Rp Type Research Articles

Clinical and molecular findings in children with retinitis pigmentosa

ABSTRACT Purpose To study the clinical and genetic features of a cohort of RP children. Methods We identified 46 RP patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations among 96 patients with a clinical diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa. All of the patients underwent comprehensive clinical examinations and genetic testing. A retrospective study was conducted on 46 children with retinitis pigmentosa. The genetic and clinical characteristics of children with different genotypes were analyzed. Results Among the 46 children, 13 inherited X-linked gene mutations, including 9 RPGR and 4 RP2 mutations. There were 10 cases of autosomal dominant genes and 23 cases of autosomal recessive genes. XLRP accounted for a larger proportion of children, as observed in previous studies on RP. We found that RPGR genes were the most commonly mutated genes in RP children. The most frequently mutated gene was RPGR (9.3%), followed by RP2 (4.2%) and RPE65 (4.2%). Forty-six patients had mutations in 21 different genes, 19 of which were novel mutations. Most children with XLRP have a high degree of myopia, poor vision, and severe clinical symptoms. Frameshift mutations were more common in XLRP, followed by nonsense mutations. The onset of XLRP is relatively serious since childhood. Most children with ADRP have relatively good visual acuity and mild clinical symptoms, and missense mutations are common. The clinical manifestations of ARRP in children are more severe than those of ADRP in children but milder than those of XLRP in children, and missense mutations are common. The manifestations of RPE65 mutations are also severe and appear early. Conclusions Our results revealed that XLRP gene mutations were more common in children than in adults, as observed in previous studies on RP. The proportion of RP children with ADRP is relatively small. The new findings in our study polished the spectrum of novel mutations and the proportions of different genotypes in pediatric patients. The onset of XLRP occurred earlier. The genes with a high incidence in children were all relatively severe gene types of RP. This comprehensive database may provide essential information regarding the initial stage of RP.

Genetic profile of syndromic retinitis pigmentosa in Portugal

PurposeRetinitis pigmentosa (RP) comprises a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of inherited retinal degenerations, where 20–30% of patients exhibit extra-ocular manifestations (syndromic RP). Understanding the genetic profile of RP has important implications for disease prognosis and genetic counseling. This study aimed to characterize the genetic profile of syndromic RP in Portugal.MethodsMulticenter, retrospective cohort study. Six Portuguese healthcare providers identified patients with a clinical diagnosis of syndromic RP and available genetic testing results. All patients had been previously subjected to a detailed ophthalmologic examination and clinically oriented genetic testing. Genetic variants were classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics; only likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants were considered relevant for disease etiology.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-two patients (53.3% males) from 100 families were included. Usher syndrome was the most frequent diagnosis (62.0%), followed by Bardet-Biedl (19.0%) and Senior-Løken syndromes (7.0%). Deleterious variants were identified in 86/100 families for a diagnostic yield of 86.0% (87.1% for Usher and 94.7% for Bardet-Biedl). A total of 81 genetic variants were identified in 25 different genes, 22 of which are novel. USH2A and MYO7A were responsible for most type II and type I Usher syndrome cases, respectively. BBS1 variants were the cause of Bardet-Biedl syndrome in 52.6% of families. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) records were available at baseline and last visit for 99 patients (198 eyes), with a median follow-up of 62.0 months. The mean BCVA was 56.5 ETDRS letters at baseline (Snellen equivalent ~ 20/80), declining to 44.9 ETDRS letters (Snellen equivalent ~ 20/125) at the last available follow-up (p < 0.001).ConclusionThis is the first multicenter study depicting the genetic profile of syndromic RP in Portugal, thus contributing toward a better understanding of this heterogeneous disease group. Usher and Bardet-Biedl syndromes were found to be the most common types of syndromic RP in this large Portuguese cohort. A high diagnostic yield was obtained, highlighting current genetic testing capabilities in providing a molecular diagnosis to most affected individuals. This has major implications in determining disease-related prognosis and providing targeted genetic counseling for syndromic RP patients in Portugal.

