Types Of Sauces Research Articles

Brand Management Strategy of Kweichow Moutai

Baijiu has a long history in China, it is a special drink for the vast number of working people in China, which has survived thousands of years of history and continues to develop and improve, with a gradual rise in domestic consumption and an increasing amount of exports, which is the pride of our nation. China's ancient commodity exchange, liquor is second only to salt, iron, is one of the important sources of national revenue. The development of the liquor industry also promotes the development of supporting industries, in recent years, the liquor industry mechanization has been a great development, the need for more and more packaging materials, supporting a series of supporting industries such as glass, ceramics, papermaking, printing, bottle caps and other supporting industries have been a great development. At the same time, the comprehensive utilization of wine lees after brewing has promoted the development of agriculture and energy. Kweichow Moutai wine is the traditional specialty wine of China. It is one of the world's top three distilled spirits, along with Scotch whisky and French cognac, and one of China's three most famous spirits, "Kweichow Moutai Five Swords". It is also the originator of the Daqu soy sauce type of liquor, which has a history of more than 800 years. It is a world-famous brand. Therefore, this paper studies and summarizes how China Kweichow Moutai Liquor Factory (Group) Limited Liability Company conducts marketing and marketing management.

Ultrasonication and thermosonication applied in the processing of jalapeno pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) sauce.

Ultrasonication is one of the non-thermal physical methods that can be used on foods and when used in synergy with temperature (thermosonication), this technique proves to be more effective, thus reducing the duration and intensity of heat treatment and the consequent damage to the foods. This work aimed to use the technique of ultrasonication and thermosonication in the processing of jalapeno pepper sauces in comparison with pasteurization. Two types of sauces were produced, one with pre-cooking (a) and the other without cooking (b), and the influence of time and temperature was analyzed by applying ultrasonication and thermosonication. Times of 15 and 30 min and temperatures of 25 and 65 °C were used. Both treatments stood out for their effectiveness when compared to the traditional method (pasteurization 65 °C and 30 min). The results demonstrate that, in general, the sauces are good sources of phenolic compounds (141.83 ± 0.10 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g), flavonoids (50.40 ± 0.30 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g) and carotenoids (2.39 ± 0.07 mg β-carotene/100 g). The sauces had an increase in carotenoids by about 25% (thermosonicated at 15 and 30 min and pre-cooked) and in antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power) with about 12% and 13% (thermosonicated at 30 min with and without cooking, respectively) in relation to control (pasteurization). On comparing thermosonication with ultrasound process total phenolics had improved by around 14% and flavonoids by 55%. At the first time, capsantin, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS). Finally, as both treatments demonstrate efficiency (thermosonication at 15 and 30 min), the use of 15 min is indicated as feasible by the reduced process time and in preventing the loss of bioactive compounds in the sauces when compared to the pasteurization treatment.

Preparation and Characterization of Flavored Sauces from Chinese Mitten Crab Processing By-Products

To achieve high-value utilization of Chinese mitten crab processing by-products, different types of sauces were prepared using crab legs (CLs) and crab bodies (CBs). Two processing methods, enzymatic hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis coupled with the Maillard reaction, were employed to prepare these sauces. An electronic nose (E-nose) and electronic tongue (E-tongue) were used to measure the changes in the taste and odor, an automatic amino acid analyzer was used to measure the amino acid content, and a headspace solid-phase microextraction GC/MS (HS-SPME-GC/MS) was used to analyze the volatile compounds, qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that the sour, bitter, and other disagreeable odors of the enzymatic hydrolysis solution (EHS) were reduced following the Maillard reaction; meanwhile, the umami and saltiness were considerably enhanced. The quantity of free acidic amino acids with an umami and sweet taste in the CL and CB sauces after enzymatic hydrolysis and the Maillard reaction was substantially higher than that in the homogenate (HO). The Maillard reaction solution (MRS) produced more volatile compounds than the HO and EHS, such as aldehydes, pyrazines, ketones, etc. These compounds not only impart a unique flavor but also have antioxidant capabilities, making them a prototype for the high-value utilization of crab processing by-products.

