Typha Latifolia Research Articles

Assessment of Water Status, Bottom Sediments, Macrophytes in the Light of Index Analysis and Geochemical Parameters of Selected Dam Reservoirs of Kielce Upland (Poland)

Concentrations of trace elements such as Cr, Zn, Cd, Co, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Fe were investigated in water, bottom sediments, and macrophytes (Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia L.) collected from the Borków, Wilków, and Rejów water reservoirs in the Kielce Upland (Poland). The main objective of this study was to investigate the condition of water, bottom sediments, and macrophytes in selected three sedimentary basins of the Kielce Upland and to identify natural and anthropogenic factors influencing this condition. The secondary objectives were (i) to determine the contents of trace metals in water, bottom sediments, and macrophytes, (ii) to assess the quality of abiotic and biotic elements of the ecosystem based on selected criteria, (iii) to compare reservoirs in terms of pollution, and (iv) to determine the ability of macrophytes to be used as a bioindicator of water/sediment pollution. Field tests were conducted in 2021. The trace metals in water were determined by ETAAS (Cr, Cd, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb) and FAAS (Zn), and spectrophotometry method (Fe). The trace metals in sediments and macrophytes, including Cr, Zn, Cd, Co, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Fe, were detected using ICP-OES method. Contamination of bottom sediments with potentially toxic metals was determined based on the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), and pollutant load index (PLI). Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistica PL 13.1. The analyses showed that the accumulation of trace elements in the surface layer of the reservoir sediments increases as follows: in Borków, Cd < Co < Ni < Cu < Pb < Cr < Zn < Mn < Fe; in Wilków, Cd < Co < Cu < Ni < Pb < Cr < Zn < Mn < Fe; and in Rejow, Cd < Co = Cu = Ni = Pb < Zn < Cr < Mn < Fe. It was shown that the average distribution of metals in the bottom sediments of the studied reservoirs was as follows: Borków > Wilków > Rejów. Research has shown that the degree of trace metal accumulation increases as follows: water < sediments < macrophytes (except Pb from the reservoir in Borków).

Performance Evaluation of a Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetland with Typha latifolia for Remediation of Domestic Wastewater in Zimbabwe

The management of wastewater remains a challenge, particularly in developing countries. The potential use of constructed wetlands to treat wastewater is promising but their contaminant removal efficiencies, particularly in a tropical country such as Zimbabwe, are not fully understood. A pilot-scale study was undertaken in Zimbabwe to evaluate the efficiency of vertical-flow constructed wetlands planted with Typha latifolia in the treatment of domestic wastewater. Four pilot subsurface vertical-flow constructed wetland units (measuring 1 m × 1 m × 1.1 m) were built from concrete. The units were filled with waste rock from a nickel mine. Three units were planted with Typha latifolia while the fourth one was left unplanted, acting as the control. Each unit was loaded with wastewater at a rate of 220 dm3/day. Physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters were analyzed during the winter season. Physico-chemical and bacterial contaminant concentrations were significantly lower in the effluent than in the influent, and the system achieved maximum removals for BOD5, COD, TDS, TSS, nitrates, phosphates, phosphate pentoxide, phosphorus, and E. coli of 56.01%, 82.87%, 30.61%, 90.40% 17.26%, 35.80%, 36.19%, 40.64%, and 90.28%, respectively. The study shows that constructed wetland systems can be successfully established for the removal of physical, chemical, and microbial contaminants from domestic wastewater.

Tensile Properties of Cattail Fibres at Various Phenological Development Stages.

Cattails (Typha latifolia L.) are naturally occurring aquatic macrophytes with significant industrial potential because of their abundance, high-quality fibers, and high fiber yields. This study is the first attempt to investigate how phenological development and plant maturity impact the quality of cattail fibers as they relate to composite applications. It was observed that fibers from all five growth stages exhibited a Weibull shape parameter greater than 1.0, with a goodness-of-fit exceeding 0.8. These calculations were performed using both the Least Square Regression (LSR) and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) methods. Among the estimators, the MLE method provided the most conservative estimation of Weibull parameters. Based on the Weibull parameters obtained with all estimators, cattail fibers from all five growth stages appear suitable for composite applications. The consistency of shape parameters across all five growth stages can be attributed to the morphological and molecular developments of cattail fiber during the vegetative period. These developments were confirmed through the presence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) plates, elemental composition, and specific infrared peaks at 2360 cm-1 contributing to the strength, cellulose peaks at 1635 cm-1, 2920 cm-1, and 3430 cm-1. In conclusion, it was found that the mechanical properties of cattail fiber remain similar when harvested multiple times in a single growing season.

