Types Of Research Studies Research Articles

Determining an Applicable Sample Size in Research Studies

Determining a proper sample size is a critical aspect of research design as it influences the reliability and validity of study findings. The key objective of writing this article is to suggest some rudimentary formulae, easy software tools and a general sample size table to determine an applicable sample size to be used in research studies. To attain this objective, relevant books and journal articles have been taken as the sources of secondary data. After a comprehensive overview of the literature regarding the sample size, this article concludes that the confidence level, the margin of error, the population size, and the population proportion statistically determine the sample size in quantitative research studies. Similarly, the nature of population, and types of research studies are the vital factors that confer us the basic idea about the sample size before computing the ideal or required sample size that homogeneous population and qualitative research studies generally require a smaller sample size, whereas heterogeneous population and quantitative research studies necessitate a larger sample size. Researchers, practitioners, and students will find this article valuable in guiding their decisions on sample size determination for robust and meaningful research outcomes.

Research designs for cardiothoracic surgeons: part 1 - a primer for evidence-based practice.

Understanding research designs is crucial for cardiothoracic surgeons to enhance their clinical practice and decision-making. This article provides a comprehensive overview of different research study types, including observational and experimental studies, and their relevance to cardiothoracic surgery. Detailed explanations of cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies, as well as various types of randomized controlled trials, are presented. Key terms and concepts like bias, validity, and reliability are discussed. Practical case examples from the literature illustrate the application of these research designs, aiding clinicians in selecting the appropriate study design for their research questions.

Impact of Locus of Control on Psychological Well-Being Among Male and Female Adolescents in Anambra State

This study focused on investigating how locus of control influences the mental well-being of male and female adolescents from Anambra State, Nigeria. The type of research study was correlational and the respondents were senior Secondary School students of which 396 were males and 367 females. The sampling methods used were multistage and stratified sampling. In data collection the Locus of Control of Behaviour Scale (LCBS) and the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWS) were used; both instruments yielded high reliability as assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0. 72 and 0. 86, respectively. Specifically, in the regression equations it was discovered that locus of control has a positive correlation with psychological well-being and explained 21% of the variability. It accounts for 8% of the variability in all adolescent youth, 18. 1% among males and 24% among females. The findings underscored the significance of building an internal sense of control to improve adolescents’ psychological adjustment. The study revealed the need to apply such methods to enhance the students’ perceived control in educational programs and calls for future studies to discover other factors that have an impact on psychological well-being across various cultures.

Sample size calculation in clinical research.

Calculation of sample size is an essential part of research study design since it affects the reliability and feasibility of the research study. In this article, we look at the principles of sample size calculation for different types of research studies.

Analisis Program Magang Jepang Dalam Penciptaan Lapangan Kerja Baru (Studi Pada Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Provinsi Jawa Timur)

Qualitative research which aims to answer questions about how the Japanese internship program is implemented at the East Java Province Manpower and Transmigration Service and how effective the Japanese internship program is in creating new jobs.The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with a type of research study on objects. Data collection was carried out by interviews with informants in this research, namely the head of the management development section of the East Java Provincial Manpower and Transmigration Service, the selection committee for the Japanese internship program, Japanese post-internships.The results of this research conclude that the implementation of the Japanese internship program can be said to be effective because it is in accordance with existing regulations but there are few obstacles when conducting outreach to each district or city with regional autonomy. Regarding the effectiveness of the Japanese internship program in creating new jobs when they return to Indonesia, based on research results, Japanese internship activities can have a positive impact, namely being able to create independent entrepreneurs in both business and service sectors and having employees, and providing more effective work opportunities by utilizing certificates. to apply for jobs in Indonesia, both private and public.

