Types Of Synchronization Research Articles

Multi-type synchronization for coupled van der Pol oscillator systems with multiple coupling modes.

In this paper, we investigate synchronous solutions of coupled van der Pol oscillator systems with multiple coupling modes using the theory of rotating periodic solutions. Multiple coupling modes refer to two or three types of coupling modes in van der Pol oscillator networks, namely, position, velocity, and acceleration. Rotating periodic solutions can represent various types of synchronous solutions corresponding to different phase differences of coupled oscillators. When matrices representing the topology of different coupling modes have symmetry, the overall symmetry of the oscillator system depends on the intersection of the symmetries of the different topologies, determining the type of synchronous solutions for the coupled oscillator network. When matrices representing the topology of different coupling modes lack symmetry, if the adjacency matrices representing different coupling modes can be simplified into structurally identical quotient graphs (where weights can be proportional) through the same external equitable partition, the symmetry of the quotient graph determines the synchronization type of the original system. All these results are consistent with multi-layer networks where connections between different layers are one-to-one.

Projective synchronisation of bipartite networks with nonlinear couplings via quantised event-triggered control

In this paper, the issue of projective synchronisation of bipartite networks (BNs) with multiple time-varying delays and nonlinear couplings has been studied. To reduce wasted communication resources, the novel quantised event-triggered controllers and the measurement error functions are introduced. In particular, the event-triggered schemes without Zeno behaviour are designed, which can determine whether controllers need to be updated or not. For the purpose of investigating the synchronisation with isolated nodes, comparing to the usual 1-norm and 2-norm, generalised { ξ , 1 } -norm has been utilised to derive sufficient conditions. Furthermore, in the proof of the theorem, constant time-delays and time-varying time delays are dealt with by utilising novel Lyapunov functions, and then some valid criteria are established to achieve different types of projective synchronisation. Lastly, numerical simulations are well provided to confirm the given theoretical results.

Controller design of coordinated control problems over finite fields via fully actuated approach

This paper discusses coordinated control problems for systems over finite fields via fully actuated approach. Novel types of consensus and synchronization, which are irrelevant to initial states, are proposed. For different coordinated control problems, suitable controllers are designed, which are able to drive the system to the corresponding trajectory in finite steps. Besides, the conclusions are applied to stabilization, and the convergence time is analyzed. As an application, a camera network example is given to illustrate the results.

Forced synchronization of self-excited chaotic thermoacoustic oscillations

We experimentally investigate the forced synchronization of a self-excited chaotic thermoacoustic oscillator with two natural frequencies, $f_1$ and $f_2$ . On increasing the forcing amplitude, $\epsilon _f$ , at a fixed forcing frequency, $f_f$ , we find two different types of synchronization: (i) $f_f/f_1 = 1:1$ or $2:1$ chaos-destroying synchronization (CDS), and (ii) phase synchronization of chaos (PSC). En route to $1:1$ CDS, the system transitions from an unforced chaotic state ( ${\rm {CH}}_{1,2}$ ) to a forced chaotic state ( ${\rm {CH}}_{1,2,f}$ ), then to a two-frequency quasiperiodic state where chaos is destroyed ( $\mathbb {T}^2_{2,f}$ ), and finally to a phase-locked period-1 state ( ${\rm {P1}}_f$ ). The route to $2:1$ CDS is similar, but the quasiperiodic state hosts a doubled torus $(2\mathbb {T}^2_{2,f})$ that transforms into a phase-locked period-2 orbit $({\rm {P2}}_f)$ when CDS occurs. En route to PSC, the system transitions to a forced chaotic state ( ${\rm {CH}}_{1,2,f}$ ) followed by a phase-locked chaotic state, where $f_1$ , $f_2$ and $f_f$ still coexist but their phase difference remains bounded. We find that the maximum reduction in thermoacoustic amplitude occurs near the onset of CDS, and that the critical $\epsilon _f$ required for the onset of CDS does not vary significantly with $f_f$ . We then use two unidirectionally coupled Anishchenko–Astakhov oscillators to phenomenologically model the experimental synchronization dynamics, including (i) the route to $1:1$ CDS, (ii) various phase dynamics, such as phase drifting, slipping and locking, and (iii) the thermoacoustic amplitude variations in the $f_f/f_1$ – $\epsilon _f$ plane. This study extends the applicability of open-loop control further to a chaotic thermoacoustic system, demonstrating (i) the feasibility of using an existing actuation strategy to weaken aperiodic thermoacoustic oscillations, and (ii) the possibility of developing new active suppression strategies based on both established and emerging methods of chaos control.