Efficiency of water hyacinth and cattail for wastewater treatment using constructed wetland

Constructed wetlands have emerged as a cost-effective, eco- friendly and sustainable solution to enhance water quality by effectively removing nutrients. The objective of this study is to compare water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Cattail (Typha latifolia) as wetland plants for wastewater treatment at the National Water Resources Institute (NWRI) situated in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The percentage removal of various parameters including pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Phosphorus, Nitrate, Ammonia, Sulphate, Oil and Grease, Total Coliform, Feacal Coliform, Copper, Zinc, Iron and Lead were compared for cattail and water hyacinth. The results of the analyzed parameters were compared with the Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations (FAO, 2015) limits for irrigation purposes. Results showed pH, TDS, Turbidity, TSS, Sulphate, Nitrate, BOD, COD, FC, and Iron, Copper, Lead and Zinc were within permissible limit of the standard for irrigation water quality according to FAO, while EC and Total Phosphorous were above the maximum permissible limit. The result of the percentage removal efficiency showed that water hyacinth had higher performance in removing the pH (13.34%), Turbidity (97.24%), Sulphate (100%), Nitrate (18.51%), Total Phosphorous (96.34%), COD (86.21%), BOD (77.92%), Oil and Grease (73.80%), FC (78.48%), TC (36.24%), Copper (81.84%), Lead (89.69%) and Zinc (79.38%) compared to typha latifolia. For 82.61% EC, 82.09% TDS, 94.51% TSS, 97.31% Iron and removal, efficiency of typha latifolia was higher. Constructed Wetland vegetated with typha latifolia and Eichhornia crassipes showed high contaminant removal efficiency with water hyacinth showing superior removal efficiency

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon derived from <i>Typha latifolia</i> (cattail grass) using H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> and KOH as impregnating agents

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon derived from <i>Typha latifolia</i> (cattail grass) using H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> and KOH as impregnating agents

Metal accumulation in cattails cultured in soils flooded with artificial wastewater of varying pH and different levels of metals (Cr, Cd and Zn)

Toxic metals cause risks to the ecological environment. Typha latifolia L. is a good candidate to clean potentially toxic metals contaminated water or soil. However, limited research investigated the impact of environmental factors (e.g., pH, soil substrate, flood duration) on metal accumulations in cattails. In this study, cattails were cultured in soils flooded with artificial wastewater with varying pH (5, 7 or 9) and different levels of Cr, Cd and Zn for four weeks to investigate the interactions between environmental conditions and metal uptake in cattails. The metal content in biomass were measured by an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. More Zn (>10,000 mg/kg dry biomass) entered plants compared to Cd and Cr (<1,000 mg/kg dry biomass). Approximately 80% of Zn from solutions with 50 mg/L Cd, 25 mg/L Cr, 250 mg/L Zn were removed by cattails. Most Cd and Cr were sorbed onto soils. Cattails exhibited relatively consistent performance in removing metals from wastewater with initial pH of 5, 7 or 9. The pH of all the solutions ended close to neutral after 4 weeks. More research is needed to further understand the influence of environmental conditions on metal uptakes in plants to improve phytoremediation efficiency.

Features of Accumulation of Some Elements of Soil Nutrition by Phytoremediant Plants of Technogenically Polluted Wastewater from Mining Companies

The possibility of using phytoremediant plants as a source of the most important elements of soil nutrition and to obtain fertilizers with a valuable composition of microelements has been considered. Data have been presented on the accumulation of potassium, calcium and ferrum in the tissues of phytoremediant plants Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Typha angustifolia L., Typha latifolia L., used in the treatment of technogenically polluted wastewater from mining companies. It has been concluded that these plants have a high phytoextractive ability to extract elements of soil nutrition and can be used to create green fertilizers.

