Types Of Wildlife Research Articles

Educational Strategies in Wildlife Control at Airports as an Optimisation of Safety Management

One of the factors that can cause an aircraft accident is the presence of wildlife at the airport. Wildlife can pose a threat to aviation safety if not managed properly. The purpose of this research is to analyze the education strategy for controlling wildlife at the airport as a form of safety management optimization to find out what the inhibiting factors and supporting factors in handling wildlife to get the right wildlife control pattern. This research method is descriptive research with a qualitative approach where researchers seek supporting data by conducting interviews, observations and some document literacy from the airport studied, namely Muhammad Taufiq Kiemas Airport in West Pesisir Regency, Lampung Province. This research resulted in several findings that there are inhibiting factors, namely the absence of a wildlife hazard control unit at the airport so that the handling of wildlife does not have a planned and programmed standard procedure. However, there are several supporting factors, namely operational officers already know the types of wildlife and the causes of the gathering of wildlife around the airport. Facilities available at the airport such as perimeter fences can prevent and limit wildlife entering the airport from wild boar, monkeys, and apes. Handling of wild birds is done by traditional capture and not by the guidelines. Coordination and communication between the airport and Air Navigation are well-established and mutually supportive of wildlife control activities during operational hours. The results of this study are not only useful for the airport but also for the beginning of the development of further research on wildlife control. This research has a novelty, namely the steps of controlling wildlife at the airport and educational strategies in controlling wildlife as an optimization of safety management.

Perdagangan Satwa Liar Ditinjau Dari Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flaura

Introduction: Smuggling, trading, and theft of protected wild animals have increased quite high, such as orangutans, tigers, primates, and various other types of wildlife. It was recorded that since 2014 there were 14 cases until in 2016 the cases increased to 25 cases of illegal wildlife trade. This will have an impact on the lack of heritage biodiversity for mankind.Purposes of the Research: To find out about protection against wildlife trade according to the Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And FlauraMethods of the Research: The research used is normative juridical research. The research approach uses a legal approach, a conceptual approach and a case approach. Sources of research data are primary, secondary, tertiary data which is carried out by searching for library materials, namely studies related to international and national laws and regulations. The collection of legal materials is then analyzed qualitatively.Results of the Research: Wildlife protection according to the CITES convention is discussed in the classification of endangered species, non-threatened species, and registered species based on Appendix I, Appendix II and Appendix III. Appendix I lists and protects all wild flora and fauna species that are threatened with extinction so that they are prohibited from all forms of international trade. Meanwhile, Appendix II contains a list of Appendix II that are not threatened with extinction, but may be threatened with extinction if the trade in these species is not controlled. Then on the Appendix. III contains a list of flora and fauna species that have been protected by a certain country within the boundaries of their habitat area. The state must be responsible for the preservation of protected animals. Indonesian national laws regarding the protection of wild animals as well as endangered species should be maximized by conducting socialization to the public. The perpetrators of trade in protected wildlife must be given appropriate punishment and the need for a firm attitude from the government towards those who trade in animals in order to provide a deterrent effect for the perpetrators

PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP MASYARAKAT TERHADAP KONSERVASI BURUNG PARUH BENGKOK DI KECAMATAN KEPULAUAN JORONGA

One type of wildlife in Indonesia that is threatened with extinction is the parrot. There are approximately 403 species of parrots in the world, and as many as 81 species are found in Indonesia. One of the areas rich in this bird species is the Maluku Islands, where 32 species of parrots are recorded and 12 of them are endemic to Maluku. Of the 12 bird species, 6 of them are protected. The results showed that the community had known the parrot because 69% had seen it in the forest and 31% had seen it because it was kept. In addition, the knowledge of people who have ever caught and sold parrots has a percentage index value of 23% and 35% or can be categorized as less. Meanwhile, the public knowledge index on the prohibition of catching parrots has an index value of 28% or less agree, 53% implementation of conservation (good enough), conservation participation 47% (high enough), habitat conservation with an index value of 59% (good enough), 24% of the community's knowledge of illegal logging is categorized as poor and the index value of the application of the protection law is 49% (quite agree). The current attitude of the community towards hunting has an index value of 16% or it can be categorized as bad, fishing is also classified as poor or the percentage index is 20%, illegal logging is 26% or the category is not good, and trade bans are in the disagree category (11%), while the lack of logging wild, has a percentage index value of 53% (good enough). The implementation of the Law (village rules) with an index value range of 50% or can be categorized as quite agree, and attitudes towards violators have a percentage index value of 38% or in the less high category, then the implementation of sanctions has an index value of 39% or can be categorized as less good.