Improving the inclusion of an under-served group in trials: development and implementation of the INCLUDE Impaired Capacity to Consent Framework

BackgroundFor the potential benefits of trials to reach all that they should, trials must be designed to ensure that those taking part reflect the population who will receive the intervention. However, adults with impaired capacity to consent are frequently excluded from trials — partly because researchers are unfamiliar with the legal and ethical frameworks and lack the necessary methodological expertise. Researchers identified a need for guidance on designing more inclusive trials. Building on the NIHR INCLUDE initiative, we developed the INCLUDE Impaired Capacity to Consent Framework to help researchers design inclusive trials.MethodsThe framework was developed over five phases: (1) establishing the scope and content of the framework and adapting the INCLUDE Ethnicity Framework for this population; (2) scoping the relevance of the framework to different populations and piloting in a range of trials; (3) consulting people living with impairing conditions and carers to explore their views about the framework and identify missing content areas; (4) refining the framework; and (5) the development of an implementation toolkit of resources to support researchers using the framework.ResultsThe framework has two parts: a set of four key questions to help researchers identify who should be included in their trial, and a series of worksheets covering intervention design, recruitment and consent processes, data collection and analysis, and public involvement and dissemination. It is supported by a summary of the ethical and legal frameworks and a website of resources on capacity and consent. Implementation resources include infographics and animations, a library of completed frameworks, and facilitated workshops for researchers.The framework and toolkit were launched at a webinar (November 2022), with polling demonstrating an increase in attendees’ awareness about research involving adults lacking capacity. A post-webinar survey found that stakeholders viewed the framework and toolkit as valuable tools to facilitate greater inclusion of this under-served population in trials. The framework is available online: https://www.capacityconsentresearch.com/include-impaired-capacity-to-consent-framework.html.ConclusionsThe INCLUDE Impaired Capacity to Consent Framework and implementation toolkit can support researchers to design more inclusive trials and other types of research studies. Further engagement, including with funders who are key to ensuring uptake, and evaluation is needed.

INTERPRETASI PUTUSAN HAKIM MAHKAMAH AGUNG TERHADAP PERKARA KORUPSI BERBASIS HUKUM PROGRESIF

This is the main issue in a study of what interpretation is as part of a legal discovery method based on progressive law in corruption cases. This study aims to study and explain the importance of legal interpretation regarding the formulation of legal texts (laws) that have legal certainty for a law enforcer to maintain the value of justice and the benefits of law, especially in corruption cases. The type of research study used is a normative juridical research study, namely a type of research study that uses legal research analysis methods through a statutory approach. The research results concluded that Supreme Court Judge Artidjo Alkostar, in applying the article at the cassation level, interpreted it progressively by first looking at the elements of the criminal act that the Defendant had committed. The elements of legal violations that have been fulfilled are then adjusted to the articles that have been alleged. In the adjustments made, Supreme Court Justice Artidjo Alkostar used language interpretation techniques. In addition, Supreme Court Justice Artidjo Alkostar considers the Defendant taking advantage of his public position (political corruption) to commit corruption crimes as a factor that complicates sanctions for perpetrators of corruption.

Implementasi Cooperative Learning Pada Mata Pelajaran Al-Qur’an Hadist dalam Tinjauan Pembelajaran Abad 21 di MTs Salafiyah Tuban

Several problems related to PAI learning in Indonesia are due to students' lack of confidence in asking questions; they are only passive and often silent in learning. This problem also comes from educators, who still focus on understanding the material without paying attention to the right strategy. This teaching and learning process still leads to cognitive aspects, such as approach teacher-centred or just talking. The purpose of carrying out this research is to understand the forms, supporting and inhibiting factors that educators face and to know the implications of implementing cooperative learning on Al-Qur'an Hadith-based subjectsSkills 21st century learning at MTs Salafiyah Jatirogo Tuban. This type of research study is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study prove that the form's implementation of cooperative learning in the Al-Qur'an Hadith subject at MTs Salafiyah Asy Syafi'iyah Jatirogo Tuban using the typeTeams Games Tournament, Numbered Head Together, jigsaw, and group discussion. There are three steps in implementing cooperative learning: planning, implementation and evaluation. Supporting factors in successful cooperative learning include the role of the principal, who is open to teacher innovation, enthusiastic students, and the willingness of teachers to develop their competencies. At the same time, the inhibiting factors that become obstacles are the lack of time allocation, inadequate teaching aids and media, and students who look ordinary so that they are less conducive to learning. There are implications of implementing cooperative learning, namely facilitating students in understanding the material, practising responsibility and tolerance, increasing friendships, increasing the courage of students in asking questions and communicating with teachers and friends and so on.
 