Atributos sensoriales y preferencia de conserva de trucha arcoíris con salsas de ají amarillo – aguaymanto y rocoto - tomate de árbol mediante mapeo de preferencia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensory attributes and the preference of six canned rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with the addition of government liquid based on yellow chili (Capsicum baccatum) – aguaymanto (Physalis peruviana L.) and hot pepper (Capsicum pubescens) – tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea) sauces through the preference mapping technique (external and internal mapping). The canned rainbow trout were made with the addition of the governing liquid (corresponding to 4% of the formulation) of 3 types of sauces based on yellow chili - aguaymanto in the proportions of 3/1 (AA-3/1), 2/2 (AA-2/2) and 1/3 (AA-1/3) and 3 types of sauces based on hot pepper – tree tomato 3/1 (RT-3/1), 2/2 (RT-2 /2) and 1/3 (RT-1/3). The evaluation of the sensory attributes was carried out by 10 trained descriptive panelists and the preference by 50 regular consumers of canned and trout meat. The preference mapping indicated that the canned with yellow chili - aguaymanto 3/1 (AA-3/1) presented a greater preference of consumers being greater than 80%, it was also represented in a greater amount by three clusters (2, 1 and 3), this canned was characterized by being more spicy, low sensory acidity, less texture and less salty taste.

STUDY OF HEAT TREATMENT EFFECT ON THE BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF PINE NUTS KERNELS

The aim of the research was to determine the optimal modes of heat treatment of pine nut kernels in order to preserve their biological value to the optimal, which will allow in the future to use this type of raw material in the technology of various types of sauces with the addition of dry whey. The article analyzes the drying kinetics of Pinus pinea Linneus pine nut kernels for 120 minutes under 4 heat treatment regimes: 20, 40, 60 and 80 ˚C. The effect of heat treatment on the composition of essential amino acids, the content of vitamin C and β-carotene was studied. Thus, the temperature of 20 and 40 ˚C ensures the maximum preservation of the biological value of the raw material, but it does not allow to achieve a significant decrease in the mass fraction of moisture, which will negatively affect the microbiological indicators of the raw material. During processing at 60 ˚С, the mass fraction of moisture in the kernels of pine nuts decreases from 7 to 5.28 %, which is likely to reduce water activity and positively affect the duration of storage. An increase in temperature to 80 ˚С significantly reduces the content of essential amino acids and β-carotene, as well as makes it impossible to achieve a technological effect (a significant decrease in moisture content) with the irrational use of energy resources. It was established that the optimal mode of heat treatment of pine nut kernels is drying at a temperature of 60 ˚С, which ensures the preservation of the biological value of the raw material and meets the recommendations for achieving satisfactory microbiological indicators.

Investigation of the Impact of Can-filling Medium on the DNA Quality of Canned Tuna Sold in Supermarkets

Canned tuna is one of the most commonly consumed food products globally. Due to its high profitability and the increasing demand for it, fraudulent canned tuna products have become a serious problem. The traceability of fish species in packaged material and, in the case of highly processed forms, in canned products, has become impossible; therefore, canned tuna is on the list of the top ten food items affected by fraud. These fraudulent actions cause not only unfair trade in the commercial market and fishing industry, but also cause health damage (such as allergies and poisoning) to the public. Complex food matrices also affect the extracted DNA quality when the main food products are served with another medium. Brine solutions, different kind of oil, and several types of sauce are used as filling medium in the canned tuna production process. These filling medium can cause contamination depending on whether they include oil, salt or other ingredients during DNA extraction from main products. DNA-based protocols have become popular due to their higher reliability rate compared to other protocols. This research investigates the potential impact of can-filling medium on DNA quality, which is a key factor for food traceability research. With this aim, canned tuna from various brands in different can-filling medium such as olive oil, sunflower oil and different kinds of sauces, were obtained from a Turkish supermarket. The quality properties, such as yield and purity, affected the traceability analyses. This study was designed to investigate the potential effect of the filling medium on DNA quality. The results revealed that different kinds of sauce utilization as a can-filling medium cause a reduction in the DNA quality of canned tuna compared to other canned tuna samples that contain olive oil and sunflower oil. The purity of extracted DNA in canned tuna where olive oil was used was found to be relatively higher than other tuna groups with different can-filling medium. Melting curve analyses revealed that sunflower oil causes relatively lower degradation than olive oil and different types of sauce used as filling medium. These results could be beneficial for further seafood traceability research, especially in complex matrices. 

Safety and Quality of Canned Sardines after Opening: A Shelf-Stability Study.