A Legal Proposition for a Regional Agreement to Protect Wildlife and Habitats in South Asia

South Asian countries are home to many species of wildlife given the different geographical landscapes spreading from the Himalayan mountains in Nepal to the oceans surrounding the Maldives and Sri Lanka. Illegal poaching of wildlife, destruction of habitats, and wildlife trade are only a few of the common threats found in the region. There are domestic legislations which protect the wildlife to a certain extent. However, there is no regional instrument which is capable of establishing a collective responsibility to care for and protect wildlife. As this geographical area of the world comprises mega-diverse ecosystems, the absence of a regional legal framework with the necessary legal protection of wildlife raises serious concerns. Therefore, this article first explores existing legal protection that has been granted to different types of wildlife at the domestic level. Next, to understand the significance of adopting a regional instrument which can establish a collective mechanism for protecting wildlife, it analyzes the regional agreements of the European Union (EU) as a case study. The article further examines the effectiveness of the laws of selected EU agreements with a view to their potential for developing a regional mechanism for South Asia.

Factorial Design and Model for the Effect of Anti-Poaching Rules and Laws a Case Study in South Africa, India, and Kenya.

The purpose of this study is to use factorial design to investigate the effect of anti-poaching rules and laws in the reduction of illegal poaching of wildlife, and find a model for adequate description of the various observations in the data for the number of poached wildlife. Two-factor factorial design with mixed factors (country as the random factor and wildlife) as the mixed factor was used for the presentation and analysis of the data of the yearly number of poached wildlife for the period 2014 – 2017 recorded by KWS statistics in Kenya, South Africa and India. It resulted that the campaign on the ant-poaching rules and laws helped in the reduction of killed wildlife. There was also an indication that the effect of anti-poaching rules and laws in the reduction of poached wildlife in Kenya is different from that in South Africa and India. Also a mixed effect model was found to be adequate in the description of the various observations in the data for the number of poached wildlife as about 99% of variability in the mixed effect model on the number of poached wildlife is explained by the country (factor A), type of wildlife (factor B) and country-type of wildlife interaction.

PERDAGANGAN SATWA LIAR DI PASAR TRADISIONAL DAN PASAR MODERN DI SULAWESI UTARA

Wildlife trade for consumption needs is found in various regions in Indonesia, one of which is in North Sulawesi Province. This animal trade spreads in traditional markets, including the Beriman Market in Tomohon which is also a domestic and foreign tourist destination, Langowan and Kawangkoan Markets in Kab. Minahasa. Karombassan and Bersehati Market in Manado City. Even the trade in wild animal meat has now entered modern markets in Manado City, which is the capital of North Sulawesi Province. This development of course threatens the preservation of biodiversity, especially endemic species. This study aims to determine the types of wildlife traded in North Sulawesi both in traditional and modern markets, to compare the price of wild animal meat in traditional and modern markets in North Sulawesi, and to determine the conservation status of traded wildlife species. There are 8 types of wild animals traded in traditional markets and 5 species in modern markets. The price of wild animal meat in the modern market is higher than in the traditional market. There was one endemic species that was traded, and 2 species that were listed in Appendix II of CITES.

An Infection-Tolerant Mammalian Reservoir for Several Zoonotic Agents Broadly Counters the Inflammatory Effects of Endotoxin.

