Types Of Sawdust Research Articles

Application of principal component analysis (PCA) to the study of the influence of the thermochemical treatment process of tropical wood sawdust on the calorific, mechanical, physicochemical and combustion properties of the resulting fuel briquettes

Despite its potential for environmentally friendly energy production, lignocellulosic biomass has less advantageous physicochemical properties that limit its optimal industrial use. This study used principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the effects of two thermochemical processing methods (torrefaction and carbonization) on the calorific, physicochemical, mechanical and combustion properties of the resulting biofuels. Various types of tropical sawdust (Dabema, Dibetou, Fraké, Samba and Iroko) are subjected to these treatments, then densified and characterized for energy applications. Specific fuel consumption varies from Samba torrefied (Sam t: 0.69 kg/L) to Samba carbonized (Sam c: 1.48 kg/L). Higher heating values range from Samba torrefied (Sam t: 23983 kJ/kg) to Iroko torrefied (Iro t: 27,442 kJ/kg). Burning speed varies from Samba carbonized (Sam c: 3.07 g/min) to Iroko torrefied (Iro t: 4 g/min). The impact resistance index ranges from 187.5 to 500% for Dibetou torrefied (Dib t) and Samba carbonized (Sam c), respectively. Densities are between Samba carbonized (Sam c: 297.83 kg/m3) and Dibetou carbonized (Dib c: 393.69 kg/m3). The results indicate that these techniques are promising approaches for improving biomass properties. In sum, the PCA reveals that the effect of treatment type on fuel characteristics also depends on the properties of the initial biomass.

Production of sawdust and chicken fat briquettes as an alternative solid fuel

This study focuses on converting underutilized or discarded sawdust from Eucalyptus grandis (EG) and Pinus elliottii (PE), along with roasting chicken oil (RCO) and chicken visceral oil (CVO), into alternative briquettes. Employing heuristic methods and branch-and-bound techniques, 27 experiments were conducted based on a central composite design (CCD), including two central point repetitions. The energy density (ED) of the briquettes was evaluated immediately after production (EDi) and three months later (EDf). The higher heating value (HHV), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with its first derivative, and cost of each briquette were also characterized. Increasing chicken oil content improved HHV, initial ED, reduced ash content, and enhanced thermal degradation performance. However, exceeding 15% oil content caused wastage during pressing. Excessive CVO use is cost-prohibitive unless produced by the poultry industry. The optimal briquette was obtained in experiment 9 with 21.25% EG, 63.75% PE, 3.75% CVO, and 11.25% RCO by mass. Structural neighbors were identified based on this composition. Sawdust type and particle size had minimal impact on the results.

Fractional condensation of bio-oil vapors from pyrolysis of various sawdust wastes in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor

The use of lignocellulosic waste as an energy source for substituting fossil fuels has attracted lots of attention, and pyrolysis has been established as an effective technology for this purpose. However, the utilization of bio-oil derived from non-catalytic pyrolysis faces certain constraints, making it impractical for direct application in advanced sectors. This study has focused on overcoming these challenges by employing fractional condensation of pyrolytic vapors at distinct temperatures. The potential of five types of sawdust for producing high-quality bio-oil through pyrolysis conducted with a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor was investigated for the first time. The highest yield of bio-oil (61.94 wt%) was produced using sample 3 (damaged timber). Remarkably, phenolic compounds were majorly gathered in the 1st and 2nd condensers at temperatures of 200 °C and 150 °C, respectively, attributing to their higher boiling points. Whereas, carboxylic acid, ketones, and furans were mainly collected in the 3rd (−5 °C) and 4th (−20 °C) condensers, having high water content in the range of 35.33%–65.09%. The separation of acidic nature compounds such as acetic acid in the 3rd and 4th was evidenced by its low pH in the range of 4–5, while the pH of liquid collected in the 1st and 2nd condensers exhibited higher pH (6–7). The well-separated bio-oil derived from biomass pyrolysis facilitates its wide usage in various applications, proposing a unique approach toward carbon neutrality. In particular, achieving efficient separation of phenolic compounds in bio-oil is important, as these compounds can undergo further upgrading to generate hydrocarbons and diesel fuel.

