Types Of Rabies Vaccines Research Articles

Rabies vaccine: Recent update and comprehensive review of in vitro and in vivo studies

Rabies is a zoonotic and progressive viral disease in warm-blooded animals including human that is almost always fatal following the onset of clinical symptoms. Increasing evidence indicated that vaccination is an effective strategy for preventing rabies in the host reservoir. During the last 50 years, many attempts have been made to establish and develop rabies vaccines, aiming at preventing or controlling rabies animals and human. In this respect, first generation rabies vaccines including attenuated live vaccine and inactivated rabies have been characterized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. To overcome the limitations of conventional rabies vaccines and improve potential immunogenicity and clinical efficacy, new-generation rabies vaccines including recombinant vaccines, viral vector vaccines, cell cultures vaccines, adjuvant vaccines, and DNA and RNA-based vaccines, as well as chimeric vaccines have been explored. So far, however, there has been little discussion about the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of rabies vaccines. Herein, this comprehensive review attempts to put together in vitro and in vivo studies, focusing on all types of rabies vaccines and gives an overview of their immunogenicity and efficacy. Finally, this review also assesses the clinical efficacy of rabies vaccines in clinical trials.

Measurement of rabies virus N protein in rabies vaccines

In this study, we designed a capture ELISA using a monoclonal antibody specific for the N protein, the major protein of the rabies virus nucleocapsid, to measure the N protein content in rabies vaccines. Free N protein content was compared in the two types of rabies vaccine currently used in humans: suckling mouse brain (SMB) vaccine prepared from rabies virus-infected brain tissue, and tissue culture (TC) vaccine prepared from supernatants of rabies virus-infected cells. It was found that SMB vaccines contained considerably higher amounts of N protein than most of the TC vaccines. Possible implications concerning the efficacy of rabies vaccines are discussed.

Tollwutantikörper‐Bildung bei Frettchen nach der Impfung mit vier verschiedenen Tollwut‐Impfstoffen

The Development of Rabies Antibodies in Ferrets after Injection of Four Different Types of Rabies Vaccines. Experiments aimed at proving the suitability of ferrets in the routine testing of rabies vaccines for human and animal use were carried out. A total of 40 ferrets received four vaccines, two for use in humans and two for use in animals. For the determination of rabies antibodies, blood was taken on days 28 and 56, respectively, after inoculation of the vaccines. All animals developed antibodies of more than [0.5 IE/ml] serum as determined by RFFIT. The antibody titre following injection of the vaccines for animals (A1 and A2) was 4.1 IE/ml on day 28 and 5.86 IE/ml on day 56. The antibody titre following injection of the vaccines for humans was 6.64 IE/ml on day 28 and 8.87 IE/ml on day 56. The suitability of ferrets for the potency assay of rabies vaccines is discussed.

The primary hamster kidney cell rabies vaccine: adaptation of viral strain, production of vaccine, and pre- and postexposure treatment.

The hamster kidney cell rabies vaccine was investigated as a substitute for classical nervous tissue rabies vaccine. The Beijing strain of fixed rabies virus was adapted to primary hamster kidney cells (PHKCs), and four types of rabies vaccine (plain, adjuvant, concentrated, and concentrated adjuvant vaccines) were developed for human use. The potencies of the vaccines met the requirements of the World Health Organization, and these vaccines elicited rather satisfactory antibody responses in volunteers. The postexposure use of vaccine was evaluated in 301 individuals, 97 of whom had been bitten by proven rabid animals. None of the individuals contracted rabies during the observation period. After several years of field trials with both pre- and postexposure vaccines, the evidence indicates that the PHKC rabies vaccines are effective and safe for human use.

Further studies on rabies postexposure prophylaxis in mice: a comparison of vaccine with interferon and vaccine.

Mice were inoculated in the left hind footpad with street rabies virus, and 24 h later various types of rabies vaccine were administered intramuscularly in the right leg. The vaccines alone were ineffective in reducing mortality, but when an interferon inducer, polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid complexed to poly-L-lysine (polyICLC), was given along with the vaccines, a marked reduction resulted. The polyICLC-vaccine combination was effective even when it was injected 5 days after infection, suggesting that effective postexposure treatment in man might be successful when given at a comparable late time.

Combined vaccination of cats against panleucopenia and rabies

In a previous paper [3], we demonstrated that it was possible to vaccinate cats with a combined vaccine against Panleucopenia and Rabies. The purpose of this paper is to sum up the tests for safety and potency, carried out in cats vaccinated with a new combined vaccine against Panleucopenia and Rabies. This vaccine is different from that mentioned in the previous paper. The new Rabies vaccine is a vaccine adjuvanted by aluminium hydroxide. First of all, we shall examine the means and methods implemented and then, present the comparative results obtained with the two types of Rabies vaccine (whether adjuvanted or not) combined with the Panleucopenia live vaccine.

A COMPARISON OF A WI-38 VACCINE AND DUCK EMBRYO VACCINE FOR PREEXPOSURE RABIES PROPHYLAXIS

Two types of rabies vaccine, WI-38 vaccine (WRV) and Duck Embryo Vaccine (DEV) were compared in rabies preexposure prophylaxis. Once group of veterinary students received four doses of DEV, a second group received four doses of WRV, and a third group received two doses of WRV. Adverse reactions were found to be similar for all three gorups. The antibody responses, however, differed markedly: the mean neutralizing titer after four doses of DEV was 1:75, after four doses of WRV was 1:1517, but was only 1:164 after two doses of WRV. All students who received three or four doses of WRV developed high titers of rabies antibody, making this vaccine very desirable for preexposure prophylaxis.

Evaluation of tests for rabies antibody and analysis of serum responses after administration of three different types of rabies vaccines

Humoral antibody response to three types of rabies vaccines were assayed by the neutralization (NT), the mixed hemadsorption (MH), and the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) tests. The NT and MH tests were used to detect antibodies combining with antigens at the surface of virions and infected cells, whereas the indirect IF test measured antibodies mainly to the rabies nucleocapsid antigen. After immunization with a human diploid cell vaccine, antibodies were detected by both the NT and the MH test in the 14th- and 30th-day serum samples from each of eight vaccinated persons. There was a good correlation between titers obtained with the two tests in this group of vaccinees. Antibodies elicited by duck embryo and nervous tissue vaccines occurred less frequently and in lower titers. In these groups of vaccinees, 5 of 14 and 5 of 10, respectively, had antibodies detectable by the NT test in the 14th- and 30th-day sera but were negative by the MH test. It is suggested that this was due to the high levels of immunoglobulin M antibodies, which are known to be elicited by daily injections of vaccine. Since antibodies of the immunoglobulin M class are considered to be less important for protection against rabies, the MH test is recommended for immunity determinations. Compared with the NT test, this test also offers the advantage of being technically more convenient because of its capacity for testing numerous sera in a single run. Antibody titers obtained by the indirect IF test in the human diploid cell vaccine group were relatively low. Titers in the duck embryo and nervous tissue vaccine groups were higher but did not correlate with the results of the NT test.