Exploring synchronizability of complex dynamical networks from edges perspective

With the rapid development of network information technology, synchronization problem of complex dynamical networks has garnered extensive attention. Current research predominantly concentrates on analyzing synchronizability and synchronization control in the complex dynamical networks with static edge weights or single weight attribute connections. However, there is limited research on networks characterized by variable weights and multiple weighted connections. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the synchronizability of such complex networks. In this paper, we investigate the synchronizability of two types of networks: weight-variable complex dynamical networks and multi-weighted complex dynamical networks. Considering the evolution of network weights, the synchronizability of complex dynamical network with weight-variable is investigated, the master stability equation, synchronizability criteria of the network are derived, and experiments are used to substantiate the validity of our findings. Our study then shifts to multi-weighted complex networks. Take the Rössler oscillators as node dynamics, we explore the impact of different inner coupling matrices on synchronization types under both unknown and known topologies. Moreover, we extend our study to scenarios with different coupling strengths. The analysis reveals that the inner coupling matrix influences the network’s synchronization region type. Interestingly, the clarity or ambiguity of network topologies does not markedly affect the synchronization region type. Furthermore, our analysis indicates a correlation between the synchronization region boundaries of multi-weighted complex networks and those of their single-weighted counterparts capable of synchronization.

Interleaved trinuclear MRS for single-session investigation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in human liver at 7T.

The liver plays a central role in metabolic homeostasis, as exemplified by a variety of clinical disorders with hepatic and systemic metabolic disarrays. Of particular interest are the complex interactions between lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in highly prevalent conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Limited accessibility and the need for invasive procedures challenge direct investigations in humans. Hence, noninvasive dynamic evaluations of glycolytic flux and steady-state assessments of lipid levels and composition are crucial for basic understanding and may open new avenues toward novel therapeutic targets. Here, three different MR spectroscopy (MRS) techniques that have been combined in a single interleaved examination in a 7T MR scanner are evaluated. 1H-MRS and 13C-MRS probe endogenous metabolites, while deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) relies on administration of deuterated tracers, currently 2H-labelled glucose, to map the spatial and temporal evolution of their metabolic fate. All three techniques have been optimized for a robust single-session clinical investigation and applied in a preliminary study of healthy subjects. The use of a triple-channel 1H/2H/13C RF coil enables interleaved examinations with no need for repositioning. Short-echo-time STEAM spectroscopy provides well resolved spectra to quantify lipid content and composition. The relative benefits of using water saturation versus metabolite cycling and types of respiratory synchronization were evaluated. 2H-MR spectroscopic imaging allowed for registration of time- and space-resolved glucose levels following oral ingestion of 2H-glucose, while natural abundance 13C-MRS of glycogen provides a dynamic measure of hepatic glucose storage. For DMI and 13C-MRS, the measurement precision of the method was estimated to be about 0.2 and about 16 mM, respectively, for 5 min scanning periods. Excellent results were shown for the determination of dynamic uptake of glucose with DMI and lipid profiles with 1H-MRS, while the determination of changes in glycogen levels by 13C-MRS is also feasible but somewhat more limited by signal-to-noise ratio.

Synchronization in network motifs of three piecewise Rössler systems coupled in ring configuration

In this work, we study the synchronization in the network motifs of three piecewise Rössler systems that exhibit coexistence of two attractors, coupled in ring configuration, in particular a bidirectional auxiliary coupling. For this configuration, we analyze the interaction of the systems by varying the coupling strengths, in order to characterize the conditions under which complete synchronization between the three systems can be achieved. The numerical results prove that the interaction of various multistable chaotic systems causes different types of synchronization and very complex dynamics between the systems is achieved. We obtain complete synchronization between the three systems and find the range of values of the coupling strengths where the distinct types of synchronization occur.