Properties of pellets made of agglomerated pine and spruce sawdust with theaddition of wheat bran

The effect of the addition of 10%, 15% and 20% wheat bran to pine and spruce sawdust on the kineticstrength, bulk density and specific density of the conglomerate pellet was determined. It turned out that with anincreasing proportion of wheat bran in the sawdust mixture, there was a gradual increase in specific densitycompared to that of pellets agglomerated from wood sawdust alone. At a 20 per cent share of wheat bran, therewas a 7 per cent increase in the kinetic strength of pellets obtained from both types of sawdust. Slight fluctuationsin the bulk density of the pellets occurred with a change in the proportion of wheat bran. The share of wheat branranging from 10% to 20% in the absolutely dry sawdust mixture did not decrease the calorific value. The significantdecrease in calorific value of 13% was mainly due to the increase in moisture content to 12% of the sawdust-wheatbran mixture.

Mechanical Properties of Self-Compacting Paste System Using Wood Saw Dust- an Eco-Friendly Application

An attempt is made in the field of high performance self-compacting cementitious system to have an eco-friendly construction material utilizing raw materials, in this case wood waste sawdust. Two different types of wood sawdust (SD) namely, kikar (Vachellia Nilotica) sawdust (KSD) and partal (Abies pindrow) sawdust (PSD) were used with neat Portland cement paste system in replacement mode. The replacement of SD was 3%, 5% and 7% in each case. results showed a consistency in the slight decrease of compressive strengths, the reduction in shrinkage with samples having sawdust (SD) were highly significant. the effect of water and air curing along with the water absorption capacity of sawdust in powder form and the comparison of water uptake of self-compacting paste samples with and without sawdust at different days during wet curing showed that sawdust has the potential to serve as an internal curing agent in self-compacting cementitious system.

Analysis of the effect of temperature and raw material mixes on the pyrolysis process with single retort-rocket stove technology on the characteristics of sawdust charcoal briquettes

Government-subsidized LPG gas as household fuel for the poor is increasingly scarce. The discourse to return to using traditional fuels emerged because one of the biomass wastes, namely wood processing in the form of sawdust produced by small and medium industries, can be used to replace LPG gas. This study aims to determine the effect of peak temperature and sawdust mixture on making charcoal briquettes with Single Retort-Rocket Stove Pyrolysis Technology. This technology is one of the alternative pyrolysis technology used for self-heating. This technology is cleaner because the smoke can help speed up combustion to be more energy-efficient. The Rocket Stove system allows spreading of heat from the bottom to the top of the reactor. The raw material for use from Mahogany and Sonokeling Sawdust. Both types of sawdust combine with different ratios. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) non-factorial methods showed that all treatments, namely the ratio of sawdust mixtures and the temperature settings used, greatly influenced the proximate value obtained, where all experiments were very significantly different because Fcalculate > Ftable (0.05). The best briquette proximate results were found in an optimum mixture of rosewood and mahogany with a ratio of 70:30 at 350°C with a setting time of 1 hour, which is close to the SNI 01-6235 standard, with respective characteristic values, namely: 5.5% moisture content; ash content 5.3%; bonded carbon 66.2%; volatile matter content of 22.8% and a caloric value of 6470 cal/gr.

Influence on the Incorporation of Carbonate Minerals as Stabilizers in Clay and Sawdust-Based Blocks for Thermal Insulation

This research is focused on the influence of carbonate minerals on the properties of ceramic blocks as a replacement for commercial stabilizers, using three types of clays and sawdust as raw materials extracted from Chiapas, Mexico, for their application in thermal insulation on lightweight construction systems of local buildings. The effective thermal conductivity of each sample was tested by the guarded hot plate method in a permanent state, and their physical and chemical properties were determined by water absorption, X-ray powder diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. The results directed attention toward the knowledge of the role of the parameters in improving the thermal insulation properties, highlighting calcite as a favorable stabilizer in the manufacture of such blocks. Furthermore, the parameter affecting the thermal conductivity of the samples is the mass percentage of magnesium oxide (MgO) in a positive linear trend. Finally, the volumetric proportions of the sawdust as a pore-forming aggregate influence the decrease in the bulk density in the ceramic blocks and, thus, the reduction in the thermal conductivity.