Role of Parenting in Anorexic Vulnerability among Adolescents in Indian Scenario

Purpose: The present research article explores the challenges faced by parents in today's generation regarding the practice of parenting and its influence on the moral development of children during early childhood. However, with the advent of globalization and societal transformations, modern families are experiencing shifts that result in new parents struggling to find adequate time to spend with their children. This scenario has led to the emergence of various behavioral and psychological issues among today's generation, with vulnerability to anorexia nervosa being one of the notable abnormalities. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of parenting practices on moral development while considering the challenges faced by contemporary parents in allocating sufficient time to their children. Methodology Adopted: This article has followed narrative review format to know the subject matter in detail. This review attempts to do an analysis on the role of parenting in anorexic vulnerability among adolescents and the different socio-familial factors that contributes in the development of the disorder. The data is enumerated through electronic search and since the literature on this area is rare in Indian context, all types of research studies have been included. The electronic search included SCOPUS, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE. Findings: Based on the theoretical framework adopted for the study, it was found that there is a remarkable influence of parental styles and parental bonding on the behavioural issues of adolescents. It was also much evident that Parenting and familial factors have a great impact on the anorexic vulnerability of Indian adolescent girls. Originality/ Value: A new understanding can be built up among Indian parents regarding the behavioural and emotional issues of adolescents with regard to parenting style and parenting attachment patterns. Paper Type: Narrative Review Format

Juridical Review of Minimum Service Standards at Manggarai Station

Background. Manggarai Station is a large type A train station which is the busiest station. Manggarai Station is under construction and is divided into several stages. As a result of the change in the transit route, it causes passenger discomfort, which is poured on social media. Purpose. This study aims to evaluate the station's performance on changes in the transit route for train travel via the Manggarai station for passengers by the provisions of the applicable regulations. Method. The method used in this research is an empirical legal research study, which is a type of research study that seeks data directly from the field or looks at law in a real sense and studies how the law works in society.33 of 2011 Types, Classes, and Activities at Railway Stations and PM No 63 of 2019 concerning Minimum Service Standards for the Transport of People by Train. Results. The results obtained based on previous research with Importance Performance Analysis still show passenger dissatisfaction, and according to laws and regulations, the public as users of transportation services have the right to submit input related to rail transportation so that PT KCI can provide minimum service standards at stations consisting of security and safety, accurate information, ticket sales services, good condition of station facilities, accessibility, assistance and complaint services. Conclusion. In Ministerial Regulation No. 63 of 2019 concerning Minimum Service Standards for the Transport of People by Train, PT KCI is responsible for KRL passengers at the Manggarai train station and while traveling on the train. This research only discusses the responsibility of PT KCI in providing minimum service standards at manggarai station.