Phytoremediation of metals in oil sands process affected water by native wetland species

Process affected water and other industrial wastewaters are a major environmental concern. During oil sands mining, large amounts of oil sands process affected water (OSPW) are generated and stored in ponds until reclaimed and ready for surface water discharge. While much research has focused on organics in process waters, trace metals at high concentrations may also pose environmental risks. Phytoremediation is a cost effective and sustainable approach that employs plants to extract and reduce contaminants in water. The research was undertaken in mesocosm scale constructed wetlands with plants exposed to OSPW for 60 days. The objective was to screen seven native emergent wetland species for their ability to tolerate high metal concentrations (arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, copper, nickel, selenium, zinc), and then to evaluate the best performing species for OSPW phytoremediation. All native plant species, except Glyceria grandis, tolerated and grew in OSPW. Carex aquatilis (water sedge), Juncus balticus (baltic rush), and Typha latifolia (cattail) had highest survival and growth, and had high metal removal efficiencies for arsenic (81–87 %), chromium (78–86 %), and cadmium (74–84 %), relative to other metals; and greater than 91 % of the dissolved portions were removed. The native plant species were efficient accumulators of all metals, as demonstrated by high root and shoot bioaccumulation factors; root accumulation was greater than shoot accumulation. Translocation factor values were greater than one for Juncus balticus (chromium, zinc) and Carex aquatilis (cadmium, chromium, cobalt, nickel). The results demonstrate the potential suitability of these species for phytoremediation of a number of metals of concern and could provide an effective and environmentally sound remediation approach for wastewaters.

Effect of monocultures and polycultures of Typha latifolia and Heliconia psittacorum on the treatment of river waters contaminated with landfill leachate/domestic wastewater in partially saturated vertical constructed wetlands

Partially Saturated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (PSV-CWs) are novel wastewater treatment systems that work through aerobic and anaerobic conditions that favor the removal of pollutants found in high concentrations, such as rivers contaminated with domestic wastewater and landfill leachate. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of PSV-CWs using monocultures and polycultures of Typha latifolia and Heliconia psittacorum to treat river waters contaminated with leachates from open dumps and domestic wastewater. Six experimental units of PSV-CWs were used; two were planted with Typha latifolia monoculture, two with Heliconia psittacorum monoculture and two with polycultures of both plants. The results indicated better organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiencies (p < 0.05) in systems with polycultures (TSS:95%, BOD5:83%, COD:89%, TN:82% and NH4+:99%). In general, the whole system showed high average removal efficiencies (TSS:93%, BOD5:79%, COD:85%, TN:79%, NH4+:98% and TP:85%). Regarding vegetation, both species developed better in units with monocultures, being Typha latifolia the one that reached a more remarkable development. However, both species showed high resistance to the contaminated environment. These results showed higher removals than those reported in the literature with conventional Free Flow Vertical Constructed Wetlands (FFV-CWs), so PSV-CWs could be a suitable option to treat this type of effluent.

First report on life history and population parameters of Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) setubali (Dosse) feeding on two tetranychid mites or pollen (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae)

ABSTRACT The predatory mite, Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) setubali Dosse (Acari: Phytoseiidae), is a potential natural enemy for controlling mite and insect pests in the Mediterranean basin. The objective of this study is to investigate the life history and population parameters of T. (T.) setubali feeding on Panonychus ulmi Koch and Tetranychus urticae Koch or the cattail pollen Typha latifolia L. at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C with 65% (RH) and photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D). The results revealed that both tetranychid mites were satisfactory diets for T. (T.) setubali, which completed its entire life cycle on the pollen regardless of the temperature tested. When the target prey was P. ulmi, the highest fecundity was 19.32 eggs per female at 30°C (15.90 eggs on T. urticae and 11.06 eggs on T. latifolia) and the maximum of R 0 , r m , and λ was 14.16 offspring/individual, 0.177, and 1.194 days−1, respectively. Typha latifolia pollen can be an alternative diet for effectively mass-rearing the generalist polyphagous phytoseiid mite, T. (T.) setubali. This species can be released as a biological control agent against P. ulmi and T. urticae populations, in perfect compliance with the principles of integrated mite management.