This study aimed to define the shelf life of canned sardines after opening to increase consumer awareness of their quality and safety and reduce food waste. For this purpose, canned sardines (Sardina pilchardus) packed with different sauces were opened and stored at 4 °C for 7 days. Microbiological, sensorial, physical and chemical stability was monitored daily by standard methodologies. Results show that the overall quality and safety are highly dependent on the sauce type. To preserve their full quality, sardines in brine and in vegetable oil should be consumed up to 1 day after opening, while sardines in tomato sauce were stable for up to 3 days, although none were considered nonedible up to the 7th day. Many parameters demonstrated statistical differences and correlations with storage, although they were not as decisive as sensory evaluation. This integrated approach should be adopted by the food industry and regulating authorities to provide information to consumers regarding the quality and safety of handled goods.

Development of technology of sauces with functional ingredients for restau-rants

Currently, the creation of a range of new products that improve human nutritional status is a timely and urgent problem facing scientists in the food industry. In food technology it is effective to use functional ingredients that have enhanced protective and improved technological properties. It is possible to confidently attribute the components of plant origin, namely, dietary fiber and plant phospholipids, to such substances. Phospholipids are a group of essential substances that are irreplaceable and enter the human body only with food. Phospholipids cannot be formed independently in the human body, but perform important functions that have a positive effect on the body: they restore cell walls; they are involved in lipid metabolism, as well as reducing the risk of cholesterol formation; they actively participate in the delivery processes of biologically active substances to cells, etc. A rich source of biologically active substances are flax seeds, its medicinal properties have been known for centuries and are recognized by official medicine. The influence of flax seed mucilage and phospholipids in the formulation of red main sauce on rheological and physical parameters was investigated. Samples of sauces with replacement of 50 and 100% of flour for flax polysaccharides and 30 % of animal fat for vegetable phospholipids were developed. The change of effective viscosity and density of the developed sauces is investigated. It was found that at a shear rate of 0.3333 s-1 the viscosity of the control sample is 14.32 Pa·s, of the same one with the replacement of 50 % flour and 10 g of fat and 100 % flour and 10 g of fat, respectively, is 16.49 and 19.6 Pa·s. This replacement in the experimental samples is accompanied by a slight increase in density. In order to substantiate the functional orientation of sauces in the introduction of herbal additives, studies were conducted to determine the antioxidant activity (AOA) of the developed sauces and their components. It was found that the maximum AOA a sauce with herbal additives has, which for 90 minutes is able to “quench” 89 % of the radicals formed in these conditions in the model system. Adding sauces to ready meals, even in small quantities, help to increase the nutritional value and attractiveness of the consumed food. Therefore, the effect of additives on the consumer characteristics of sauces was investigated. It is established that the developed types of sauces have a characteristic structure, creamy and homogeneous consistency, pronounced taste and aroma. The conducted complex of researches allows to state with confidence that use of available vegetable raw materials instead of the ingredients possessing the raised food value, allows to reduce energy value and to expand the range of sauces of functional orientation for restaurant enterprises.

Effect of stabilizer type and concentration on the characteristics of black pepper sauce

Black pepper sauce is one type of sauce that widely used in a variety of modern dishes. The stabilizer is used to increase viscosity, forming the body and texture of sauce product. This study aimed to determine the effect of various types of stabilizers on the characteristics of black pepper sauce. There are four types of stabilizers used, namely Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC), xanthan gum, alginate and maltose with concentrations of 0.5 and 1,0%. The variance analysis showed that the type and concentration of the stabilizer had significant effect on the viscosity, pH, and color of the black pepper sauce. The use of 1% CMC produces highest viscosity, 21,414 cP, while 0.5% maltose produces lowest viscosity, 371.05 cP. The use of stabilizer increases the pH value of black pepper sauce from 4.53 to around 4.61–4.75. Furthermore, the use of stabilizers also reduces the lightness and redness of black pepper sauce. The use of stabilizers affects the characteristics of black pepper sauce produced, especially value of viscosity and color of the product.

The occurrence and stability of Maillard reaction products in various traditional Chinese sauces

Traditional Chinese sauces, especially soy sauce, vinegar, and oyster sauce, provide foods with special color, flavor, and taste. However, during their manufacturing process, Maillard reaction products (MRPs) might be formed and cause adverse effects on human health. This study detected the levels of some typical MRPs in these sauces. Results showed that dark soy sauce and some vinegar products were high in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Moreover, dark soy sauce was significantly higher in 5-methylfurfural (MF) and methylglyoxal (MGO) than oyster sauce but lower in glyoxal (GO) than vinegar and oyster sauce, while light soy sauce had significantly higher advanced glycation end products (AGEs) than the rest three types of sauces. Besides, storage stability results indicated that MRPs increased obviously in vinegar and dark soy sauce. Finally, concentration limits/regulations of MRPs in traditional Chinese sauces should be established in the future considering their high frequency of usage and high potential of insalubrity.