The New Measures of Lorenz Curve Asymmetry: Formulation and Hypothesis Testing

The existence of an asymmetric empirical Lorenz curve requires a measure of asymmetry that directly involves the geometry of the Lorenz curve as a component of its formulation. Therefore, establishing hypothesis testing for Lorenz curve asymmetry is necessary to conclude whether the Lorenz curve exhibits symmetry in actual data. Consequently, this study aims to construct a measure of Lorenz curve asymmetry that utilizes the area and perimeter elements of the inequality subzones as its components and establish a procedure for hypothesis testing the symmetry of the Lorenz curve. This study proposes two types of asymmetry measures, Ra and Rp, constructed based on the ratio of area and perimeter obtained from the inequality subzone. These measures effectively capture the asymmetric phenomenon of the Lorenz curve and provide an economic interpretation of the values Ra and Rp. The Lorenz curve symmetry hypothesis testing, based on Ra and Rp through a nonparametric bootstrap, yields reliable results when applied to actual data.

La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Ni0.2O3-δ perovskite with in-situ exsolved Ni-Fe nanoparticles as high activity catalyst for symmetric solid oxide electrolysis cells

• FeNi 3 nanoparticles were in-situ exsolved on the surface of the perovskite after treatment. • LSFN have excellent oxygen ion transport capability as air electrodes in an oxidizing atmosphere. • Reduced LSFN have high catalytic activity as fuel electrodes in a reducing atmosphere. Effective electrode materials play a key role to enhance electrochemical performances of symmetric solid oxide electrolysis cells (SSOECs). Herein, “exsolution effect” of perovskite oxide at high temperature and reducing atmosphere is introduced. As a proof, La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Fe 0.8 Ni 0.2 O 3-δ (LSFN) perovskite decorated with in-situ exsolved Ni-Fe alloy nanoparticles is reported as electrode materials of SSOECs. XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS characterizations prove the formation of Ni-Fe alloy. The as-prepared SSOECs deliver improved electrochemical performances for both steam electrolysis (50%H 2 O/50%H 2 ) and co-electrolysis (50%H 2 O/40%CO 2 /10%H 2 ), current densities of 0.64 and 0.67 A·cm −2 are obtained at 1.3 V and 800°C, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and distribution of relaxation time (DRT) analysis show that the in-situ formed Ni-Fe nanoparticles can provide a new reaction path for water/hydrogen half-reaction, and electrochemical activity and kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) can be significantly enhanced by RP type perovskite oxide after re-oxidation treatment. Moreover, the SSOECs successfully runs for 60 h at 1.2 V without obvious attenuation.

ANALISIS PENENTUAN TARIF KAMAR HOTEL DENGAN METODE ACTIVITY BASED COSTING

This study aims to determine the calculation of hotel room rates using the Activity Based Costing method and the comparison of the calculation of hotel room rates based on the traditional methods used by hotel management with Activity Based Costing. The research method used is quantitative descriptive analysis method. The data collection method used in this research is by using the observation method, the interview method, and the documentation method. The results of the calculation of room rental rates using the Activity Based Costing method approach, namely, for the Superior Twin room type of Rp. 216,648.77 for the Superior Double room type of Rp. 236,680.56 for the Superior Triple room type of Rp. 331,751.82 for the Deluxe room type of Rp. IDR 480,014.08 and for the Suite room type is IDR 3,016,106.64. There is a difference in room rental rates that are lower for the types of Superior Twin, Superior Double, and Superior Triple rooms from the calculation results of the Activity Based Costing method with the calculation of the company using the traditional method approach, namely Rp. 131,588.74, Rp. 111,886.26 and respectively. IDR 144,318.09. Meanwhile, the higher room rental rates using the Activity Based Costing method, namely the Deluxe and Suite types of Rp.75,944.17 and Rp.2,144,770.64.

USH2A gene variants cause Keratoconus and Usher syndrome phenotypes in Pakistani families

BackgroundRetinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common inherited retinal dystrophy, affecting approximately 1 in 4000 individuals worldwide. The most common form of syndromic RP is Usher syndrome (USH) accounting for approximately 20–30 % of RP cases. Mutations in the USH2A gene cause a significant proportion of recessive non-syndromic RP and USH type II (USH2). This study aimed to determine the causative role of the USH2A gene in autosomal recessive inherited ocular diseases and to establish genotype-phenotype correlation associated with USH2A variants.MethodsWe performed direct Sanger sequencing and co-segregation analysis of the USH2A gene to identify disease causing variants in a non-syndromic RP family, two USH2 families and two Keratoconus (KC) families.ResultsDisease causing variants in the USH2A gene were identified in two families displayed KC and USH2 phenotypes. A novel variant c.4029T > G, p.Asn1343Lys in the USH2A gene was detected in a Pakistani family with KC phenotype. In addition, a missense variant (c.7334 C > T, p. Ser2445Phe) in the USH2A gene was found segregating in another Pakistani family with USH2 phenotype. Homozygosity of identified missense USH2A variants was found associated with autosomal recessive inherited KC and USH2 phenotypes in investigated families. These variants were not detected in ethnically matched healthy controls. Moreover, the USH2A variants were predicted to be deleterious or potentially disease causing by PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN and SIFT.ConclusionsThis study provided first evidence for association of a novel USH2A variant with KC phenotype in a Pakistani family as well as established the phenotype-genotype correlation of a USH2A variant (c.7334 C > T, p. Ser2445Phe) with USH2 phenotype in another Pakistani family. The phenotype-genotype correlations established in present study may improve clinical diagnosis of affected individuals for better management and counseling.

Water transport and resistance improvement for the cementitious composites with eco-friendly powder from various concrete wastes

The water transport properties of cementitious composites are the key parameters to evaluate the durability performance. This work gives an investigation on the impact of RP type, substitution rate and particle size on the water transport in cementitious composites, and the feasible methods of improving the water transport resistance are further investigated. Utilizing recycled paste powder (RPP), recycled mortar powder (RMP) and recycled concrete powder (RCP) produced from various concrete waste is detrimental to the hydration reaction and pore structure of cementitious composites, and the total porosity of paste incorporating 30% various RPs is 35.4–36.0% higher than that of plain paste. Utilizing RP decreases the compressive strength of cementitious composites, and a significant reduction in compressive strength occurs when RP substitution rate is 50%. The water transport in cementitious composites is increased by incorporating RP, and the RMP-prepared and RCP-prepared mortar have lower water absorption than the RPP-prepared mortar; for example, the absorption coefficient of the mortar containing 30% RPP, RMP and RCP is 72.7%, 44.9% and 48.7% greater than that of plain mortar without RP. Besides, the water transport in the mortar incorporating fine particle RP is lower than that in the mortar containing coarse particle RP. Co-mixing RP and mineral admixtures decreases the water transport in cementitious composites, and the mortar incorporating 20% RP and 10% metakaolin (or 10% silica fume) has lower water absorption and slightly higher compressive strength than plain mortar without RP.

A Drosophila model to study retinitis pigmentosa pathology associated with mutations in the core splicing factor Prp8.

ABSTRACTRetinitis pigmentosa (RP) represents genetically heterogeneous and clinically variable disease characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors resulting in a gradual loss of vision. The autosomal dominant RP type 13 (RP13) has been linked to the malfunction of PRPF8, an essential component of the spliceosome. Over 20 different RP-associated PRPF8 mutations have been identified in human patients. However, the cellular and molecular consequences of their expression in vivo in specific tissue contexts remain largely unknown. Here, we establish a Drosophila melanogaster model for RP13 by introducing the nine distinct RP mutations into the fly PRPF8 ortholog prp8 and express the mutant proteins in precise spatiotemporal patterns using the Gal4/UAS system. We show that all nine RP-Prp8 mutant proteins negatively impact developmental timing, albeit to a different extent, when expressed in the endocrine cells producing the primary insect moulting hormone. In the developing eye primordium, uncommitted epithelial precursors rather than differentiated photoreceptors appeared sensitive to Prp8 malfunction. Expression of the two most pathogenic variants, Prp8S>F and Prp8H>R, induced apoptosis causing alterations to the adult eye morphology. The affected tissue mounted stress and cytoprotective responses, while genetic programs underlying neuronal function were attenuated. Importantly, the penetrance and expressivity increased under prp8 heterozygosity. In contrast, blocking apoptosis alleviated cell loss but not the redox imbalance. Remarkably, the pathogenicity of the RP-Prp8 mutations in Drosophila correlates with the severity of clinical phenotypes in patients carrying the equivalent mutations, highlighting the suitability of the Drosophila model for in-depth functional studies of the mechanisms underlying RP13 etiology.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.

Penentuan Harga Jual Kamar Pada Hotel Sederhana Di Kabupaten Berau

The purpose of the research was to find out the basic price of Berau Regency sederhana hotel rooms using the Activity Based Costing System.The results of the calculation of the cost of the room using the Activity Based Costing System, which is for Deluxe room types of Rp. 323,472 for Grand Deluxe rooms of Rp. 329,052 and for Executive Suite rooms Rp. 329.90. there is a difference in price for a Deluxe room of Rp. 139,504, for a Grand Deluxe room of Rp.65,298, and for an executive suite a room of Rp. 31,423.