Constructed Wetlands for Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Treatment with Different Macrophytes in Hot Cimate Regions: A Review

Constructed wetland is a natural, economical and environment friendly option for leachate treatment. The aquatic plants and microorganisms are the main players for the treatment of leachate and are conspicuous favoring feature for any wetland due to their contaminant treatment efficiency. There are several other features which limit or enhance the performance of wetlands. Temperature is one of the factors which influence the performance of any wetland and can improve overall efficiency of the constructed wetland. Deep study of oxygen function reveals that accumulation of oxygen to the liquid or soil of the wetland either by photosynthesis or direct from atmosphere. Organic mailer and nitrification process made possible by transfer of oxygen to rhizosphere through macrophytes and macrophytes grow well in growing season in the presence of sunlight and temperature. The argument is well supported through facts revealed by scientific observations. The natural process of photosynthesis only occurs in the presence of sunlight. Hence main performance of macrophytes depends upon their biomass production and fixation of oxygen to the rhizosphere in growing season, which ultimately enhances the efficiency of wetlands for contaminant removal. This review is to establish the fact that Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis and Scripus Validus are main hydrophytes depict best results in biogeochemical process for contaminant removal from wetlands in hot season except for the Total Suspended Solid (TSS) which does not show considerable difference due to the climate. This fact reveals that the macrophytes are more productive in the warm climate in comparison to cold one. The Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis and Scripus validus are the most common species of macrophytes which are very much affective in contamination removal process especially in temperate or tropical region where climate is above 30oC. The available data of different research papers establishes the fact that wetlands are the low-cost, eco-friendly and efficient solution for majority of contaminants removal. It has also been established that the Tropical and temperate regions enhance efficiency of all parameters up to 10% due to higher temperature.

Characterization of water lily (Nymphaea lotus) for nutrients, anti-nutrients, phytochemicals, and antioxidant capacities

Global food problems have challenged organizations to explore the possibility of using neglected aquatic plants as supplementary food. This study was aimed to characterize nutrients, antinutrients, phytochemicals, and antioxidant capacities of water lily (Nymphaea lotus). Ethnobotanical survey identified four macrophytes are edible by the local communities. The lethal dose of N. lotus extract was greater than 5000 mg/kg. The highest protein content (23.6%) was found in rhizome of N. lotus. Higher amount of potassium was found in stem of N. lotus (30400 mg/kg) and rhizome of Arundo donax (16600 mg/kg). Leucine was the most abundant essential amino acid in all of the samples while methionine was found in the low concentration. The protein and essential amino acids contents make N. lotus a useful food. The total phenolic content ranged from 0.77 to 5.77 mg GAE/g. The presence of phytochemicals in these edible freshwater macrophyte are great medicinal importance. A higher half inhibition concentration (IC50) of DPPH (24.48 μg/mL), and ABTS (0.4 μg/mL) free radicals scavenging was reported from Typha latifolia. It was concluded that, these edible freshwaters are safe for consumption as the median lethal dose is higher than 5000 mg/kg, and trace metals are negligible.

Біорізноманіття гідрологічного заказника «Луга» у межах міста Володимир (Волинська область)