Effect of whey protein concentrate on physicochemical properties of acid casein processed cheese sauces obtained with coconut oil or anhydrous milk fat

The aim of the work was to estimate the effect of whey protein concentrate (WPC80, 2–8 g/100 g) on physicochemical properties of processed cheese sauces obtained on the basis of acid casein (AC) and coconut oil (OCO) or anhydrous milk fat (AMF). Experiments proved that the use of coconut oil and anhydrous milk fat with addition of different contents of whey proteins affected the structure and appearance of processed cheese sauces. Increasing the concentrations of WPC80 increased the hardness and adhesiveness (OCO: 2–7 g/100 g WPC80; AMF: 2–8 g/100 g WPC80), as well as apparent viscosity (OCO: 2–7 g/100 g WPC80; AMF: 2–8 g/100 g WPC80) of cheese sauces. Storage modulus (G′) was higher than the loss modulus (G") during the whole experiment (in both types of sauces). The color intensity of all evaluated products was characterized from light to dark creamy. The density of processed cheese sauces with OCO was higher than that of samples with AMF, while the water activity did not change with increasing the WPC80 content (P > 0.05).

Comparative study on the application of chemically modified corn and pearl millet starches in white sauce

The present study investigated hydroxypropylation and succinylation as possible starch modifications for utilization in white sauce. Propylene oxide (20 g/100 g of starch, db) and succinic anhydride (2 g/100 g of starch, db) were added to native pearl millet (PS) and native corn (CS) starches, separately. Interestingly, no syneresis was observed in white sauces containing hydroxypropylated corn (HCWS) and hydroxypropylated pearl millet (HPWS) starches after 14 days of storage. However, sauces containing native and succinylated pearl millet starches (PWS and SPWS) showed a significant reduction in syneresis when compared to native and succinylated corn starch containing sauces (CWS and SCWS). The SCWS showed the highest peak viscosity, whereas, HPWS exhibited the lowest set back viscosity. Sensory evaluation revealed that HPWS received the highest score with respect to consistency, graininess, taste, and overall acceptability. Thermal analysis demonstrated the absence of retrogradation peak in hydroxypropylated corn (HCS) and hydroxypropylated pearl millet starches. Practical applications Starch is used in different types of sauces including white sauce mainly due to its thickening property. Commercially, corn starch is the most extensively used starch type for the formulation of food products. However, due to an increased demand for native/modified starches in food applications, it has become inevitable to explore new sources for starch production. Pearl millet possesses a great potential for commercial use due to its exceptional agronomic features like Cost-effectiveness, easy accessibility, and high tolerance toward drought, salt, and adverse climatic conditions in comparison to other conventional starch sources. Therefore, modified pearl millet starch could be effectively utilized as a substitute for corn starch in white sauce formulation.

Characterizing the effect of packaging material and storage temperature on the flavor profiles and quality of soy sauce

The effect of packaging material and storage temperature on two types of soy sauce was investigated. Ethanol content decreased significantly in all tested samples after storage (P < 0.05). While the changes of physicochemical properties and CIELAB color space indexes varied with soy sauce types, packaging materials and storage temperatures. The changes of volatile profiles after storage indicated that storage temperature was a key factor resulting in flavor scalping. It also suggested that there was no significant difference of flavor compounds sorption between glass bottle and polyethylene terephthalate bottle. The abundances of acids and alcohols increased after stored at ambient temperature (AT) and low temperature (LT) for 90days, but phenols decreased. The effect of the packaging material, raw soy sauce type and storage temperature resulted in changing the intensities of fruity, caramel-like, mushroom-like note as well as smoky note. For the inoculated soy sauces, 1-octen-3-ol, ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate in the samples were dominant in samples stored at AT, while the samples stored at LT were characterized by multiple components according to the results of principal components analysis. These results were benefit for understanding the main factors affecting the flavor profiles and quality of soy sauce during storage, as well as optimizing the storage condition.

Effects of Traditional Sauce Type and Storage Time on Quality Characteristics, Shelf-life and Flavor Compounds of Marinated Pork Cooked by Sous Vide Method.