Effect of different-sized bulking agents on nitrification process during food waste digestate composting

ABSTRACT Food waste digestate (FWD) disposal is a serious bottleneck in anaerobic digestion plants to achieve a circular bioeconomy. FWD could be recycled into nitrogen-rich compost; however, the co-composting process optimisation along with bulking agents is required to reduce nitrogen loss and unwanted gaseous emissions. In the present study, two different-sized bulking agents, namely, wood shaving (WS) and fine sawdust (FS), were used to investigate their impact on FWD composting performance along with the nitrogen dynamics. The mixing of FWD with different bulking agents altered the physiochemical characteristics of composting matrix and the effective composting performance was observed through reduced ammonium nitrogen and increased seed germination index during 28 days of composting. The carbon loss of 19–22% through CO2 emission indicated similar carbon mineralisation with both types of sawdust; however, the nitrogen transformation pathways were different. Only WS treatment demonstrated the nitrification process, whereas the nitrogen loss was higher with FS. A total nitrogen loss of ∼15% was observed in treatments with FS, whereas WS treatments displayed a nitrogen loss of 12%. The outcome of the present study could significantly contribute to the practical aspect of the FWD composting operation with the promotion of the bio-recycling economy.

Influence of extraction techniques on the adsorption capacity of methylene blue on sawdust: Optimization by full factorial design

Wood wastes have been widely studied for their adsorption properties in recent years. Researchers have mainly been interested in Atlas cedar sawdust. The present work studies four adsorbents after different extraction (hydrodistillation, soxhlet, maceration, and ultrasound) for methylene blue adsorption. The points discussed concern the operating conditions used during adsorption, thermodynamic, kinetic and other models describing the adsorbent-adsorbate system, and the effect of the main operating parameters (adsorbate concentration, treatment pH, and adsorbent concentration) was investigated using the full factorial design. The best adsorbent is the residue of sawdust generated after extraction via maceration: the yield of methylene blue adsorption is 98.42 % and the adsorbed quantity (Qads = 7.84 mg/g) is close to that of powdered activated carbon used for comparison (Qads = 9 mg/g). According to the kinetic result, the second order describes well the adsorption of MB onto the four types of Cedar Sawdust. The thermodynamic study confirms the physisorption process in which the enthalpy was found low to 40 kJ·mol−1.

Identification and quantification of valuable platform chemicals in aqueous product streams from a preliminary study of a large pilot-scale steam explosion of woody biomass using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Steam explosion breaks down the polymeric matrix and enables the recovery of valuable compounds from lignocellulosic feedstock. In the steam explosion process, biomass is treated with high-pressure steam which subsequently generates large quantities of a condensed aqueous liquid (process effluent) and a filtered aqueous liquid (filtrate) that contain furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-methylfurfural, methanol, and acetic acid as major constituents. This study addresses the identification and quantification of value-added chemicals in the aqueous product streams using quantitative analytical nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with water suppression. This work reports a screening study for two different types of sawdust (Norway spruce and birch) at two different scales (4 L and 10 L reactors) using different reaction temperatures (190–223 °C) and corresponding pressures (13–24 bar), with and without the addition of SO2 gas. The duration of all experiments was 8 min. The process effluents contained acetic acid, methanol, formic acid, 5-methylfurfural, and furfural. Acetic acid (0.5 g/kg dry input biomass) and furfural (1.0 g/kg dry input biomass) were more abundant than methanol, formic acid, and 5-methylfurfural for both feedstocks. The addition of SO2 increased the furfural yields, indicating more efficient hydrolysis of hemicelluloses under acidic conditions. Filtrate samples also contained 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, with the highest concentrations (5.7–6.0 g/kg dry input biomass) in the filtrates from spruce. The different feedstocks and steam explosion temperatures strongly influenced the overall yields of the target compounds, in some cases tripling the concentrations. The results can be used to improve the profit margins in a pellets and chemicals biorefinery, as demonstrated in the ArbaOne pellets plant.

