Types Of Symbiotic Relationships Research Articles

Feeding ecology and interactions with mammal hosts in a symbiotic genus of birds (Buphagus spp.) in Namibia

As the sole obligate symbiotic birds in Africa, oxpeckers offer a unique model for studying symbiotic relationships. Due to the multitrophic level they occupy and the context dependent foraging behavior they exhibit, the type of symbiotic relationship can be variable. In addition to providing a cleaning service to the host by removing ticks, oxpeckers frequently feed on blood, mucus, and saliva, inflicting potential damage on the host. Here, we used DNA metabarcoding on faecal samples to analyze the taxonomic composition of the trophic interactions of the Yellow-billed Oxpecker (Buphagus africanus) and Red-billed Oxpecker (B. erythrorhynchus) in northeastern Namibia. In contrast to conventional methods, DNA metabarcoding allows for a detailed identification of dietary resources encompassing both mammal hosts and consumed arthropods within the same samples. With this information, we examined differences in the diet composition between oxpecker species and localities, as well as the co-occurrence between host and arthropod species. Our findings revealed that oxpeckers predominantly source their diet from mammals, ticks, and flies; however, ticks and flies rarely co-occur in the diet of an individual. We observed variability among individuals in their feeding ecology, which is strongly correlated with locality and, to a lesser extent, with the mammal host. We noted a high degree of mobility between hosts within relatively short periods, with 32% of the samples showing traces of at least two mammal hosts. This study illustrates the dynamic foraging behavior of these specialized symbiotic birds, shedding light on their potential role in pest control services and disease transmission.

ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF ORAL BIOCENOSIS REPRESENTATIVES

Medicine pays great attention to the study of microbial organizations on surfaces and in body cavities. In dentistry, it is scientifically proven that plaque microorganisms are the cause of the appearance and development of dental caries. Representatives of the microflora that causes dental caries belong to the normal flora of the oral cavity. Regarding the microbial beginning, a paradigm is currently being developed that this pathology arises due to a violation of the dynamic balance between the forces of opposing, opposing biological objects macroand microorganisms. Recently, studies have begun to address the problem of the symbiosis of microorganisms on biological objects in the form of biofilms. Depending on the tasks that researchers in this field set themselves, the attitude towards microorganisms changes from negative to exactly opposite. This situation makes it relevant to consider the relationship between representatives of the oral microflora. Understanding the interactions between them can help in choosing a therapeutic effect with optimal parameters (type, method, strength, duration). The purpose of this article is to consider the possibility of representing the relationship between the associates of an oral biotope using mathematical analysis. n general, when processing dynamic statistics use similar mathematical formulas. The formula of adhesion index Lactobacillus paracasei 1 is most adapted to the purposes of our research. We will replace in it PA on antagonistic activity, DK1 on number of microorganisms at lower KPU, DK2 on number of microorganisms at higher KPU, Dop on number of microorganisms at the minimum KPU possible for acceptance for the norm. In this case, we get an expression by which we can assess with a certain degree of accuracy the antagonistic activity of the microorganisms-associates of the oral habitat studied by the staff of UMSA. The calculation of the formula can be done using mathematical online calculators.
 The authors, on the basis of studies carried out at the bases of the departments of therapeutic dentistry, microbiology, virology and immunology (UMSA, Poltava), as well as the methods of mathematical accounting used in medicine in such studies, put forward their own approach to accounting for the relationship between the associates of oral biocenosis. One type of symbiotic relationship is antagonism. The antagonistic activity of representatives of the oral biotope was taken as the basis for determining intermicrobial interactions: corynebacteria (Corinebacterium), Candida fungi, hemolytic streptococci (S. γ-haemolyticus, to which S. Mutans belongs).
 The determination of the antagonistic activity of the representatives of the oral biotope was carried out at different intensities of the carious process. It showed that in most cases this is possible. Symbiotic relationships within the oral biocenosis can manifest as antagonism, as indicated by the antagonistic activity index, which in most cases can be calculated. Antagonistic activity can be determined more precisely, for which it is necessary to choose the most suitable methods.
 Populations of bacteria, plants, animals any living species, getting into favorable conditions, increase their numbers exponentially. After some time, due to the excessive size of the population, the habitat is depleted and destroyed. There is an ecological crisis, during which the population is rapidly declining to a level lower than the degraded capacity of the environment. There is a collapse. If during the collapse of the environment is gradually restored, then the population increases. It is in the stabilization phase, and its number will fluctuate at a level set by the capacity of the environment. If not, the population is extinct.
 The antagonistic activity of the biocenosis associates can serve as an indicator of their transition to the “conditionally pathogenic pathogenic” line. An insignificant increase in S. γ-haemolyticus colonies with an increase in the intensity of caries forces us to pay more attention to the study of the cariogenic representative of this group of microorganisms.
 The data on antagonistic activity can be used in carrying out hygienic measures and in the use of methods of influencing the oral microbiocenosis in the treatment of caries. These data on antagonistic activity may have predictive value.