According to the results of the research, it was established that the flora of vascular plantsof the Luga River is 119 species, the faunal complex is represented by 80 species of animals ofthe mammal class – 3 species, birds – 23 species, amphibians – 2 species, fish rays – 6 species,earthworms –1 species, crustaceans – 2 species, arachnids – 2 species, insects – 28 species,molluscs – 12 species. The following families are the most numerous in terms of the number ofgenera and speciesAsteraceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Polygonaceae,Rosaceae. It is these families that have the greatest floristic diversity and occupy a leading placein the study area, and their spectrum is evidence of a strong anthropogenic influence on thevegetation cover.Various biotopes have formed in the floodplain of the Luga River and along its periphery,which differ in structure and varying degrees of transformation. The plant species composition ofthe floodplain of the Luga River is represented by typical aquatic, coastal-aquatic macrophytesand mesophytic forbs of floodplain meadows. The largest areas are occupied by monodominantgroups of Phragmites australis and Glyceria maxima, in smaller measures Typha latifolia. Theanimal world of the Luga River and its floodplain is represented by 16 species of hydrobiontsand 13 species of amphibiotic animals. Mammalia – 1 species, Aves – 6 species, Amphibia – 2species, Actinopterygii – 6 species, Crustacea – 1 species, Insecta – 6 species, Bivalvia – 2species, Gastropoda – 6 species.The marginal biotopes of the terraces are characterized by the dominance of ruderalcommunities with a significant participation of adventive plant species. The rarity component ofthe flora is represented by rare groups of yellow pitcher plants (Nuphareta luteae). Intensiveprocesses of natural overgrowth of the Luga River bed have been noted, which causes the flow toslow down, silt to accumulate, and the species composition of plants and animals to change. Thestudy area is characterized by high phytocenotic activity Аcer negиndo, Echinocуstis lobata,Solidago canadensis, Heracleum sosnowskyi, Heracleum mantegazzianumm etc. The animalworld of the edge terraces is represented by 64 species of animals. Mammalia – 3 species, Aves– 20 species, Amphibia – 2 species, Crustacea – 1 species, Arachnida – 2 species, Insecta – 28species, Gastropoda – 4 species.The main trends and threats caused by the anthropogenic factor have been identified:increased recreational load and accompanying degradation of vegetation due to direct impact onareas of mass gathering of vacationers, which leads to the disappearance of typical coastal-waterspecies of plants and animals associated with them, transformation as a result of anthropogeniceutrophication, which leads to a change in the structure of macrophyte and hydrobiontcommunities. The transformation of plant cover and animal complexes takes place in thedirection of replacing natural species with apophytes and adventitious plant species,synanthropic animal species and plant pests that are more resistant to anthropogenic influence.

Plant Morphology Impacts Bedload Sediment Transport

AbstractBedload sediment transport plays an important role in the evolution of rivers, marshes and deltas. In these aquatic environments, vegetation is widespread, and plant species have unique morphology. However, the impact of real plant morphology on flow and sediment transport has not been quantified. This study used model plants with real plant morphology, based on the aquatic species Phragmites australis, Acorus calamus and Typha latifolia. The frontal area of these species increases away from the bed, which leads to higher near‐bed velocity than would be predicted from depth‐average frontal area. A plant morphology coefficient was defined to quantify the impact of vertically‐varied plant frontal area. Laboratory experiments confirmed that the plant morphology coefficient improved the prediction of near‐bed velocity, near‐bed turbulent kinetic energy and bedload transport rate in canopies with realistic morphology. Plant morphology can alter transport rates by up to an order of magnitude, relative to the assumption of uniform morphology.

A case study on topsoil removal and rewetting for paludiculture: effect on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions from Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, and Azolla filiculoides