The Effect of Adding Wood Chips on The Decomposition of Sludge from Seafood Processing Wastewater Treatment System

This study evaluates the effect of various wood chips on the sludge decomposition process. Sludge from Surimi processing wastewater treatment system (AS) of Danifood factory in Danang city was mixed with local wood chips as bulking agents (BA) including Khaya senegalensis (D), Acasia (A) and sawdust (S). The weight ratio of AS/BA added to each aerobic model was 1:1, 1.5:1 and 2:1 for K, A and S, respectively. The results showed that variations of temperature and pH were suitable for aerobic biochemical process. K and S model reached 50 °C in three days and remained stably for next four days, whereas A reached 50 °C after ten days and remained stably for six days. The value of seed germination index from decomposed sludge was more than 80% for K and A whereas 48 - 60 % for S. It is necessary to consider the type or composition of sawdust when utilize it as a BA. In addition, the TOC and T-N of AS after decomposition met Vietnamese standard for organic fertilizer quality, so they could be used to supply nutrients to plants. This study is an important basis for the BAs selection to conduct experiments aim at AS recovery.

Mechanical Performance of Mortar and Concrete Using Borneo Wood Sawdust as Replacement of Fine Aggregate

This study aims to analyze the utilization of wood sawdust from Borneo Island as a replacement for fine aggregate. For that purpose, two types of sawdust will be used, which are sawdust from ulin wood (Eusideroxylon Zwageri) and meranti wood (Shorea spp.). Subsequently, to test the effectiveness of replacing fine aggregate with sawdust, the compressive strength tests were carried out for mortar and concrete samples. Furthermore, the fine aggregate replacement ratio in all samples was set to 2.5% and 5% for both types of sawdust. Moreover, samples were also made by adding 0.5 kg/m3 and 1 kg/m3 of ulin and meranti sawdust to the concrete mixture. The compressive strength results of mortar samples show that sawdust from ulin wood has a better effect compared to meranti wood. In addition, the combination of sawdust from ulin and meranti gave a better effect in increasing the strength of the mortar samples. The same pattern could also be observed in the concrete samples, where ulin wood sawdust provides a good strength-enhancing effect, especially when used as an addition to the fine aggregate. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use sawdust, especially from ulin wood, as a material for making green concrete.

Structural and thermal study of hemicellulose and lignin removal from two types of sawdust to isolate cellulose

Structural and thermal study of hemicellulose and lignin removal from two types of sawdust to isolate cellulose

Sawdust wastes-derived porous carbons for CO2 adsorption. Part 1. Optimization preparation via orthogonal experiment

• Orthogonal experiments were conducted to prepare sawdust-derived porous carbons. • Granulation destroys original porous structure of sawdust-derived porous carbons. • Sawdust-derived porous carbon extrudates are inferior to powders for CO 2 adsorption. • Sawdust-derived porous carbon extrudates possess good mechanical property. Sawdust wastes were used as the low-cost feedstock to prepare porous carbons by KOH activation, and the preparation parameters were optimized via orthogonal experiment. Four main activation parameters (i.e., sawdust type, KOH/sawdust ratio, activation temperature and activation time) were investigated. It is found that activation temperature and KOH/sawdust ratio are the two most important parameters that affect the porous texture properties (specific surface area and micropore volume) of sawdust wastes-derived porous carbons. The optimal sawdust wastes-derived porous carbon possesses a high specific surface area of 1601 m 2 /g and a micropore volume of 0.75 cm 3 /g, therefore exhibiting a desirable CO 2 adsorption capacity of 4.25 mmol/g at 0 °C under ambient pressure. Comparatively, the sawdust wastes-derived porous carbon extrudates exhibit the inferior CO 2 adsorption capacity, dropping to 2.85–3.03 mmol/g. It is mainly attributed to the extrusion treatment and binder addition causing the collapse and blockage of the original porous structure, consequently increasing the CO 2 diffusion and adsorption resistance. However, the sawdust wastes-derived porous carbon extrudates possess the advantages of null pressure build-up, improved bulk density and high compress strength (7.3–12.3 MPa) considering the real application point of view.

