Types Of Public Facilities Research Articles

Walking (In)Convenience

Problem, research strategy, and findings As active transport planning gains momentum worldwide, our study underscores the importance of connecting people and places by focusing on the convenience dimension of walkability. Specifically, we used the pedestrian detour ratio (PDR) to measure the degree of circuity of a walking route. We considered residential buildings as origins and 10 different types of public facilities as destinations within the walkable range of 1 km. This led to a territory-wide analysis covering 3.85 million origin–destination pairs in Hong Kong. Overall, walking convenience was the best in the central business district (CBD), but variations existed by district and by facility. Through an assessment matrix, 35.8% of home–destination pairs required attention. When examined at the street block and village cluster levels, walking inconvenience was associated with vehicle-oriented street blocks (with higher vehicular traffic and more private parking spaces), high-income areas, and difficult terrain. Pedestrian crossings, major roads, and bus stops enhanced route directness. This research is a first step in helping quantify the PDR distribution across different cities and their various functional areas. Takeaway for practice In areas where walking is inconvenient, treatments to calm vehicular traffic and facilitate pedestrian crossings should be stipulated. In the longer term, we recommend integrating the PDR in the design and planning of streets, especially around essential facilities.

Investigating the Characteristics of Urban Comprehensive Hospitals from a Supply–Demand Balance Perspective: A Case Study of Three Districts in Shenzhen Based on Multi-Source Data

As an important public facility in cities, hospitals provide services that are vital to people’s lives. Big data is representative of geographic data from numerous sources. It has the advantages of large amounts of data, high timeliness, and abundant information, which may compensate for the inadequacy of traditional planning and design, which is overly subjective. Big data can be used to obtain large-scale human movement data to study hospital characteristics from a supply–demand balance perspective. Here, 182 comprehensive hospitals in three districts of Shenzhen were picked as an example, and multi-source data were introduced as a quantitative assessment tool to analyze them. First, the mobile public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) was researched and developed independently and used to collect volunteered geographic information (VGI) data, which was adopted to quantify hospital service supply. Second, the population’s demand for hospitals was characterized by the quantified point of interest (POI) data. Finally, the location entropy method was utilized to quantify the levels of supply and demand for comprehensive hospital services from a supply–demand balance perspective, which was used to guide the classification of the comprehensive hospitals. The result shows that: (1) the service scopes and the service pressure are different for the same type of comprehensive hospitals classified by the traditional method; (2) the spatial distribution of patients is related to land function; (3) the overlap area between the part with a high service pressure level in the comprehensive hospital and the part with high medical demand of the patient is prone to service blindness. This study paves a new way to optimize the spatial allocation of medical institutions or other types of public facilities, rationalize resource allocation, and alleviate urban transportation congestion.

Inequality of public facilities between urban and rural areas and its driving factors in ten cities of China

Urban development continues to face the dilemma of spatial inequality of public facilities, particularly educational and medical facilities. Identifying inequalities in various types of public facilities and their driving mechanisms is crucial in reducing social inequality. However, information on this topic is limited. This study took 10 typical cities in China as cases. We used the methods of the Gini coefficient and hedonic price model as bases in evaluating the equality of nine types of education and medical facilities, focusing on the differences between urban and rural areas. Moreover, we further analyzed the driving factors of facility equality. Results showed that equality of public facilities in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas. Primary schools, middle schools, and health service centers were relatively equal, and kindergartens and pharmacies were unequal only in rural areas. However, the equality of facilities with large-size or commercial attributes was not optimistic. Furthermore, there remained a significant gap among counties (or districts), which was mainly driven by population, economy, and building density in the form of logarithm and logarithmic linear models. Our research contributes to an in-depth understanding of the inequality of public facilities and further supports decision-making to improve social equality.

Modeling Health Seeking Behavior Based on Location-Based Service Data: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China

Understanding residents’ health seeking behavior is crucial for the planning and utilization of healthcare resources. With the support of emerging location-based service (LBS) data, this study proposes a framework for inferring health seeking trips, measuring observed spatial accessibility to healthcare, and interpreting the determinants of health seeking behavior. Taking Shenzhen, China as a case study, a supply–demand ratio calculation method based on observed data is developed to explore basic patterns of health seeking, while health seeking behavior is described using a spatial analysis framework based on the Huff model. A total of 95,379 health seeking trips were identified, and their analysis revealed obvious differences between observed and potential spatial accessibility. In addition to the traditional distance decay effect and number of doctors, the results showed health seeking behavior to be determined by hospital characteristics such as hospital scale, service quality, and popularity. Furthermore, this study also identified differences in health seeking behavior between subgroups with different ages, incomes, and education levels. The findings highlight the need to incorporate actual health seeking behavior when measuring the spatial accessibility of healthcare and planning healthcare resources. The framework and methods proposed in this study can be applied to other contexts and other types of public facilities.