Abstract. Rewetting drained peatlands for paludiculture purposes is a way to reduce peat oxidation (and thus CO2 emissions) while at the same time it could generate an income for landowners, who need to convert their traditional farming into wetland farming. The side effect of rewetting drained peatlands is that it potentially induces high methane (CH4) emissions. Topsoil removal could reduce this emission due to the removal of easily degradable carbon and nutrients. Another way to limit CH4 emissions is the choice in paludiculture species. In this study we conducted a field experiment in the coastal area of the Netherlands, in which a former non-intensively used drained peat grassland is rewetted to complete inundation (water table ∼ +18 cm) after a topsoil removal of ∼ 20 cm. Two emergent macrophytes with high potential of internal gas transport (Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia), and a free floating macrophyte (Azolla filiculoides), were introduced and intensive measurement campaigns were conducted to capture CO2 and CH4 fluxes as well as soil and surface water chemistry. Greenhouse gas fluxes were compared with a high-productive peat meadow as a reference site. Topsoil removal reduced the amount of phosphorus and iron in the soil to a large extent. The total amount of soil carbon per volume stayed more or less the same. The salinity of the soil was in general high, defining the system as brackish. Despite the topsoil removal and salinity, we found very high CH4 emissions for T. latifolia (84.8 g CH4 m−2 yr−1) compared with the much lower emissions from T. angustifolia (36.9 g CH4 m−2 yr−1) and Azolla (22.3 g CH4 m−2 yr−1). The high emissions can be partly explained by the large input of dissolved organic carbon into the system, but it could also be caused by plant stress factors like salinity level and herbivory. For the total CO2 flux (including C-export), the rewetting was effective, with a minor uptake of CO2 for Azolla (−0.13 kg CO2 m−2 yr−1) and a larger uptake for the Typha species (−1.14 and −1.26 kg CO2 m−2 yr−1 for T. angustifolia and T. latifolia, respectively) compared with the emission of 2.06 kg CO2 m−2 yr−1 for the reference site. T. angustifolia and Azolla, followed by T. latifolia, seem to have the highest potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions after rewetting to flooded conditions (−1.4, 2.9, and 10.5 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1, respectively) compared with reference drained peatlands (20.6 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1). When considering the total greenhouse gas balance, other factors, such as biomass use and storage of topsoil after removal, should be considered. Especially the latter factor could cause substantial carbon losses if not kept in anoxic conditions. When calculating the radiative forcing over time for the different paludicrops, which includes the GHG fluxes and the carbon release from the removed topsoil, T. latifolia will start to be beneficial in reducing global warming after 93 years compared with the reference site. For both Azolla and T. angustifolia this will be after 43 years.

Plastic and terrestrial organic matter degradation by the humic lake microbiome continues throughout the seasons.

Boreal freshwaters go through four seasons, however, studies about the decomposition of terrestrial and plastic compounds often focus only on summer. We compared microbial decomposition of 13C-polyethylene, 13C-polystyrene, and 13C-plant litter (Typha latifolia) by determining the biochemical fate of the substrate carbon and identified the microbial decomposer taxa in humic lake waters in four seasons. For the first time, the annual decomposition rate including separated seasonal variation was calculated for microplastics and plant litter in the freshwater system. Polyethylene decomposition was not detected, whereas polystyrene and plant litter were degraded in all seasons. In winter, decomposition rates of polystyrene and plant litter were fivefold and fourfold slower than in summer, respectively. Carbon from each substrate was mainly respired in all seasons. Plant litter was utilized efficiently by various microbial groups, whereas polystyrene decomposition was limited to Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. The decomposition was not restricted only to the growth season, highlighting that the decomposition of both labile organic matter and extremely recalcitrant microplastics continues throughout the seasons.

Analysis of ammonia-nitrogen removal kinetics by stage in pilot scale vertical flow wetlands treating landfill leachate in series

This study explored the effect stage number and plant type have on ammonia-nitrogen (NH3–N) removal kinetics in a two-stage pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) system treating landfill leachate. Half of the VFCW columns were planted with Typha latifolia and the other half Scirpus californicus, and half of the columns were loaded with municipal solid waste landfill leachate (diluted to 1 part leachate to 2 parts total) with the effluent from these columns was collected in two separate barrels. The remaining columns were loaded with the effluent collected from the first columns, creating a two-stage VFCW system with four unique pairs to be tested. The leachate used here experienced no prior pre-treatment, and average influent concentrations of NH3–N for the first- and second-stage VFCWs were 508 and 321 mg L−1, respectively— much higher than many other VFCW treatment systems. Some reduction in chemical oxygen demand was observed, as well as generation of nitrate and nitrite, evidence of nitrification. No apparent correlation between aboveground biomass and removal of NH3–N was observed. Overall removal efficiency of NH3–N through two stages of VFCWs was 53.7% for columns planted with T. latifolia and 58.3% for those planted with S. Californicus. Average NH3–N removal efficiencies for the first stage VFCWs were 32.7% and 34.3%, while those in the second stage were 31.3% and 36.5%; no significant difference was observed between the first and second stage, suggesting that stage number does not have a significant effect on the removal efficiency of NH3–N in the primary treatment of landfill leachate via VFCWs. However, average mass removal rates of NH3–N in the first stage were 166 and 175 mg L−1 d−1; the second stage was significantly lower at 99.4 and 112 mg L−1 d−1, indicating that the first stage removed more pollutants overall.