Evaluation safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) and radiotherapy combination versus ICB in non-small cell lung cancer patients with recurrence or metastasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Currently, immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) and radiotherapy (RT) combination therapy is broadly applied in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, meta-analysis about safety and efficacy of RT + ICB versus ICB has not yet been reported. To evaluate safety and efficacy of the combination therapy of ICB and RT in patients with recurrent or metastatic NSCLC and explore factors related to higher response rates, longer lifetime, and lower toxicity, meta-analysis of previous clinical data will be presented in this article. A literature search on patients with recurrent or metastatic NSCLC treated with RT + ICB versus ICB was performed using the Cochrane Library, Embase and PubMed up to December 10, 2022. Suitable quality assessment checklists were selected corresponding to various types of research studies. Comparative and single-arm studies were analyzed using Stata 14.0. 10 comparative studies and 15 arms of combination therapy were included for this meta-analysis. RT significantly improved objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of ICB (I-square value (I2 ) = 0.00%, odds ratio (OR) 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.49, I2 = 0.00%, OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.00-1.25, I2 = 42.1%, OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.72-0.92, I2 = 34.5%, OR 0.80, and 95% CI 0.71-0.89, respectively). Toxicity between combination therapy and ICB monotherapy did not significantly differ in any grade or in ≥3 grade of tr-AEs (I2 = 0.00%, OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.91-1.22, I2 = 0.00%, OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.90-2.37, respectively). Subgroup analyses based on single-arm studies showed that applications of SRS/SBRT, PD-1 inhibitor, and administration of ICB after RT were conducive to a better DCR, longer OS and mild adverse events (heterogeneity between groups (HBG) all p < 0.05). RT can significantly improve ORR, DCR, OS, and PFS of ICB in patients with recurrent or metastatic NSCLC without increasing toxicity. PD-1 inhibitor following SRS/SBRT could be the best option to maximally benefit the patients.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis Features in Aneurysm Development in Rats.

The investigation of how to control the development and growth of cerebral aneurysms is important for the prevention of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although there have been several types of research studies on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of brain aneurysm development and growth, there has been no unified interpretation of the CFD analysis results. The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of CFD analysis results related to the development of cerebral aneurysms using an animal model. Nineteen rat models of cerebral aneurysms were created, and the CFD analysis results between the cerebral aneurysm group [n = 10; the aneurysm was observed on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) within 10 weeks after aneurysm induction surgery] and the nonaneurysm group (n = 9) were compared. All aneurysms were confirmed on the proximal segment of the left cerebral artery (P1), and the cross-sectional area and curvature of the left P1 were evaluated together. In the cerebral aneurysm group, there was a decrease in wall shear stress (WSS) that is consistent with the location of the aneurysm compared to the nonaneurysm group. The cross-sectional area of the left P1 gradually increased in the aneurysm group but not in the nonaneurysm group. The mean curvature in the entire left P1 was higher in the aneurysm group than in the nonaneurysm group. This study revealed that the development of cerebral aneurysms is due to changes in vascular morphology, namely, an increase in vessel diameter and a high curvature, and a decreased WSS consistent with the site of aneurysm development using this animal model.

On your marks, get set, pause: what care home teams should consider before partnering with a trial research group

Research has the potential to inform and enhance the care and experiences of people living and working in care homes. While there is a growing interest in research relevant for care homes, there is also a need to ensure that staff, residents and their families and friends are supported when considering taking part in research; particularly in a type of research called a ‘trial’. Trials are a type of research study that can help guide decisions about the best treatment, care and support for both residents (and their families and friends) and care home staff. While potentially important, trials are demanding for both care homes and trial research teams. Before agreeing to support a trial, there are questions a care home manager, staff, residents and their families and friends can consider. These questions are outlined in this article, and the answers to these will help a care home to determine whether they have the capacity, readiness and relationships to support a trial. By taking the time to ‘pause’ and ask ‘are we ready?’, care teams can support both care and science.

Business Management Strategy and Customer Loyalitas to Service Quality at Titia Gallery During the Covid 19 Period

The research was motivated byithe effects of the covid-19 virus felt by Titia Gallery Bukittinggi with many clients delaying receptions until the cancellation of service use. The better the quality of service, the greater the customer satisfaction. The research aims to a) describe the business management strategy at Titia Gallery on service quality during the Covid- 19 period. b) describe customer loyalty to the quality of service at Titia Gallery during the Covid-19 period. c) describe the business management strategy and customer loyalty at Titia Gallery on service quality during the Covid-19 period. The type of research study is descriptive- quantitative. A total of 9 Titia Team members and 71 customers are the Population. Mechanism of sampling with purposive sampling method. The number of samples in this study were 80 respondents. Collecting data using interview, observation, documentation, and distribution of questionnaires in theiform of a Likert scale which is tested for validity and reliability. The analyticalitechnique applied is descriptive analysis, normality test, hypothesis testing consisting of t test, simultaneous f test, and R2 test. The results for the effect of the makeup business management strategy on service quality are 0.431 with no significant effect category, the results of the frequency distribution are 98.75%, the value of the influence of customer loyalty on service quality is 0.00 with a significant effect category, the frequency distribution is 71.25%. The r2 test value is 24.9% where the makeup business management strategy and customer loyalty have a simultaneous effect on service quality. For further researchers, it is recommended to develop similar things in the makeup business management strategy in order to survive.