Animals that are competent reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens commonly suffer little morbidity from the infections. To investigate mechanisms of this tolerance of infection, we used single-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an experimental model of inflammation and compared the responses of two rodents: Peromyscus leucopus, the white-footed deermouse and reservoir for the agents of Lyme disease and other zoonoses, and the house mouse Mus musculus Four hours after injection with LPS or saline, blood, spleen, and liver samples were collected and subjected to transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), metabolomics, and specific reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Differential expression analysis was at the gene, pathway, and network levels. LPS-treated deermice showed signs of sickness similar to those of exposed mice and had similar increases in corticosterone levels and expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor, IL-1β, and C-reactive protein. By network analysis, the M. musculus response to LPS was characterized as cytokine associated, while the P. leucopus response was dominated by neutrophil activity terms. In addition, dichotomies in the expression levels of arginase 1 and nitric oxide synthase 2 and of IL-10 and IL-12 were consistent with type M1 macrophage responses in mice and type M2 responses in deermice. Analysis of metabolites in plasma and RNA in organs revealed species differences in tryptophan metabolism. Two genes in particular signified the different phenotypes of deermice and mice: the Slpi and Ibsp genes. Key RNA-seq findings for P. leucopus were replicated in older animals, in a systemic bacterial infection, and with cultivated fibroblasts. The findings indicate that P. leucopus possesses several adaptive traits to moderate inflammation in its balancing of infection resistance and tolerance.IMPORTANCE Animals that are natural carriers of pathogens that cause human diseases commonly manifest little or no sickness as a consequence of infection. Examples include the deermouse, Peromyscus leucopus, which is a reservoir for Lyme disease and several other disease agents in North America, and some types of bats, which are carriers of viruses with pathogenicity for humans. Mechanisms of this phenomenon of infection tolerance and entailed trade-off costs are poorly understood. Using a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin as a proxy for infection, we found that deermice differed from the mouse (Mus musculus) in responses to LPS in several diverse pathways, including innate immunity, oxidative stress, and metabolism. Features distinguishing the deermice cumulatively would moderate downstream ill effects of LPS. Insights gained from the P. leucopus model in the laboratory have implications for studying infection tolerance in other important reservoir species, including bats and other types of wildlife.

KEANEKARAGAMAN SPESIES BURUNG DI HUTAN MANGROVE PULAU KELAGIAN BESAR PROVINSI LAMPUNG

The existence of mangrove forests is very important in an area because as a habitat for various types of wildlife, especially birds. This study aims to determine the diversity of bird species in the Kelagian Besar Mangrove Forest, Lampung Province. Data on bird species diversity was obtained by the IPA (Indices Ponctual Abundance) method. Data collection of bird species by recording the type and number of individual birds found. Species identification also uses the method of bird recognition directly by people who know the birds in the area such as the local community or an expert on birds. Data obtained in the field are then analyzed using the Shanon-Winner diversity index formula. The results found 27 species of birds from 21 families with a total of 741 individual birds in the Kelagian Besar Mangrove Forest. While the diversity index value is 2.26 with medium index criteria. There are 8 protected bird species, namely the black-necked darautaut (Sterna sumatrana), the white-wing daralaut (Chlidonias leucopterus), the oyster daralaut (Gelochelidon nilotica), the white belly eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaste), the brontok eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus), oyster belly Rhipidura javanica), sabine seagulls (Xema sabini), and large fissures (Fregata minor).

FAUNA, DISTRIBUTION AND EPIZOOTOLOGY OF HELMINTHS OF PARENCHYMAL ORGANS OF UNGULATES OF UZBEKISTAN

This article presents the fauna of helminths of parenchymal organs and the epizootology of the main helminthiases of ungulates in various biocenoses of Uzbekistan. On the basis of many years of our own research and analysis of literature data, the species compositions of helminths of parenchymal organs of ungulates in various regions of Uzbekistan were established. The fauna of helminths of the parenchymal organs of ungulates of Uzbekistan was represented by 31 species of helminthes, belonging to 13 genera, 6 families, 4 orders, 3 classes and 2 types of wildlife. Aspects of the epizootology of the main helminthiases of parenchymal organs of ungulates in all five regions of the Republic were given. The purpose of this research is to summarize and analyze the results of our research and literature data on the fauna and distribution of helminths of parenchymal organs of ungulates in various regions of Uzbekistan. The helminth fauna studies were defined such as 16 species of ungulate animals of 5 families (Bovidae, Cervidae, Suidae, Camelidae, and Equidae) on the territory of the Republic. A structural analysis of the helminth fauna of the parenchymal organs of ungulates in Uzbekistan points out that the causative agents of helminth infections in different regions of the Republic are not equally distributed. Thus, in ungulate animals of the North-West of Uzbekistan, the main helminthiases of parenchymal organs include of fascioliasis (20.8-55.6%), echinococcosis (17-28.2%) and cysticercosis (12-32%). The main helminthiases of parenchymal organs of ungulates of the East of Uzbekistan are fascioliasis (34.8-49.5%), dicroceliosis (43.3-67.6%), echinococcosis (27.7-31.5%) and dictiocaulosis (41.3 -68.5%). A high percentage of infection in small cattle was also noted by protostrongilidoses.