Use of contrast-enhanced computed tomographic imaging to diagnose and evaluate Behçet's disease with vascular complications.

In the present study, multi-slice CT results of patients with Behçet's disease (BD) and vascular complications were retrospectively evaluated. From January 2016 to May 2018, 45 of 361 patients with BD were diagnosed with vascular involvement. The clinical background, laboratory parameters and response to therapy of those patients were assessed. The following characteristics of vascular aneurysms were analyzed: Maximum diameter, length, wall thickness, borders, luminal changes, mural thrombus, cystic change of the vessel walls, asymmetric bulging of the right part of the aortic wall (RP type) and calcific plaques. The 45 BD patients analyzed included 37 males and 8 females with a median age of 40 years (30–49 years). Significant differences were observed among genders regarding age, ocular disorders and digestive-tract ulceration. A total of 42 aneurysms were identified with a mean diameter of 43 mm. Most aneurysmal walls (88%) were homogeneously enhanced on contrast-enhanced CT. Comparison of groups classified by aortic and larger arterial aneurysms indicated that aneurysms occurring in the aorta were more likely to form a mural thrombus, have a thicker wall (P<0.001) and unclear borders (P=0.036), to be of the RP type (P=0.003) and have a longer extension (P=0.001) compared with those in larger arteries. Unclear border of the aneurysmal wall was the only radiologic predictor correlated with an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P<0.001). In conclusion, characteristic CT imaging features of aneurysms may help to diagnose vascular involvement of BD and assess its severity, particularly in the absence of the classical clinical manifestations.

Coping strategies, vision-related quality of life, and emotional health in managing retinitis pigmentosa: a survey study

BackgroundRetinitis pigmentosa is a group of genetic progressive retinal dystrophies that may adversely affect daily life. Those with RP should develop adaptive coping strategies to manage their condition. This study investigates the relationship between engaging (ECS) and disengaging coping strategies (DCS), vision-related quality of life (VRQoL), and emotional health, in adults living at home with retinitis pigmentosa.MethodOne hundred and five participants (70 female; meanage of 46.98, SDage = 13.77) completed a cross-sectional survey. The questionnaire booklet consisted of the Coping Strategies Inventory – Short Form (32 items), the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire 25 (25 items), Marylands Trait Depression Scale (18 items), the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (14 items), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (4 items).ResultsData was analysed with a two-block hierarchical multiple regression, with the first block controlling for the demographic data (age, sex, years since retinitis pigmentosa diagnosis, number of comorbidities, participant-perceived retinitis pigmentosa severity, and knowing RP type) and the second block consisting of primary measures (type of coping strategy, VRQoL, and Emotional Health). Type of coping strategy was found to impact psychosocial variables of VRQoL, not overall VRQoL. These psychosocial VRQoL variables had a positive association with ECS and a negative association with DCS. Emotional Health increased with ECS and decreased with DCS. There was a larger impact of DCS on VRQoL and Emotional Health compared to ECS, that is, VRQoL and Emotional Health decreased more with increasing DCS than VRQoL, and Emotional Health increased with increasing ECS.ConclusionIn concordance with previous research, ECS increased with increasing VRQoL and DCS decreased with increasing VRQoL. However, the findings also indicated that DCS had a greater impact than ECS on VRQoL and Emotional Health. This suggests that diminishing DCS should be prioritised over developing ECS to positively influence VRQoL and Emotional Health. Further research should investigate the impact of reducing DCS compared to increasing ECS, and how this may influence VRQoL and Emotional Health.

Contribution of laser Doppler flowmetry with venoarteriolar reflex, cold, and rewarming testing, and intravital capillaroscopy to diagnose Raynaud&amp;#39;s phenomenon