Availability and use of Audio-Visual Aids in Teaching Science

Audio-visual instructional materials are highly motivating supplements to make the teaching effective. The learning process itself is based primarily on sensory experiences. So, availability and use of audio, visual aids helps to make the science learning permanent, to transfer the learning and to understand the science structure. The main objective of the study is to find out the availability of instructional materials in the secondary private and public schools, to find out the teacher knowledge and skills to construct and use of teaching materials. The study is based on primary data drawn by observation and questionnaire on the field visited and secondary sources of data collected from the checklist and Districts Education office, Kathmandu. The data analysis procedure was descriptive in nature and appropriate statistical measurements with a sensible description of availability and use of instructional materials in teaching science. Thus, this study proved the availability and use of instructional materials more than private school with compare to public schools and the availability of instructional materials in the schools was not satisfactory. Even available materials in the schools were not used properly by teachers at the time of teaching in science. The findings and conclusion of the study will help to concern agencies. It is better to conduct such type of research studies at the national level.

Exploring the Nuanced Links Between Internet Use and Subjective Well-Being Among Older Adults: A Nordic Population-Based Study.

AimThe aim was to explore the various associations between subjective well-being and internet use among older adults in two regions in Finland and Sweden.MethodsThe data was collected through a population-based survey (N = 9,386) as part of the GERDA project conducted in 2016. The connection between subjective well-being (measured by perceived meaningfulness, happiness and life satisfaction) and internet use (distinguishing between internet users, non-users and users with support, and diverse internet activities) was studied by conducting binary regression analyses, calculating odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. The analyses also controlled for key subjective well-being covariates.ResultsStatistically significant associations were found between perceived life meaningfulness and internet use. When looking into the specific internet-based activities under study, activities related to leisure and entertainment showed statistically significant associations to perceived meaningfulness as well as perceived happiness, also after controlling for potential covariates. However, internet use and the different internet activities failed to show statistical significant associations to life satisfaction in the adjusted regression model.ConclusionThe things we do on the internet (the activities) as well as how we conceptualize and measure subjective well-being in this type of research studies seem to matter when it comes to the relationship between subjective well-being and internet use in later life. Internet use and internet activities displayed various connections to the subjective well-being proxies used in this study. Therefore, the complexity and multidimensionality of both subjective well-being and internet use and related links need to be carefully explored in order to deepen our understanding of experienced well-being among older adults in a digitized world.

Santa Ana Winds: Fractal-Based Analysis in a Semi-Arid Zone of Northern Mexico

A fractal analysis based on the time series of precipitation, temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and wind speed was performed for 16 weather stations located in the hydrographic basin of the Guadalupe River in Baja California, Mexico. Days on which the phenomenon known as Santa Ana winds occurs were identified based on the corresponding criteria of wind speed (≥4.5 m/s) and wind direction (between 0° and 90°). Subsequently, the time series was formed with data representing the days on which this phenomenon occurs in each of the analyzed weather stations. A time series was additionally formed from the days in which the Santa Ana winds condition does not occur. Hurst exponents and fractal dimension were estimated applying the rescaled range method to characterize the established time series in terms of characteristics of persistence, anti-persistence, or randomness along with the calculation of the climate predictability Index. This enabled the behavior and correlation analysis of the meteorological variables associated with Santa Ana winds occurrence. Finally, this type of research study is instrumental in understanding the regional dynamics of the climate in the basin, and allows us to establish a basis for developing models that can forecast the days of occurrence of the Santa Ana winds, in such a way that actions or measures can be taken to mitigate the negative consequences generated when said phenomenon occurs, such as fires and droughts.