The influence of childhood nature experience on attitudes and tolerance towards problem-causing animals in Singapore

Low vegetation cover in cities result in urbanites generally receiving less exposure to nature compared to people living in rural areas. Consequently, childhood experiences in a city tend to be less nature-oriented, leading to a detachment from nature in adulthood. However, some cities may have pockets of green spaces that harbour wildlife, and interactions between people and the wildlife around them may have an influence on wildlife conservation attitudes. To investigate the relationships between childhood nature experience and attitudes towards wildlife, we carried out a survey on 1004 Singapore residents about their attitudes and tolerance towards three types of wildlife commonly encountered in Singapore. Structured equation models (SEMs) were used to model the relationship between childhood experience, attitudes towards wildlife, and tolerance levels in three scenarios of increasing damage severity to humans. We found that most respondents had low childhood nature experience, and had neutral/negative attitudes towards all three types of wildlife. Childhood experience was the strongest predictor of wildlife attitude, which varied with age, gender, education level and type of wildlife. Attitude towards wildlife was the strongest predictor of tolerance in all scenarios, while tolerance decreased with increasing severity of damage. Our findings point to the importance of childhood nature experience in shaping adult perceptions of wildlife and their willingness to coexist with wildlife. Given that Singapore is continually developing on forested land for residential and commercial purposes, wildlife encounters are predicted to increase in the future. With proper planning and education, residents near wildlife habitats can learn to live with and appreciate the wildlife around them.

Effects of sagebrush restoration on plant and bird communities in Grand Teton National Park

Approximately half of sagebrush steppe range-wide has been converted to non-native grasslands, which has contributed to population declines of sagebrush-associated songbirds. Removal of non-native grasses and restoration treatments are time-, resource- and energy-intensive, but could lead to the return of functional habitat for sagebrush wildlife. The extent to which restoration efforts repair the structure and functionality of sagebrush steppe for different types of wildlife, however, remains largely untested. To determine breeding songbird community responses to sagebrush restoration treatments, we are conducting a longitudinal study with sampling every 5 years within restoration units at different stages of restoration in the Kelly Hayfields restoration area in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. Thus far, in 2013 and 2018 we compared bird and plant communities in unrestored (largely smooth brome [Bromus inermis]) units to those in various stages of restoration treatments, and to areas of native sagebrush. The sagebrush plots will serve as desired comparators for the endpoints of restoration efforts. The in-progress and recently replanted units were either dominated by bare ground (following herbicidal application) or native forbs with very little shrub cover (< 0.1%). Native sagebrush units were dominated by shrubs and native bunchgrasses. Bird community composition was distinct among the different unit types. Abundance of grassland birds was highest in unrestored units, whereas the abundance of shrubland birds was highest in native sagebrush and positively associated with shrub cover. There were very few detections of birds in recently re-seeded units. Restored areas may initially provide little breeding bird habitat, especially prior to the establishment of native bunch grasses and a mature shrub layer. Plant and bird sampling efforts will continue every five years to document how plant and bird assemblages shift over time in response to restoration efforts.
 
 Featured photo by Matt Lavin on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/fh7UJz

Wildlife Presence and Interactions with Chickens on Australian Commercial Chicken Farms Assessed by Camera Traps.

The types of wildlife and the frequency of their visits to commercial chicken farms in Australia were assessed using infrared and motion-sensing camera traps. Cameras were set up on 14 free-range layer farms, three cage layer farms, two barn layer farms, five non-free-range meat chicken farms, and six free-range meat chicken farms in the Sydney basin region and South East Queensland. Wildlife visits were found on every farm type and were most frequent on cage layer farms (73%), followed by free-range layer farms (15%). The common mynah ( Acridotheres tristis) was the most frequent wildlife visitor in the study (23.9%), followed by corvids (22.9%) and Columbiformes (7.5%). Most wildlife visits occurred during the day from 6 am to 6 pm (85%). There were infrequent observations of direct contact between chickens and wildlife, suggesting the indirect route of pathogen transfer may be more significant. The level of biosecurity on the farm is suggested to impact the frequency of wildlife visits more so than the farm type.