Contribution of laser Doppler flowmetry with venoarteriolar reflex, cold, and rewarming testing, and intravital capillaroscopy to diagnose Raynaud&#39;s phenomenon Jan Zeman,1 Oksana Turyanytsya,1 Vojtĕch Kapsa,2 Mojm&iacute;r Eli&aacute;&scaron;3 1Department of Clinical Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital Bulovka, 2Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, 3Kooperativa a.s., Pobrezni, Prague, Czech Republic Background: The early differential diagnosis of Raynaud&rsquo;s phenomenon (RP) is crucial for the prognosis and therapy of these patients. In our microcirculatory laboratory, we use intravital capillaroscopy (IC), plethysmography (P), and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) for examining acrosyndromes. We combine LDF with venoarteriolar reflex test, cold test, and rewarming test to achieve more reliable diagnoses of acrosyndromes. Patients and methods: We examined LDF and IC according to a strict protocol using a battery of tests (venoarteriolar reflex test, cold test, rewarming test) applied to five different groups of people and compared their results: healthy controls, primary Raynaud&rsquo;s phenomenon (PRP), systemic scleroderma, vibration white finger, and peripheral artery occlusive disease. Our tests included 340 individuals (72 patients plus 268 controls). Results: Although all tests provided some differences between controls and patients, only the rewarming test offered significant results for differential diagnoses. Conclusion: IC and LDF combined with the battery of tests (venoarteriolar reflex test, cold test, rewarming test) under standard conditions can be used as reliable tools to distinguish between PRP and some types of secondary RP (especially in the case of systemic scleroderma, vibration white fingers, or peripheral artery occlusive disease; RPs with organic occlusions of the small arteries causing the diseases). Our methodology can help to distinguish between other types of RP, as well. Keywords: Raynaud&rsquo;s phenomenon, acrosyndrome, laser Doppler flowmetry, intravital capillaroscopy, scleroderma, vibration white finger, peripheral artery occlusive disease

Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) represents the most common regular supraventricular arrhythmia in humans.1 The precise anatomic site and nature of the pathways involved have not yet been established, and several attempts to provide a reasonable hypothesis based on anatomic or anisotropic models have been made.2 There has been considerable evidence that the right and left inferior extensions of the human atrioventricular (AV) node and the atrionodal inputs they facilitate may provide the anatomic substrate of the slow pathway, and a comprehensive model of the tachycardia circuit for all forms of AVNRT based on the concept of atrionodal inputs has been proposed.2 Still, however, the circuit of AVNRT remains elusive. Recently, time-honored conventional schemes for the diagnosis and classification of the various forms of the arrhythmia have been refuted in part by evolving evidence. Recognition of the various types of AVNRT is important, however, to expedite diagnosis and allow implementation of appropriate ablation therapy without complications. We present an update on AVNRT with a particular emphasis on electrophysiological criteria used for the differential diagnosis of regular, supraventricular tachycardias. Typically, AVNRT is a narrow-complex tachycardia, ie, QRS duration <120 ms, unless aberrant conduction, which is usually of the right bundle-branch type, or a previous conduction defect exists. Tachycardia-related ST depression and RR-interval variation may be seen. RR alternans in AVNRT has been attributed to the proposed model of a figure of 8 reentry with continuous crossing over of antegrade activation through an inferior input to the contralateral superior input via the node.2 In the typical form of AVNRT (slow-fast), abnormal (retrograde) P′ waves are constantly related to the QRS and in the majority of cases are indiscernible or very close to the QRS complex (RP′/RR <0.5). Thus, P′ waves are either masked by the QRS complex or …

Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

Generation and Forward Displacement Analysis of RP_R-PR-RP_R Analytic Planar Parallel Manipulators

Analytic manipulators are manipulators for which a characteristic polynomial of fourth degree or lower can be obtained symbolically. Six types of RP_R-PR-RP_R analytic planar parallel manipulators (APPMs) are first generated using the component approach and the method based on the structure of the univariate equation. Of the six types, four are composed of Assur II kinematic chains while the other two are composed of Assur III kinematic chains. The forward displacement analysis (FDA) of two types of RP_R-PR-RP_R APPMs composed of Assur III kinematic chains is then performed. The FDA of each of the two types of APPMs composed of Assur III kinematic chains is reduced to the solution of a univariate cubic equation and a quadratic equation in sequence. It is also proven that the maximum number of real solutions to the FDA is 4 for the RP_R-PR-RP_R planar parallel manipulator with one aligned platform and one orthogonal platform. Examples with 4 real solutions for the RP_R-PR-RP_R planar parallel manipulator with one aligned platform and one orthogonal platform or 6 real solutions for the RP_R-PR-RP_R planar parallel manipulator with two aligned platforms are given at the end of this paper.