Visualization of Combustion Phases of Biomass Particles: Effects of Fuel Properties.

This work established a high-speed camera-assisted visualization system that investigated the effect of volatile matter and fixed carbon content in biomass particles on single-particle combustion phases and their luminous properties. Three types of biomass particles, namely, sawdust (a mixture of pine and willow), corncob, and rice husk, were examined on a Hencken flat-flame burner. The luminous region and intensity of single biomass particles were closely related to the flammability and calorific value of biomass fuel and derived by analyzing a sequence of images captured using a high-speed camera. The combustion temperature was determined through analysis of its radiant energy. The results showed that the ignition mechanisms of volatile matter and fixed carbon corresponded to homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, respectively. The maximum luminous region values of 1.75 × 106, 2.1 × 106, and 1.0 × 106 μm2 for sawdust (SD), corncob (CC), and rice husk (RH) correlated to the volatile matter content of each biomass sample, which was 69.38, 74.15, and 64.56%, respectively. Because of the high fixed carbon content, the peak temperature of the SD particles could reach 1549 °C. The luminous region and intensity of the combusting particles were significantly affected by the volatile matter and fixed carbon, respectively.

Properties of Thermobifida fusca peroxidase Tfu-1649 and its combined synergistic effects with xylanase on lignocellulose degradation

Lignocelluloses are comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignins, which constitute plant biomass. Since peroxidases can degrade lignins, the authors examined peroxidase Tfu-1649, which is secreted from the thermophilic actinomycetes, Thermobifida fusca BCRC 19214. After cultivating for 48 h, the culture broth accumulated 43.66 U/mL of peroxidase activity. The treatment of four types of lignocellulolytic byproducts, i.e., bagasse, corncob, pin sawdust, and Zizania latifolia Turcz husk, with Tfu-1649 alone increased the total phenolic compounds, with limited reducing sugars, but treatment with xylanase, Tfu-11, and peroxidase Tfu-1649 showed synergistic effects. Hence, the co-operative degradation of lignocelluloses by both peroxidase and xylanase could contribute to biomass decomposition and further applications in the agricultural and environmental industries.

Application of polystyrene nanofibers filled with sawdust as separator pads for separation of oil spills

In this work we report the use of separator pads made of polystyrene nanofibers filled with sawdust for the separation of oil spills. The polystyrene nanofiber membrane was first synthetized using two electrospinning and impregnation methods, and then the synthetized pads were filled with different types of sawdust including willows, poplars and chipboards. The proposed pads were utilized for the separation of oil spills from aqueous solutions. Pre-experiments showed that the poplar sawdust with particle size in the range 40–60 mesh had the highest sorption capacity for the separation of different oil spills. The adsorption capacity of the pads synthetized by the both electrospinning and impregnation methods for the separation of the all types of oil spills decreased with increasing reaction temperature. Moreover, their sorption capacity decreased with increasing pH up to natural pH, and then slightly increased by increasing the solution pH. The results showed that under optimum conditions (reaction temperature=25°C, pH=4, and contact time=1min), the adsorption capacities of the proposed pads by impregnation method for the separation of motor oil, diesel oil, furnace oil, and crude oil were 1, 0.63, 0.97 and 0.59g/g, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption capacities of the pads prepared by electrospinning method for the mentioned oils were 1.41, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.1g/g, respectively. The synthesized pads made of polystyrene nanofibers and sawdust offered a high efficiency for the removal of different types of oil spills, and therefore they can be used as cheap, available, reusable, eco-friendly and efficient technology for the separation of oil pollution in water aqueous.