Sleeping with the enemy: unravelling the symbiotic relationships between the scale wormNeopolynoe chondrocladiae(Annelida: Polynoidae) and its carnivorous sponge hosts

AbstractThe North Atlantic deep-water polynoid worm Neopolynoe chondrocladiae is involved in an exceptional symbiotic relationship with two hosts: the carnivorous sponges Chondrocladia robertballardi and Chondrocladia virgata. While this is an obligate symbiotic relationship, its real nature is unclear. We used a multidisciplinary approach to narrow down the type of symbiotic relationship between symbiont and hosts. Molecular connectivity analyses using COI and 16S suggest that N. chondrocladiae has high potential for dispersal, connecting sites hundreds of kilometres apart, likely aided by oceanographic currents. Microbial analyses on different anatomical parts of five Chondrocladia species suggest that the presence of the worm in C. robertballardi does not affect the microbiome of the sponge. MicroCT analysis on N. chondrocladiae show that it has dorsally oriented parapodia, which might prevent the worm from getting trapped in the sponge. A faecal pellet recovered from the worm suggests that the polynoid feeds on the crustacean prey captured by the sponge, something corroborated by our stable isotope analysis. Light and confocal microscopy images suggest that N. chondrocladiae elytra produce bioluminescence. We propose that the worm might use bioluminescence as a lure for prey (increasing the food available for both the sponge and the polynoid) and thus fuelling a mutualistic relationship.

城市废弃物资源化共生网络:概念、特征及体系解析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 城市废弃物资源化共生网络:概念、特征及体系解析 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201603240531 作者: 作者单位: 福州大学经济与管理学院 福州,福州大学经济与管理学院 福州 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（71573114）；福建省社会科学规划项目（FJ2015C123）；福建省软科学项目（2016R0002） Symbiosis network for municipal waste recycling: concept, characteristics, and architecture analysis Author: Affiliation: School of Economics and Management,Fuzhou University,School of Economics and Management,Fuzhou University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:挖掘城市废弃物中有价值的资源，已经成为世界各国开展废弃物开发与管理的共同选择。产业共生是推动经济绿色发展和提高资源效率的战略工具，已经成为探讨废弃物资源化利用问题的重要视角。将产业共生理论引入城市废弃物资源化利用领域，提出城市废弃物资源化共生网络的概念，并将其典型特征概括为"四个统一"，即价值网络与责任网络的统一，集聚共生与虚拟共生的统一，稳健型与脆弱性的统一以及自组织性与主体建构性的统一。借鉴超网络理论构建城市废弃物资源化共生网络体系的结构模型，并从共生单元、共生模式、共生界面和共生环境4个层面对该模型进行详细解析。城市废弃物资源化共生网络可分为核心网络和外围网络，两者之间存在全方位、多层次的合作机制。在城市废弃物资源化共生网络中，共生单元具有多层次性和多样性特征，它们之间存在着不同类型、效率各异的共生关系，推动共生模式向对称互惠一体化共生进化是破解城市废弃物资源化利用难题的关键；共生界面具有物质交换、能量传递、信息共享、知识传播及利益协调等多样化功能，而共生关系的进化以及共生界面功能发挥又依赖于优越的共生环境。此外，城市废弃物资源化共生网络有依托型、平等型、嵌套型和虚拟型等4种运作模式，国内典型案例分析表明这4种运作模式将长期并存。 Abstract:Mining valuable resources in municipal waste is often used to exploit and manage waste across the world. Industrial symbiosis is a strategic tool that can promote green economic development and improve resource efficiency, which has become important aspects of waste resource utilization. This study introduces industrial symbiosis theory to municipal waste resource recycling, promotes the concept of municipal waste recycling symbiosis network, and summarizes the typical characteristics of a municipal waste recycling symbiosis network into "four unifications". These are the unification of the value network and the responsibility network, unification of cluster symbiosis and virtual symbiosis, unification of robustness and vulnerability, and unification of self-organization and subject constructiveness. A theoretical model, based on super network theory, was built to architecturally analyze a municipal waste recycling symbiosis network. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the model, this study undertook a detailed analysis of the model using the symbiotic unit, the symbiotic mode, the symbiotic interface, and the symbiotic environment. The model suggests that the symbiosis network for municipal waste recycling can be divided into two networks: the core network and the peripheral network. The core network consists of suppliers, recyclers, resource enterprises, and regeneration enterprises, whereas the peripheral network consists of governments, financial institutions, university research institutes, media outlets, industrial associations, and intermediary agencies. There is a comprehensive and multi-level cooperation mechanism between the two networks. Furthermore, the symbiotic unit is very diverse and has multi-level characteristics. There are different types of symbiotic relationships between symbiotic units with varying efficiency. Consequently, it is important to move primary symbiosis towards symmetric reciprocal and integrated symbiosis when attempting to solve municipal waste recycling problems. In the symbiosis network for municipal waste recycling, the symbiotic interface has material exchange, energy transfer, information sharing, knowledge dissemination, and interest coordination functions. The evolution of the symbiosis relationship and the functional efficiency of the symbiosis interface rely on a good quality symbiotic environment. In addition, there are four operation modes for a municipal waste recycling symbiosis network. These are the reliant, equal, nested, and virtual modes. A typical case analysis in China showed that these four operation modes coexist over the longer term. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The principle of genome complementarity in the enhancement of plant adaptive capacities