Species Diversity and Composition of Macrophytes in Shallabugh Wetland, Ganderbal, Jammu, and Kashmir, India

Macrophyte diversity, richness, and composition of the Shallabugh wetland Reserve, one of the Important Bird and Biodiversity Area in India. The wetland shows the presence of 39 plant species of 27 families and three tree species belonging to three families and a diversity index of H = 3.12 and Evenness e^H/S = 0.5836. The high Importance Value Index (IVI=22.8) was recorded for Typha latifolia, followed by Ceratophyllum demersum (IVI=19.2). The shift in macrophyte community structure is evidenced by the local extinction of Nelumbo nucifera from the Shallabugh wetland area and the near-disappearance of some economically important plants such as Trapa natans (IVI= 0.24). The investigation of various aspects of the wetland ecology of Shallabugh reveals that species composition has witnessed great changes over the years. The conversion of the 141 hectares of wetland into grassland gave way for terrestrial species to flourish. The study serves as the baseline study of the macrophyte community composition and structure of the Shallabugh wetland.

Wastewater purification and recycling using plants in an arid environment for agricultural purposes: case of the Algerian Sahara

The aim of this study is to apply a water treatment technique (phyto-purification) in the Algerian Sahara, an arid region, to resolve the scarcity of irrigation, recycled wastewater and preserve Saharian ecosystems composed of sand and two species of aquatic plants: Typha latifolia and Imperata cylindrica. The choice of these plants was determined based on the natural vegetation, soil and climatic characteristics of the study area. To this end, we developed an experimental pilot composed of three tanks measuring 30 cm × 35 cm × 45 cm, arranged with a filter bed of sand and gravel. Two of these tanks are sown with the above-mentioned plants, while the third tank, serving as a control, is not. The values of the main wastewater pollution parameters, namely total nitrogen compounds, ammonium (NH4+), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids measured at the outlet of the device, substantiate the performance of this treatment system. Indeed, the nitrogen reduction rate increased from 63% in the unplanted control filters to around 80% in the planted filters, and from 81 to 88% for NO3−. Regarding chemical oxygen demand (COD), the reduction rate exceeds 88.37% for the three tanks. The study of the analytical approach to modeling the purification kinetics reveals that the kinetics of COD and NH4+ are well correlated with the first-order model, with an explained variance varying between 68.1 and 81.6% for COD and 83.5 and 92.3% for ammonium. The Riverside diagram highlights that all treated water samples fall into the low sodium risk and high salinity risk class. Build on the Na% values; all purified waters have characteristics suitable for water use for irrigation.

Endophytic species of Nigrospora from grasses and shrubs of Shadegan International Wetland, with new species and records from Iran.

The"Shadegan International Wetland" (SIW) is one of the wetlands internationally recognized in the Ramsar convention. The vegetation of this wetland ecosystem consists of mostly grasses and shrubs that host a large number of fungi including endophytes. In this study, Nigrospora isolates were obtained from healthy plants of this wetland and its surrounding salt marshes and identified based on morphological features and multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on three DNA loci, namely the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 including the intervening 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS), β-tubulin (tub2), and elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α). Accordingly, the following Nigrospora species were identified: N. lacticolonia, N. oryzae, N. osmanthi, N. pernambucoensis and a novel taxon N. shadeganensis sp. nov., which is described and illustrated. To the best of our knowledge, 10 new hosts for Nigrospora species are here reported, namely Aeluropus lagopoides, Allenrolfea occidentalis, Anthoxanthum monticola, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Cressa cretica, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Suaeda vermiculata, Tamarix passerinoides, and Typha latifolia. Moreover, the species N. lacticolonia and N. pernambucoensis are new records for the mycobiota of Iran.