Influence of Wooden Sawdust Treatments on Cu(II) and Zn(II) Removal from Water.

Organic waste materials and semi-products containing cellulose are used as low-cost adsorbents that are able to compete with conventional sorbents. In addition, their capacity to bind heavy metal ions can be intensified by chemical treatments using mineral and organic acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and organic compounds. In this paper, we studied the biosorption capacity of natural and modified wooden sawdust of poplar, cherry, spruce, and hornbeam in order to remove heavy metals from acidic model solutions. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed changes of the functional groups due to the alkaline modification of sawdust, which manifested in the considerably increased intensity of the hydroxyl peaks. The adsorption isotherm models clearly indicated that the adsorptive behavior of metal ions in treated sawdust satisfied not only the Langmuir model, but also the Freundlich model. The adsorption data obtained for studied sorbents were better fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model for both metals, except for spruce sawdust. Surface complexation and ion exchange are the major mechanisms involved in metal ion removal. We investigated the efficiency of the alkaline modified sawdust for metal removal under various initial concentrations of Cu(II) and Zn(II) from model solutions. The highest adsorption efficiency values (copper 94.3% at pH 6.8 and zinc 98.2% at pH 7.3) were obtained for poplar modified by KOH. For all types of sawdust, we found that the sorption efficiency of modified sorbents was higher in comparison to untreated sawdust. The value of the pH initially increased more in the case of modified sawdust (8.2 for zinc removal with spruce NaOH) and then slowly decreased (7.0 for Zn(II) with spruce NaOH).

Effects of Smoking Temperature, Smoking Time, and Type of Wood Sawdust on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Accumulation Levels in Directly Smoked Pork Sausages

Smoking is an excellent food preservation method but also a source of contamination of foodstuffs with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Herein we investigated the influence of smoking temperature, smoking time, and type of wood sawdust used as smoke source on PAH levels attained through controlled smoking of pork sausages. Four PAHs (benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene) were monitored, as required by European Commission Regulation 835/2011. PAH concentrations increased continuously both with higher temperatures (55-95 °C) and with longer smoking periods (2-9 h), although the level of benzo[a]pyrene exhibited a tendency to plateau after 6 h. Among seven types of hardwoods tested, plum, alder, and birch yielded PAH concentrations considerably higher than that of commonly used beech, and oak showed similar levels to beech while apple and, to a lesser extent, walnut caused lower levels of sausage contamination. These findings could guide the establishment of good practices in the smoked meat industry.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Two-way Pretreated Sawdust of <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> and <i>Cupressus lusitanica</i>

Sawdust in Ethiopia, despite of its abundance, is not being properly utilized. Pre-treatment has been found to be crucial step before enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic resources to obtain sugars from such resources. Various pre-treatment methods have been developed to facilitate these bio-conversion processes. This research was aimed at investigating the effects of the combined pretreatments of steam and mild NaOH with white rot fungi (WRF) on sawdust samples from Eucalyptus globulus and Cupressus lusitanica were investigated. The amounts of losses of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contents of the pretreated sawdust samples were measured. Samples of the pretreated sawdust samples were then subjected to the enzymes from the hydrolytic wood rot fungi for hydrolysis into fermentable sugars. It was observed that lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose losses of the two sawdust types increased with the increasing incubation days but lignin and hemicellulose were preferentially degraded than cellulose. Sugar yield obtained from the sawdust pretreated in the combination of NaOH with WRF and steam with WRF was significantly higher compared to the yield obtained from the NaOH and steam alone pretreated sawdust samples. Pretreatment by the combination of NaOH with the wood rot fungi significantly modified the recalcitrance nature of the sawdust samples than when steam combined with the fungi. Similarly, with increasing enzymatic hydrolysis periods, sugar yields significantly increased. Higher sugar yields were obtained from sawdust samples of E. globulus than C. lusitanica. The ligninolytic and cellulolytic fungi tested resulted in a notable sugar yields indicating the possible application of the wood rot fungi in sugar production from lignocellulosic sawdust wastes which could be used for different industrial applications.