Clinical Genetic Analysis of Retinitis Pigmentosa in Indian Population

Four hundred families affected with Retini- tis Pigmentosa (RP), from 16 different states of India were analysed to ascertain segregation pattern of RP and to study the association of clinical variables like age of onset and rate of progression with the different clinical subtypes of RP. Families were categorized on the basis of clinical types and inheritance pattern. Segregation analysis, based on the maximum likelihood estimate, was carried out on 426 sibships from 400 families. 75% of the cases were autoso- mal recessive (AR), 10% autosomal dominant (AD) and 1% X-linked. In the remaining 14%, the inheritance pat- tern was not clear. Segregation analysis of the sibship data showed good agreement with respect to the AR cases, with a segregation value of 0.23. Penetrance was relatively low (42%) in AD cases. Segregation analysis of AR cases, with the inclusion of simplex cases, indicated that these cases might be having an underlying recessive mode of inherit- ance. High frequency of recessive cases could be attributed to inbreeding and consanguinity in families. Statistically significant differences with respect to age of onset and rate of progression were observed among different clini- cal types of RP, which could be of importance in counsel- ing.

Clinical Genetic Analysis of Retinitis Pigmentosa in Indian Population

Four hundred families affected with Retini- tis Pigmentosa (RP), from 16 different states of India were analysed to ascertain segregation pattern of RP and to study the association of clinical variables like "age of onset" and "rate of progression" with the different clinical subtypes of RP. Families were categorized on the basis of clinical types and inheritance pattern. Segregation analysis, based on the maximum likelihood estimate, was carried out on 426 sibships from 400 families. 75% of the cases were autoso- mal recessive (AR), 10% autosomal dominant (AD) and 1% X-linked. In the remaining 14%, the inheritance pat- tern was not clear. Segregation analysis of the sibship data showed good agreement with respect to the AR cases, with a segregation value of 0.23. Penetrance was relatively low (42%) in AD cases. Segregation analysis of AR cases, with the inclusion of simplex cases, indicated that these cases might be having an underlying recessive mode of inherit- ance. High frequency of recessive cases could be attributed to inbreeding and consanguinity in families. Statistically significant differences with respect to "age of onset" and "rate of progression" were observed among different clini- cal types of RP, which could be of importance in counsel- ing.

Spectral features of humic substances in a perhumid subtropical montane forest ecosystem, Taiwan

The optical characteristics of humic acids (HAs) and degree of humification of humic substances in Albaquults, Dystrochrepts, and Histosols of a perhumid forest in Taiwan were studied. Values of the humification indexes (E4/E6 ratios) of both the total soil extract and HA fractions gave similar results in the case of surface layers (0 horizons), whereas in the case of the mineral horizons, those of the total soil extract were not significantly correlated with the results obtained for the HA fraction. The profile distribution of the values of the FA/HA ratio increased from top to bottom, indicating that the FAs (fulvic acids) were more mobile than the HAs and accumulated in deeper mineral horizons. The pronounced migration of the FAs contributed to the lower degree of humification of humic substances in the mineral horizons. The ΔlogK and RF values of the HAs showed that the HAs in the mineral horizons of the soils were less humified (classified as Rp type) than those of the 0 horizons (classified as Rp or P type). The predominance of the P type of HAs in this studied site suggests that there is a high degree of humification in perhumid forest soils which are with high rainfall and extreme acidity. There is no significant effect of topography on the type of HAs that developed along the slope sites.

Adenosine's effectiveness in long RP' re‐entrant tachycardia: Additional evidence of the decremental qualities of the retrograde limb

Adenosine's ability to terminate atrioventricular (AV) re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia is well documented. Typically, termination occurs as a consequence of transient conduction block in the atrioventricular node, a tissue with decremental qualities. However, the atrioventricular node is not always the site of action when adenosine is used on the re-entrant types of long RP' tachycardias. These tachycardias are, in part, characterized by the decremental qualities of the retrograde limb of the tachycardia circuit, which, in turn, are typically exemplified by retrograde Wenckebach during ventricular (VVI) pacing during intracardiac electrophysiology studies. This case report involves adenosine's ability to block conduction in the retrograde limb of the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia to provide further evidence as to the AV "nodelike" decremental qualities of this limb.

Evolutionary Steps and Transposable Elements in Drosophila melanogaster: The Missing RP Type Obtained by Genetic Transformation

Evolutionary Steps and Transposable Elements in Drosophila melanogaster: The Missing RP Type Obtained by Genetic Transformation