Restorative Justice Approach To Certain Criminal Actions With The Threat Of Under Five Years Prison In Functioning Criminal Law As Ultimum Remedium

The purpose of this research is to find out the concept of criminal law renewal to place restorative justice as ultimum remedium in certain crimes with a prison sentence of under five years. This type of normative legal research with the type of legal synchronization. Collecting data on normative legal research uses data collection techniques from a literature study. In drawing conclusions the author uses the deductive thinking method, namely a way of thinking that draws conclusions from a general statement or argument into a specific statement. the results of research and discussion can be concluded. First; The restorative justice approach to criminal acts with the threat of imprisonment for under five years finds its footing in the basic philosophy of Pancasila, namely in accordance with the 4th precept of Pancasila "Deliberation to reach consensus". Currently, restorative justice has been regulated in various regulations/policies. The contents of this internal policy show that there is no uniformity in understanding and boundaries of criminal acts that can be resolved through restorative justice and does not create an Integrated Criminal Justice System. and the imposition of criminal sanctions on perpetrators

Autonomous piecewise damping Josephson junction jerk oscillator: microcontroller implementation, controls, and combination synchronization

This paper evaluates the microcontroller implementation, offset boosting control, suppression of chaos, and combination of three types of synchronization in the autonomous piecewise damping Josephson junction (JJ) jerk oscillator (APDJJJO). The APDJJJO exhibits vast shapes of chaotic behaviors, bistable limit circles, bistable period-2-oscillation, and the coexistence of regular and chaotic behaviors exposed by numerical simulations. The microcontroller realization scheme of APDJJJO validates simulated dynamics. Proceeding, two constants are outlined in the rate equations of APDJJJO to achieve the linear offset boosting of constants based on the second and third state variables, respectively. The polarity of the chaotic signal of the second or third state variable can be flexibly altered by changing any of the two introduced constants while the other constant is kept at zero. When the two constants are equal, the second and third state variables can swap between bipolar and unipolar signals flexibly by altering the unique constant parameter. Moreover, theoretical probing is performed to validate the efficacy of the configured single controller engrossed in subduing chaos in APDJJJO. Lastly, the combination of three types of synchronization between two chaotic APDJJJO are analytically and numerically investigated.

Complex Rayleigh–van-der-Pol–Duffing Oscillators: Dynamics, Phase, Antiphase Synchronization, and Image Encryption

This paper introduces the complex Rayleigh–van-der- Pol–Duffing oscillators (RVDOs), which are hyperchaotic and can be autonomous or nonautonomous. The fundamental dynamics of the autonomous and nonautonomous complex RVDOs, including dissipation, symmetry, fixed points, and stability, are studied. These oscillators are found in various necessary fields of physics and engineering. The paper proposes a scheme to achieve phase synchronization (PS) and antiphase synchronization (APS) for different dimensional models. These kinds of synchronization are considered a generalization of several other types of synchronization. We use the active control method based on Lyapunov’s stability theory for this scheme. By analytically determining the control functions, the scheme achieved PS and APS. Our scheme is applied to study the PS of hyperchaotic behaviors for two distinct hyperchaotic nonautonomous and autonomous complex RVDOs. Additionally, the scheme is employed to achieve the APS of a chaotic real nonautonomous RVDO and a hyperchaotic complex autonomous RVDO, including those with different dimensions. Our work presents numerical results that plot the amplitudes and phases of these hyperchaotic behaviors, demonstrating the achievement of the PS and APS. The encryption and decryption of grayscale images are researched based on APS. The experimental results of image encryption and decryption are computed with information entropy, visual analysis, and histograms.