Prospective and Challenges: Tourism Development at Meghauli

Background: Meghauli is known as one of the richest villages in Nepal in terms of floura and fauna. It is the heart of beauty that is totally unexpected in a country known mainly for a majestic and powerful location teeming with wild life. It hosts one of Asia’s finest national parks, renowned for its dense concentration of wild life. Tourists can be attracted from all over the world to view the floura and fauna along with other attractions. Objectives: The objective to study the prospective and the challenges of tourism development in Meghauli.Methodology: Descriptive and analytical research designs have been followed. Required information for the study has been obtained both from secondary and primary sources. Result: Some of the prime tourism attractions of Meghauli are the rare flora and fauna, natural beauty, villages, community forest, cultural diversity, religious places, rivers, lakes, world heritage CNP, eco-park, picnic park and the sunset view point. Due to these various tourism attractions, Meghauli has potential for the establishment of magnificent resorts and future development of tourism.Conclusion: Meghauli is situated by the side banks of CNP and two big rivers: Rapti and Narayani. The community forest and CNP are home to many types of wildlife. Almost 500 species of birds and wide variety of vegetations can be found in Meghauli. The dense forests, grasslands, rivers and many lakes embrace a balanced park ecology providing an environment suitable for animals, birds, insects and other forms of life. But it is not managed naturally and properly.

Wildlife Conservation and Private Protected Areas: The Discrepancy Between Land Trust Mission Statements and Their Perceptions.

In 2010, land trusts in the U.S. had protected nearly 50 million acres of land, with much of it providing habitat for wildlife. However, the extent to which land trusts explicitly focus on wildlife conservation remains largely unknown. We used content analysis to assess land trust involvement in wildlife and habitat conservation, as reflected in their mission statements, and compared these findings with an organizational survey of land trusts. In our sample of 1358 mission statements, we found that only 17% of land trusts mentioned "wildlife," "animal," or types of wildlife, and 35% mentioned "habitat" or types. Mission statements contrasted sharply with results from a land trust survey, in which land trusts cited wildlife habitat as the most common and significant outcome of their protection efforts. Moreover, 77% of land trusts reported that at least half of their acreage protected wildlife habitat, though these benefits are likely assumed. Importantly, mission statement content was not associated with the percentage of land reported to benefit wildlife. These inconsistencies suggest that benefits to wildlife habitat of protected land are recognized but may not be purposeful and strategic and, thus, potentially less useful in contributing toward regional wildlife conservation goals. We outline the implications of this disconnect, notably the potential omission of wildlife habitat in prioritization schema for land acquisition and potential missed opportunities to build community support for land trusts among wildlife enthusiasts and to develop partnerships with wildlife conservation organizations.

Sampling Gear Efficiency and Selectivity for Juvenile Ladyfish Elops Saurus in Florida Waters (USA)

At the foundation of managing wildlife is collecting accurate field data with appropriate sampling gears and methods under a strict experimental design and standardized protocols. To elucidate, monitor, and predict wildlife patterns in space and time requires the selection of specific sampling gears for the community or species of interest, especially for species that display spatial and temporal variability in distribution and abundance. Among the most challenging types of wildlife to examine in the field are marine fisheries resources given their expansive range, spatial and temporal distribution, and specific early life-history characteristics (e.g., habitat, environmental conditions, and recruitment patterns). Numerous studies have investigated the catch efficiency for various sampling gears and techniques; however, no information has ever been reported for ladyfish (Elops saurus), an economically valuable species in the southeastern United States and other world-wide regions. Given the importance of collecting ladyfish early life-history information, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate, for the first time, the efficiency and selectivity of various field-sampling gears used in Florida waters to collect juvenile ladyfish. The specific objectives were to examine the sampling gear efficiency and selectivity on juvenile ladyfish relative abundance and length-frequency distribution among different water bodies. This investigation found that juvenile ladyfish abundance, size, and length frequency distribution significantly varied by sampling gear. In addition, the findings revealed that the most efficient gear for sampling juvenile ladyfish smaller than 100 mm SL were seines with an offshore deployment method. Despite detecting length frequency differences among sampling gears, no clear pattern was evident among estuaries. In general, seine catch efficiency decreased and gillnet efficiency increased with ladyfish size. To alleviate gear or sampling bias, results demonstrated that researchers need to use a variety of sampling gears to sample ladyfish.