The present study aimed at evaluating effects of traditional sauce type and storage time on shelf-life and flavor compounds of marinated pork cooked by Sous-Vide method. Five different traditional sauces (Meju soy sauce, Brewed soy sauce, Fish-soy sauce, Ishiru fish sauce and Anchovy fish sauce) purchased from Asian countries were used. After marination with the sauces, polyvinylchloride film bags containing the marinated pork samples were cooked using Sous-Vide method for 55°C for 5 h and 60°C for 30 min, and were then stored for 8 wk at 10°C. Results showed that the pork samples marinated with the sauces retarded the growth of total plate counts (TPC) during storage. At 8th wk storage, TPC counts were significantly lower in all samples marinated with the sauces compared to control (p<0.05). Lipid oxidation level was significantly lower in the T2 (Meju soy sauce) and T6 (Anchovy fish sauce) compared to those of T3 (Brewed soy sauce) and T5 (Ishiru fish sauce) or control after 8 wk storage (p>0.05). Forty volatile flavor compounds were detected from the control and marinated samples at 4th wk of storage. The pork marinated with Anchovy fish sauce presented significantly higher amounts of importantly pleasant flavor compounds such as; pyrazines and sulfur-containing compounds than those marinated with other remaining sauces and control. It is concluded that the marination with Anchovy fish sauce partly improved the shelf-life and increased amounts of pleasant flavor compounds of Sous-Vide cooked pork products during storage in comparison to the other remaining sauces.

Investigating the differences of flavor profiles between two types of soy sauce by heat-treatment

ABSTRACT The difference of flavor profiles and physicochemical properties between the two types of raw soy sauces and heated soy sauces were investigated in the present research. The results indicated that no significant changes of physicochemical properties, organic acids (except succinic acid) or CIELAB color space among the samples after heat-treatment were observed. However, the content of volatiles was increased by about 30.89% in the fortified sample (PP1) by heat-treatment. The contents of 26 and 15 constituents in PP1 and PP2 (natural fermented sample) were enhanced compared with their respective control (P1 and P2), respectively. According to the changes of the constituents with odor activity value (OAV), the contribution of heat-treatment on soy sauce flavor profiles was related closely to the raw soy sauce type. The spicy, caramel-like and fruity note of heated soy sauces were higher than that of raw soy sauces, and the increasements of spicy, caramel-like and fruity note of PP1 were higher than that of PP2. These results may contribute to optimizing the heat-treatment parameters and improve the flavor of soy sauce.

Salsa a base de zarzamora (Rubus fruticosus) como potencial alimento funcional

La zarzamora (Rubus fruticosus) es una rosácea comestible cultivada en la microrregión de Coyopolan municipio de Ixhuacán de los Reyes, Veracruz, México. Esta fruta es importante en esta localidad ya que es utilizada en la elaboración de una variedad de productos artesanales, entre los que destacan el licor de zarzamora y mermelada. Algunos de estos productos además de ser un aporte económico para los habitantes, proporcionan un beneficio a la salud por sus componentes como los compuestos fenólicos que actúan como antioxidantes naturales. En este sentido el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo elaborar una salsa como potencial alimento funcional teniendo como ingrediente principal la zarzamora y una variedad local de chile, llamado “tabaquero”; a estas salsas se les evaluó su calidad nutricional, la presencia de microorganismos a través de pruebas como coliformes totales, conteo de bacterias aerobias en placa y conteo de mohos y levaduras en alimentos, posteriormente se cuantificaronlos flavonoides, fenoles y antocianinas totales, así como también su actividad antioxidante. Como resultado se obtuvieron tres tipos de salsa, en las que se determinó que no hay presencia de microorganismos, las pruebas de calidad nutrimental indicaron que tienen buenos valores y respecto a la funcionalidad se observó que, en comparación con el fruto fresco se mantuvo la actividad antioxidante aún después del proceso. Por lo que concluimos que los productos cuentan con valores apropiados para considerarlos como potenciales alimentos funcionales.

Salt Reductions in Some Foods in The Netherlands: Monitoring of Food Composition and Salt Intake.