Fragmentation of data packets in wireless sensor network with variable temperature and channel conditions

This study formalizes and solves the problem of minimizing the energy dissipated by a node in order to successfully transmit the initial data amount during one round of communication over a wireless channel affected by Rice fading under varying temperature conditions. In this work, the models for the temperature dependence of the parameters in an incoherent frequency shift key (FSK) demodulator are presented and investigated for the first time, taking into account both the frequency separation and the synchronization type of the clock generator. The studied orthogonality coefficients of FSK signals represent internal parameters in the proposed model of the incoherent Rice wireless channel. This model allows the analytical relationship between the bit error probability (BEP) and node heating temperature, signal fading depth in the channel (Rician K-factor), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to be established.Since it is necessary to retransmit the entire data packet when an erroneous bit is detected in a communication system that uses an automatic repeat request, at high BEP values, it is recommended to fragment packets in order to improve the energy efficiency of the nodes. By using the developed models for calculating energy losses during the communication round, it was determined that optimal fragmentation options (OFO) for data packets can be identified within specific ranges of temperature and Rician K-factor, which includes the overhead costs for packeting and retransmission. As a result, OFO matrices of packets in the "temperature – K-factor" (t0–K) coordinate system were obtained for minimizing the energy loss of nodes at different SNR values. In our example of using TI CC2500 node transceivers for 90-day monitoring of corn vegetation, the t0K-Frag algorithm reduced node energy losses by a factor of K = 3.3 compared to the case of transmitting an unfragmented packet of initial length.

Piezoelectric energy harvesting and synchronization of excited and modified Huygens's pendulums.

We consider a model of modified Huygens pendulums in order to be able to study the dynamics of such a system and carry out piezoelectric energy harvesting and the effects of phenomena encountered on this energy harvesting. The modifications made to the system here are the use of compound pendulums, a parametric force, and the addition of a piezoelectric transducer for energy harvesting. Thanks to the Lagrangian formalism, the governing equations were established and the numerical resolution was made using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm. We observed the presence of several types of synchronization (in-phase, anti-phase, quadrature-phase) and the existence of periodic, multi-periodic, or chaotic dynamics. Also, synchronization plays an important role in energy harvesting, in particular, in-phase synchronization, which promises much better performance than anti-phase synchronization. The effects of system parameters (amplitude and frequency of parametric force, stiffness coefficient, electromechanical coupling coefficient, etc.) are also studied on synchronization and energy harvesting. These results have applications in the manufacture of sensors and actuators, the power supply of electronic devices, and the manufacture of autonomous devices.

Synchronization in synchromodality

One of the stepping stones towards the physical internet is synchromodality, which enables a seamless, flexible, and resilient interconnected network for door-to-door service. As its name suggests, synchronization is the core of synchromodality, but its concept is not yet clearly understood. This paper presents a classification of the literature on synchromodality based on proposed types of synchronization and discusses synchronization methods. Within the complexity of synchromodality, challenges in synchronization are recognized, resulting in several emerging issues. We recommend future research directions to address under-studied issues, highlighting the importance of multi-agent systems with learning for real-time decision making. Additionally, an integrated framework is developed to provide a comprehensive understanding of how synchronization works among various elements in a synchromodal transportation system.

Голографическая фотонная система фазовой синхронизации в спутниковом радиоканале

A necessary condition for the qualitative solution of telecommunication, infocommunication and navigation tasks in satellite communication systems is the presence of a high-precision synchronization system in satellite radio channels. It is indicated that the operation of the data exchange synchronization system in satellite radio channels is adversely affected by a number of external factors, such as, for example, the presence of the Doppler effect, errors in determining the relative speeds and directions of movement of artificial Earth satellites (ISS), the presence of a delay time of the transmitted signal due to significant distances between the nodes of the satellite communication network. The main disadvantages of modern synchronization systems used in satellite radio channels are given, and it is concluded that there is a relatively high probability of synchronism failure. It is indicated that the primary type of synchronization in a satellite radio channel is phase synchronization, the errors of which affect all subsequent types of synchronization (clock, frame and cycle). Analysis of the technical characteristics of modern phase synchronization systems in satellite radio channels allowed us to conclude that it is urgent to search for a new approach to the construction of these systems, which provides an increase in the speed and accuracy of their works. A possible way to solve this problem is the use of holographic photonics elements based on holographic sensing elements in measuring equipment that ensures the functioning and synchronization of satellite radio channels. The article solves the problem of constructing a holographic photonic phase synchronization system in a satellite radio channel. A technical solution is proposed to increase the speed, sensitivity and accuracy of the phase synchronization system by using a volumetric reflective Fourier hologram in the design of this system. A variant of the block diagram of the holographic photonic phase synchronization system is developed and the operation of this scheme is described. The constructive construction of optical elements of the developed block diagram in the form of electro-optical modulators and deflector optical systems is proposed. The individual features of the construction of these structural elements are indicated. The functional purpose of a volumetric reflective Fourier hologram in the design of a holographic photonic phase synchronization system is formulated. The regularities of changes in the parameters of optical fields in the holographic photonic elements of the phase synchronization system of a satellite radio channel are investigated. Concrete numerical examples demonstrate the possibility of providing high sensitivity and accuracy of a holographic photonic phase synchronization system.