Practical and Relevant Guidelines for the Management of Psoriasis: An Inference-Based Methodology.

IntroductionPsoriasis (Pso) is a common, immune-mediated, chronic-relapsing, inflammatory skin disease. While a great deal is known about Pso and its treatment, there remain several treatment scenarios unaddressed by clinical studies. To be effective, treatment for Pso must alter the activity of one or more immunological pathways important in the pathogenesis of the disease. While the benefit of blocking these pathways may be apparent, there remain uncertainties regarding safety, such as infections, malignancies, and the potential for off-target effects. Existing guidelines and treatment recommendations rely primarily on clinical trial or observational data, none of which adequately address specific clinical challenges. This document describes a methodological framework for generating practical and clinically relevant guidance for situations where direct evidence is rare or absent. Guidelines implementing this framework are currently ongoing.MethodsWe develop a knowledge synthesis approach to guideline development, utilizing clinical trial data where available, and a formalized inferential decision-making process that considers indirect data coupled with structured expert opinion and analysis. This approach is best suited for situations where direct, high-level evidence is lacking. Support for each resultant recommendation is expressed as a quantified assessment of confidence.ResultsThe topics to be addressed by this set of guidelines are ranked by clinicians and patients as areas of concern, with an emphasis on topics where high-level evidence may have limited availability.ConclusionThrough this novel approach, we will derive practical, informative recommendations using the best evidence available in combination with structured expert opinion to guide best practices in complex, real-world settings. Supplementary file2 (MP4 98653 kb)Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13555-021-00642-5.

KONSEP IBU SEBAGAI PENDIDIK PERTAMA DALAM KELUARGA ANALISIS TERHADAP BUKU UMMUL MUKMININ KARYA SYEKH ABDUL HAMID MAHMUD THAHMAZ

The study aims to: (1) to learn mother's concept as the first educator of the family analysis in sheikh abdul hamid mahmud thahmaz's book ummul mukminin. (2) to learn the unique thinking of abdul hamid mahmud thahmaz about mother as the first educator in his book ummul mukminin that sets it apart from other ideas.&#x0D; The type of research used in this study is a type of research study with a descriptive qualitative approach. The literature study of data-collecting techniques is a study referring to libraries that refer to books, journals, reports, documents or other scientific works. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction, display and data verification. Content analysis is an analysis by discussing reference material relating to the mother's concept as the first educator in the family (analysis of the book ummul mukminin).&#x0D; This study has shown that the important role parents play in educating their children. As a mother's role as an educator in the family should have a certain number of characteristics as a prerequisite. In his book ummul mukminin sheikh abdul hamid mahmud thahmaz set the aisyah r.a. character as an example for mothers who wanted to be good children educators in the family. Such characteristics are: zuhud, the aisyah, philanthropy, the character, and the learning. And the thinking of sheikh abdul hamid mahmud thahmaz of mother as a educator must be historical, normistic, and philosophical

Identifying and Characterizing the Propagation Scale of COVID-19 Situational Information on Twitter: A Hybrid Text Analytic Approach

During the recent pandemic of COVID-19, an increasing amount of information has been propagated on social media. This situational information is valuable for public authorities. Therefore, this study characterized the propagation scale of situational information types by harnessing the power of natural language processing techniques and machine learning algorithms. We observed that the length of the post has a positive correlation with type 1 information (announcements), and negative words were mostly used in type 5 information (criticizing the government), whereas anxiety-related words have a negative effect on the amount of retweeted type 0 (precautions) and type 2 (donations) information. This type of research study not only contributes to the situational information literature by comprehensively defining categories but also provides data-oriented practical insights into information so that management authorities can formulate response strategies after the pandemic. Our approach is one of its kind and combines Twitter content features, user features and LIWC linguistic features with machine learning algorithms to analyze the propagation scale of situational information, and it achieved 77% accuracy with SVM while classifying the information categories.