Background and objectives. High salt intake increases blood pressure and thereby the risk of chronic diseases. Food reformulation (or food product improvement) may lower the dietary intake of salt. This study describes the changes in salt contents of foods in the Dutch market over a five-year period (2011–2016) and differences in estimated salt intake over a 10-year period (2006–2015). Methods. To assess the salt contents of foods; we obtained recent data from chemical analyses and from food labels. Salt content of these foods in 2016 was compared to salt contents in the 2011 version Dutch Food Composition Database (NEVO, version 2011), and statistically tested with General Linear Models. To estimate the daily dietary salt intake in 2006, 2010, and 2015, men and women aged 19 to 70 years were recruited through random population sampling in Doetinchem, a small town located in a rural area in the eastern part of the Netherlands. The characteristics of the study population were in 2006: n = 317, mean age 49 years, 43% men, in 2010: n = 342, mean age 46 years, 45% men, and in 2015: n = 289, mean age 46 years, 47% men. Sodium and potassium excretion was measured in a single 24-h urine sample. All estimates were converted to a common metric: salt intake in grams per day by multiplication of sodium with a factor of 2.54. Results. In 2016 compared to 2011, the salt content in certain types of bread was on average 19 percent lower and certain types of sauce, soup, canned vegetables and legumes, and crisps had a 12 to 26 percent lower salt content. Salt content in other types of foods had not changed significantly. Between 2006, 2010 and 2015 the estimated salt intake among adults in Doetinchem remained unchanged. In 2015, the median estimated salt intake was 9.7 g per day for men and 7.4 g per day for women. As in 2006 and 2010, the estimated salt intake in 2015 exceeded the recommended maximum intake of 6 g per day set by the Dutch Health Council. Conclusion. In the Netherlands, the salt content of bread, certain sauces, soups, potato crisps, and processed legumes and vegetables have been reduced over the period 2011–2016. However, median salt intake in 2006 and 2015 remained well above the recommended intake of 6 g.

SCREENING FOR GMO IN FERMENTED SOY SAUCE

Soy sauce is worldwide popular condiment of Asian origin. With the advent of GM soybean production, soy sauce drew the interest of food safety control. Samples collected for inspection are generally of industrial grade soy sauce type, which is produced from hydrolyzed soybean and grain. Following the failure to perform RealTime PCR based GMO screening on a number of submitted samples we tested our screening system on soy sauce produced following traditional method based on fermentation. Four batches of soy sauce were produced and DNA extracted. DNA concentration ranged from 32,68 to 65,36 ng/μl. Amplification of taxon specific target was successful with rather high Ct ( &gt; 30). Promoter P-35S sequence was not detected, but T-NOS was detected in three samples with values reaching or exceeding LOD of the method. The results show that it is possible to detect transgenic elements in traditionally produced soy sauce while DNA extraction from industrial grade soy sauce is not possible.

PESTO SAUCE TYPE PRODUCTS: INFLUENCE OF BEESWAX AND STORAGE CONDITIONS ON RHEOLOGY AND COLLOIDAL STABILITY

One of the major problems for pesto sauce type products is the tendency of oil to cream, causing their alteration and decreasing consumer’s acceptability. In this study, colloidal and oxidative stability of pesto samples with (0.5-1.2%) of beeswax was evaluated during storage at 4, 20 and 40°C. The rheological behavior and color analysis was evaluated at the same temperatures. Sensory evaluation by using a hedonic test was also perfomed. Increasing the samples beeswax content increased the pesto colloidal stability. The samples with 0.8-1.2% have the highest stability and overall performed well on sensory analysis. The peroxide values of samples increased significantly (p

Compositional differences among Chinese soy sauce types studied by 13C NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis

Soy sauce a well known seasoning all over the world, especially in Asia, is available in global market in a wide range of types based on its purpose and the processing methods. Its composition varies with respect to the fermentation processes and addition of additives, preservatives and flavor enhancers. A comprehensive 1H NMR based study regarding the metabonomic variations of soy sauce to differentiate among different types of soy sauce available on the global market has been limited due to the complexity of the mixture. In present study, 13C NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical data analysis like principle component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied to investigate metabonomic variations among different types of soy sauce, namely super light, super dark, red cooking and mushroom soy sauce. The main additives in soy sauce like glutamate, sucrose and glucose were easily distinguished and quantified using 13C NMR spectroscopy which were otherwise difficult to be assigned and quantified due to serious signal overlaps in 1H NMR spectra. The significantly higher concentration of sucrose in dark, red cooking and mushroom flavored soy sauce can directly be linked to the addition of caramel in soy sauce. Similarly, significantly higher level of glutamate in super light as compared to super dark and mushroom flavored soy sauce may come from the addition of monosodium glutamate.The study highlights the potentiality of 13C NMR based metabonomics coupled with multivariate statistical data analysis in differentiating between the types of soy sauce on the basis of level of additives, raw materials and fermentation procedures.