Synchronization and desynchronization of chaotic models with integer, fractional and distributed-orders and a color image encryption application

For the first time, as we know, the generalization of combination synchronization (GCS) of chaotic dynamical models with integer, fractional and distributed-orders is studied in this paper. In the literature, this type of synchronization is considered as a generalization of numerous other kinds. We state the definition of GCS and it’s scheme using tracking control technique among two drive integer and fractional-order models and one response distributed-order model. A theorem is established and proven to give us the analytical formula for the control functions in order to achieve GCS. Numerical calculations are utilized to support these analytic results. We give an example to check the validity of the control functions to achieve GCS. Using the modified Predictor-Corrector method, we obtained numerical results for our models that are in good agreement with the analytical ones. In this work, also, we introduce both of the fractional-order hyperchaotic strongly coupled (FOHSC) Lorenz model and distributed-order hyperchaotic strongly coupled (DOHSC) Lorenz model. Since there are few articles on chaos desynchronization, we aim to study the chaos desynchronization of FOHSC and DOHSC Lorenz models. The encryption and decryption of color image are presented based on GCS between two drive integer and fractional-order models, respectively and one response distributed-order model. Information entropy, correlation analysis between adjacent pixels and histograms are determined together with the experimental results of color image encryption.

Delay Synchronization of Drive-Response Boolean Networks and Boolean Control Networks

This article investigates the delay synchronization of drive Boolean network (DBN) and response BN (RBN) [response Boolean control network (RBCN)]. Synchronization and time delay are two common phenomena in real life. In aircraft formation, the latter's trajectory is consistent with the former's, but there exists a time gap when they arrive at the same position, which illustrates that time delay can happen in the process of synchronization. According to the delay step depending on initial states or not, two types of delay synchronization are proposed: 1) weak and 2) strong delay synchronization. Compared with synchronization, delay synchronization is only the theoretical generalization and has different application fields. Using the results of limit sets, several criteria for delay synchronization of the DBN and RBN are derived. This article provides an important result that delay synchronization of the DBN and RBCN can be equivalent to set stabilization of the augmented BCN, then the necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained. Moreover, two algorithms are established to design all time-optimal state feedback controllers. Finally, two examples are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the results.

On the fractional‐order simplified Lorenz models: Dynamics, synchronization, and medical image encryption

This article discusses, for the first time as we know, the basic dynamics of commensurate and noncommensurate fractional‐order simplified Lorenz models, such as invariance, dissipation, stationary points, and the coexistence of chaotic attractors. These models have chaotic attractors and circles of stationary points. Our suggested models are derived from the Lorenz model, which appears in physics, engineering, and medicine (e.g., secure communications). Based on the tracking control method, we investigate a scheme for studying dual compound combination synchronization (DCCS) among 10 fractional‐order chaotic models. This kind of synchronization is a generalization of many other types in the literature. In order to achieve this type of synchronization, a theorem is established and proven to give us the analytical formula for the control functions. These analytical results are supported by numerical calculations. The encryption and decryption of medical image are presented based on DCCS of 10 fractional‐order chaotic models. Information entropy, correlation analysis between adjacent pixels, and histograms are computed together with the experimental results of medical image encryption.