The development of a geographic information system (GIS) database for Jiuzhaigou national nature reserve and its application

The objective of this paper is to develop a GIS (Geographic Information System) database for Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve (Jiuzhaigou, hereafter) in China and demonstrate its application as a research tool. A cost-effective procedure was developed to compile a variety of geographical and biological data of the study area in terms of popular GIS format such as shape files. These files were further calibrated and validated using field surveys data. The developed GIS database was used to quantify the distributions of the wildlife (amphibians, mammals, and birds) using the distances of the wildlife to the centerline of the bus-tour routes. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to quantify the correlation in space between pairs of different wildlife using the number of habitats for given space contexts. An ArcObject-based macro was developed to perform the analysis. The results showed the majority of the habitats of wildlife are located in the proximity of the tour-bus routes with an average distance ranging from 564 to 894 m depending on types of wildlife. This indicates a possibility of the disturbance to the wildlife by human activities. The correlation coefficient of the wildlife ranged from 0.36 to 0.64 depending on pairs of wildlife, indicating some correlations in space. However, due to the limited sample size, the statistical significances need to be further investigated. This paper has successfully demonstrated the use of the GIS-based database as a research tool for environmental study.

BP Oil Spill Deepwater Horizon Response

In June and July 2010, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) evaluated potential exposures and health effects of workers involved in Deepwater Horizon response activities due to the BP oil spill. The evaluation included on–shore wildlife cleaning and rehabilitation workers in AL, FL, LA, and MS. NIOSH investigators assessed site factors and surveyed workers to collect information on demographics, job duties, occupational exposure to oil or other agents, and health symptoms experienced. Birds were the most common type of wildlife being treated and rehabilitated at the centers. For nearly all health outcomes, more injuries and symptoms were reported among wildlife cleaning workers than among a comparison group. Among the most commonly reported health conditions, scrapes and cuts were reported by 67 percent of workers, and itchy or red skin or rash were reported by 46 percent. Occupational factors unique to oiled wildlife cleaning and rehabilitation likely contributed to the health conditions reported. These factors included: skin contact with oil on the wildlife and in cleaning water; skin exposure to detergents and cleaners; persistent wet skin; and, frequent handling and awkward lifting and moving of wildlife and cages. An occupational health concern common among all Deepwater Horizon response workers was heat stress from work in a hot and humid environment. NIOSH recommended continuing heat stress management plans and use of protective equipment to minimize skin and mucus membrane contact with oil and oil–contaminated water, measures to reduce ergonomic hazards, housekeeping to prevent slippery surfaces, and encouraging workers to report and seek care for health concerns and injuries.

Willingness to pay for other species' well-being

Benefit-cost analysis of environmental policies typically focuses on benefits to human health and well-being. For other species, economists have attempted to measure human WTP for changes in the numbers of individuals for different types of wildlife, and to preserve biodiversity. When it comes to humans' WTP for improvements in the quality-of-life for other species, however, the evidence is limited. Morbidity and quality-of-life considerations may be particularly important to the task of valuing non-fatal harm to wildlife in the wake of an environmental disaster. We argue that the other species morbidity-reduction component of WTP should be calculated net of any “outrage” component associated with the cause of the harm. This net WTP is likely to be correlated with the premium that people are willing to pay for chicken products from birds for which the quality-of-life has been enhanced by improved animal welfare measures. This paper uses a conjoint choice stated preference survey to reveal the nature of systematic heterogeneity in preferences for “humanely raised” versus “conventionally raised” chicken. We also use latent class analysis to distinguish between two classes of people—those who are willing to pay a premium for humanely raised chicken, and those who are not.

Effects of Oil Spills on Marine and Coastal Wildlife

WEC285, a 4-page fact sheet by Holly K. Ober, provides an overview of direct and indirect effects of oil spills on wildlife, factors influencing the degree of impact, susceptibility of various types of wildlife, and the history of oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico. Includes sources of additional information. Published by the UF Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, May 2010. WEC285/UW330: Effects of Oil Spills on Marine and Coastal Wildlife (ufl.edu)

Assessing the costs of living with wildlife in developing countries using willingness to pay

The costs of living with wildlife are assessed using Namibian subsistence farmers' willingness to pay (WTP) for deterrents to attacks on crops and livestock. A utility-theoretic approach jointly estimates household WTP for deterrent programs in two ‘currencies’: maize and cash. This has a double payoff. Use of a non-cash staple increases respondent comprehension and provides more information about preferences, improving the accuracy of results. The household shadow value of maize is also identified. Significant costs from living with elephants and other types of wildlife are demonstrated. Compensation for farmers may be warranted on equity and efficiency grounds. Uncontrolled domestic cattle generate even higher costs to farmers than wildlife, highlighting the need to clarify property rights among these farmers.