In the present work, the potential for the enhancement of the adaptive capacity of microbe-plant systems (MPSs) through the integration of the symbiosis partners' genomes is considered on the example of different types of symbiotic relationships. The accumulated data on the genetic control of interactions for both the plant and microbe, which are discussed in the paper with respect to signaling genes, suggest that it is the complementarity of genetic determinants that underlies the successful formation of MPSs. A eukaryotic genome with limited information content, which is stable throughout a generation, is complemented by a virtually unlimited prokaryotic metagenome. The microsymbiont's ability to adapt to different living conditions is based on the restructuring of the accessory genome by different mechanisms, which are likely to be activated under the influence of plants, although the details of such a regulation remain unknown. Features of the genetic control of the interaction, particularly its universal character for different symbionts, allow us to formulate a principle of genome-complementarity with respect to interacting organisms and consider it an important factor, an adaptation that enhances the abilities of M PSs for their sustainable development in natural ecosystems and for high plant productivity in agrocenoses.

Genitalia-associated microbes in insects.

In sexual reproduction different types of symbiotic relationships between insects and microbes have become established. For example, some bacteria have evolved almost exclusive vertical transmission and even define the compatibility of insect mating partners. Many strictly sexually transmitted diseases have also been described in insects. Apart from such rather specific relationships the role of opportunistic infections in the reproductive process has been widely neglected. Opportunistic microbes transmitted passively during mating might impose an energetic cost, as the immune system will need to be alert and will use resources to fight potential intruders. Through mating wounds and contaminated reproductive organs opportunistic microbes might be transferred to mating partners and even enter the body cavity. Females as the "receiving" sex are particularly likely to have evolved adaptations to avoid or reduce opportunistic infections. Males of several species show highly complex seminal fluids, which as well as containing components that influence a males' fertilization success, also possess antimicrobial substances. The role of antimicrobials in the reproductive process is not well understood. Some evidence hints at the protection of sperm against microbes, indicating a role for natural selection in shaping the evolution of reproductive traits. By highlighting the potential importance of microbes in sexual selection and their role in reproduction in general I will make a case for studies in sexual selection, especially the ones investigating postcopulatory processes, that should incorporate environmental, as well as genotypic variation, in reproductive traits.

The mycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake stimulates Pinus densiflora seedling growth in vitro.

While it has been suggested that Matsutake mycorrhizae might not be functional and that Matsutake may behave as a saprobic fungus in soil or even have some pathogenic activity on seedlings, we investigated the consequences of Matsutake inoculation on Pinus densiflora growth. Seventy-five days after inoculation, hyphae were anchored on short roots and well-developed Hartig net palmettis were observed. Compared to both control treatments--seedlings treated with distilled water and seedlings treated with autoclaved mycelium--inoculation significantly stimulated seedling total dry weight by 70.9% and 98.0%, respectively. These findings attest that some type of symbiotic relationship must be functional and favour host growth, ruling out claims of pathogenicity under the sterile conditions used here.

Competition and Symbiosis in a Chemical World

A possible road for the emergence of complexity in artificial inhomogeneous chemical systems is analyzed. We build a reaction−diffusion model inspired from a surfactant-based scheme leading to the formation of micelles and vesicles. Our model only relies on autocatalysis and the existence of a critical concentration. Depending on the parameter values of the extended dynamical system, this simple model already accounts for typical behaviors of living organisms. In particular, competition and different types of symbiotic relationships are reproduced.