Function matrix projection synchronization for the multi-time delayed fractional order memristor-based neural networks with parameter uncertainty

Fractional Order Memristor-Based Neural Networks (FOMBNNs) has the strong sensitivity to initial values and shows more complex paths, so its Projective Synchronization (PS) and applications have been widely used in the fields of security communication. Our main work intends to extend the scaling factor of PS to a function matrix depending on time t and proposes a new synchronization type for the first time, i.e., Function Matrix Projective Synchronization (FMPS) for FOMBNNs, whose scaling factor is highly variable over time and difficult to predict. However, the FOMBNNs is a state dependent discontinuous system and it is easy to produce complex nonlinearity, which makes the study of the FMPS becomes a challenge. Therefore, our work will commit to solving this problem and realizing the FMPS for multi-time delayed FOMBNNs with parameter uncertainty. Firstly, the error functions and FMPS are defined, which can be degenerated to matrix PS, modified PS, PS, anti-synchronization and complete synchronization. Then, for the multi-time delayed FOMBNNs with parameter uncertainty, the active controller is designed and the sufficient condition for realizing the FMPS is proved by using a Lyapunov functional and some Lemmas of fractional calculus. Finally, the FMPS of four numerical examples are given and trajectories of their synchronization errors approach to 0, which illustrate the efficiency of the proposed synchronization analysis. This research will provide a general method for studying the FMPS of other dynamical systems.

Dual Function Matrix Projective Synchronization for Fractional-order Hyperchaotic Systems

Abstract It is well known that the variability and complexity of projection proportionality factors of Dual Projective Synchronization (DPS) can effectively enhance signal confidentiality. However, in most literatures, the proportionality factors are some simple fixed constants, which can't ensure high security of information. For two pairs of fractional-order hyperchaotic systems (FOHS), how to expand the projection proportionality factors to increase its complexity? Then, our work will propose a new synchronization type, i.e., Dual Function Matrix Projective Synchronization (DFMPS) and realize the DFMPS for FOHS for the first time. Firstly, based on the traditional DPS, we generalize the proportionality factors to a general function matrix depending on time t, present the error functions and define the DFMPS. Then, for FOHS, the active controller and synchronization condition are designed and proved. At the same time, when the system is affected by parameter disturbance, the proposed active controller can eliminate the influence of parameter disturbance to the system's DFMPS, which indicates that the proposed control strategy has strong robustness. Finally, the DFMPS of two pairs of fractional-order hyperchaotic Chen and Rabinovich systems are realized, and synchronizing analysis and system robustness analysis are verified by numerical simulation. Particularly, the DFMPS can be degenerated to dual anti-synchronization, dual complete synchronization, DPS, modified DPS and dual matrix projective synchronization. This work extends the synchronization types for FOHS and offers a useful method to explore DFMPS for other fractional-order systems.

Chimera states in multiplex networks: Chameleon-like across-layer synchronization.

Different across-layer synchronization types of chimera states in multilayer networks have been discovered recently. We investigate possible relations between them, for example, if the onset of some synchronization type implies the onset of some other type. For this purpose, we use a two-layer network with multiplex inter-layer coupling. Each layer consists of a ring of non-locally coupled phase oscillators. While oscillators in each layer are identical, the layers are made non-identical by introducing mismatches in the oscillators' mean frequencies and phase lag parameters of the intra-layer coupling. We use different metrics to quantify the degree of various across-layer synchronization types. These include phase-locking between individual interacting oscillators, amplitude and phase synchronization between the order parameters of each layer, generalized synchronization between the driver and response layer, and the alignment of the incoherent oscillator groups' position on the two rings. For positive phase lag parameter mismatches, we get a cascaded onset of synchronization upon a gradual increase of the inter-layer coupling strength. For example, the two order parameters show phase synchronization before any of the interacting oscillator pairs does. For negative mismatches, most synchronization types have their onset in a narrow range of the coupling strength. Weaker couplings can destabilize chimera states in the response layer toward an almost fully coherent or fully incoherent motion. Finally, in the absence of a phase lag mismatch, sufficient coupling turns the response dynamics into a replica of the driver dynamics with the phases of all oscillators shifted by a constant lag.