, and person. The overall typhoid attack rate in the cohort was 0.9%, with the highest attack rate of 1.7% being documented in one of the four areas. The rate of hospitalization and complications in children who were typhoid positive during the outbreak was 28% and 2%, respectively. Given the background of suboptimal water, sanitation, and hygiene, and the risk of typhoid fever outbreaks in these settings, it is imperative that a typhoid vaccine be considered for introduction as a pragmatic preventive approach.

Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Zimbabwe used in response to an outbreak among children and young adults: A matched case control study

BackgroundZimbabwe suffers from regular outbreaks of typhoid fever (TF), worse since 2017. Most cases were in Harare and a vaccination campaign with Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) was conducted in March 2019. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) was assessed against culture-confirmed S. Typhi in children six months to 15 years and in individuals six months to 45 years in Harare. MethodsA matched case-control study was conducted in three urban suburbs of Harare targeted by the TCV vaccination campaign. Suspected TF cases were enrolled prospectively in four health facilities and were matched to facility (1:1) and community (1:5) controls. FindingsOf 504 suspected cases from July 2019 to March 2020, 148 laboratory-confirmed TF cases and 153 controls confirmed-negative were identified. One hundred and five (47 aged six months to 15 years) cases were age, sex, and residence matched with 105 facility-based controls while 96 cases were matched 1:5 by age, sex, and immediate-neighbour with 229 community controls.The adjusted VE against confirmed TF was 75% (95%CI: 1–94, p = 0.049) compared to facility controls, and 84% (95%CI: 57–94, p < 0.001) compared to community controls in individuals six months to 15 years. The adjusted VE against confirmed TF was 46% (95%CI: 26–77, p = 0.153) compared to facility controls, and 67% (95%CI: 35–83, p = 0.002) compared to community controls six months to 45 years old. InterpretationThis study confirms that one vaccine dose of TCV is effective to control TF in children between six months and 15 years old in an African setting.

Reliability of Typhidot-M in diagnosis of typhoid fever in children

Background: Typhoid fever continues to be endemic and a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the developing countries. Many times, it presents a diagnostic challenge to treating physicians due to overlapping clinical features with other common causes of acute fever. A rapid and reliable laboratory test would be of great help to clinicians for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of typhoid fever. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to assess the reliability of Typhidot-M in diagnosis of typhoid fever. Materials and Methods: A total of 203 children with clinical features consistent with typhoid fever were enrolled in the study. Blood culture, Typhidot-M, and Widal test were performed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for Typhidot-M and Widal test in comparison with blood culture as reference standard. Results: Out of 203 patients, 30 (14.8%) were blood culture positive. One hundred and six patients were Typhidot-M positive and 97 were negative. Typhidot-M had a sensitivity of 93.3%, specificity of 54.9%, and PPV and NPV of 26.4% and 97.9%, respectively. Conclusion: Typhidot-M is a sensitive test for early diagnosis of typhoid fever. However due to low specificity, positive results should be correlated with clinical picture and other possible diagnoses.

Clinical Profile of Typhoid Fever in Children

Background: The present study describes the clinical presentation of typhoid fever.&#x0D; Methods: 100 Children who presented with fever of 5 days or more with clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of typhoid fever and positive Widal test or Typhoid tests were included in the study&#x0D; Results: In our study, most common symptoms was fever (100.00%) followed by vomiting (47.00%), pain abdomen (38.00%), loose motion (13.00%) and headache (5.00%).&#x0D; Conclusion: Typhoid fever remains to be as an endemic disease in this locality. All the signs and symptoms of the disease are nonspecific common with other acute febrile illnesses; a definitive diagnosis of the disease is required for treatment and to prevent transmission.&#x0D; Keywords: Enteric fever, Splenomegaly, Toxic look

Overview of the Factors Affecting the Length of Treatment for Patients with Typhoid Fever in Children at Dr. Tadjuddin Chalid Hospital Makassar in 2018

Typhoid fever is one of the endemic diseases in Indonesia caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. Typhoid fever transmission occurs due to personal hygiene behavior and poor environmental hygiene. Several factors can affect the length of treatment for typhoid fever patients in children. This study was conducted to determine the description of the length of treatment for typhoid fever patients in children at the Dr. Tadjuddin Chalid Hospital Makassar in 2018 based on age, nutritional status, and types of antibiotics. This research is a descriptive study using quantitative methods. The study sample was 75 patients with typhoid fever in children aged 1-18 years. The data was used in the form of secondary data in the form of medical records. The results of the study from 75 patients showed that short length of treatment based on age was found in the 11-14 year age group as many as 22 people (37.3%), the short length of treatment based on nutritional status was mostly found in normal nutritional status as many as 56 people (94.9%), the short length of treatment based on the type of antibiotic was found in the use of the antibiotic ceftriaxone as many as 39 people (66.1%). Most of the length of treatment for typhoid fever patients in children had a short duration of treatment as many as 59 people (78.7%).

A Comparative Study of Diazo Test and Blood Culture in Children With Clinically Compatible Typhoid Fever

Introduction: Typhoid fever causes a clinically indistinguishable disease with a wide range of clinical severity. This study was done to compare the Diazo test with blood culture. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was done for one year with a sample size of 100 children up to the age of 15 years in the Department of Paediatrics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Tamilnadu, India. Diazo test and blood culture were done in enrolled children who had clinical symptoms and signs suggestive of typhoid fever. Results: Blood culture-positive cases were 26% and diazo-positive cases were 34%. Out of 26 blood culture-positive cases, 19 cases showed positive results and seven had a negative result by Diazo test and this was statistically significant. Diazo test had sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of 73.08%, 79.73%, 3.61, 0.34, 55.8%, 89.4% respectively. The measure of agreement Kappa value was found to be 0.480 which is considered to be a significant moderate agreement between the Diazo test and blood culture. Conclusions: Diazo test is a simple bedside test with a comparable degree of sensitivity and specificity and can be utilized for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in children in areas of scarce resources and thereby reducing the complications. Key words: Diazo test; Sensitivity; Specificity

Typhoid fever in children: A Review

Typhoid fever in children: A Review