Spatial Distribution Pattern of Village Development Index in Karawang Regency Using Spatial Autocorrelation Approach

Jabodetabek and Greater Bandung Metropolitan areas experiencing the phenomenon of urban expansion which has caused both metropolitan areas to be more connected and become a mega-urban area by a corridor through a conurbation process. Karawang regency is part of the region in the Jakarta-Bandung corridor. The increasing number of population in the region will encourage the addition of number and types of public facilities. The objectives of this study were to analyze the regional development and spatial distribution pattern of the Village Development Index/ Indeks Perkembangan Desa (IPD) in Karawang regency. Regional development was analyzed using scalogram analysis, while spatial distribution pattern of the IPD was analyzed using Global and Local Moran Index. Regional development analysis shows the distribution of the IPD in 2014 has increased from 2003. Analysis of spatial distribution pattern of IPD values from 2003 and 2014 shows the clustered distribution patterns in some sub-districts.

Facility Standards and Layout Typology of Temporary Shelters in Response to Disasters - Focused on Size Standard and Block Layout of Public Facilities -

Local-level disasters continue to occur, which requires for long-term temporary housing operations. However, most researches on temporary housing planning have concentrated on individual units and space planning in large indoor spaces. The purpose of this paper is to develop the installation criteria and layout typology for public facilities. Based on the domestic system of temporary housing management, the types of public facilities were established by comparing the guidelines by international organizations with domestic standards. This research developed seven models of community-block layout based on grid distribution, community road, and center squares, and applied them to a virtual site that can accommodate the block size of domestic school grounds and the size standard of international organizations. The characteristics of each model were compared by three criteria including convenience of installation and distribution, privacy and community building. Each facility type can be utilized as a complementary to each other, according to a long-term disaster response scenario.

Development of Framework for the Best Practices in Maintenance Management of Public Recreation Park: Case Study in Muar Public Recreation Park

Public recreation parks are one of the facilities that Local Authorities must provide to the community in a City. In the National Audit Reports, found that most of public facilities in Muar Municipal Council were unsatisfied and had way to be improved where there were some disadvantages that caused the facilities provided to be unprofitable by the public. Among the weaknesses, there are some types of public facilities and their components that are not properly maintained, the provision of public facilities are not fully utilized by the public. The objectives of the study are to understand the maintenance management of public recreation parks in Malaysia, to study the implementation of maintenance management of public recreation park in Muar and to develop the best framework in maintenance management of public recreation park in Muar. Therefore, literature review and qualitative studies were conducted involving 10 respondents of the study by 3 directors from the National Landscape Department and 2 officers from the Muar Municipal Council; and 5 officers from Local Authorities which are Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah, Majlis Perbandaran Hang Tuah Jaya, Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam, Majlis Perbandaran Manjung dan Majlis Perbandaran Klang. Therefore, the data were analyzed by using Content Analysis. The finding shows that, six best practices had been developed within the framework of maintenance management of Muar public recreation park. The practices are the staffing model; goal, standards and design; staff maintenance; develop staff; develop plans; and sustainable maintenance. This study is of interest to the Muar Municipal Council in enhancing the maintenance management of public recreation park in Muar which is of interest to the public. Keywords: Maintenance, Malaysia, Management, Public Recreation Park, Qualitative

Public Facilities and Human Wellbeing in the Context of Maqasid Al-Shari’ah

Public facilities are one of the most important land use categories in town planning. It transcends basic human needs that contribute to the overall liveability and wellbeing in its human welfare sense. The provision of public facilities somehow realizes the Maqasid al-Shariah (the objectives of Islamic law) that is to preserve the maslahah (benefits) for humankind. This study examines seven types of public facilities in Malaysia against the five essentials of Maqasid al-Shari’ah namely faith, self, intellect, posterity, and wealth. Hence it is exploratory in nature adopting the content analysis and interview with several experts from planning and Islamic background to match the public facilities provided in the plans with the Maqasid al-Shari’ah principles. The conclusive findings are that the provision of public facilities is very much conceptually related to the Maqasid al-Shari’ah. This approaches simultaneously provides an insight to the policy makers on the level of importance of the five essentials and the need to fulfill each one of them to ensure balanced provision and enjoyment of the public facilities. This also shows all those objectives of Islamic Law that should take into considerations in planning and this have been highlighted by Malaysian Government through their effort to develop the Maqasid al-Shari’ah Index to measure the “Islamicity” of the country.

Investigating Public Facility Characteristics from a Spatial Interaction Perspective: A Case Study of Beijing Hospitals Using Taxi Data

Services provided by public facilities are essential to people’s lives and are closely associated with human mobility. Traditionally, public facility access characteristics, such as accessibility, equity issues and service areas, are investigated mainly based on static data (census data, travel surveys and particular records, such as medical records). Currently, the advent of big data offers an unprecedented opportunity to obtain large-scale human mobility data, which can be used to study the characteristics of public facilities from the spatial interaction perspective. Intuitively, spatial interaction characteristics and service areas of different types and sizes of public facilities are different, but how different remains an open question, so we, in turn, examine this question. Based on spatial interaction, we classify public facilities and explore the differences in facilities. In the research, based on spatial interaction extracted from taxi data, we introduce an unsupervised classification method to classify 78 hospitals in 6 districts of Beijing, and the results better reflect the type of hospital. The findings are of great significance for optimizing the spatial configuration of medical facilities or other types of public facilities, allocating public resources reasonably and relieving traffic pressure.

Public computing options for individuals with cognitive impairments: Survey outcomes

Purpose. To examine availability and accessibility of public computing for individuals with cognitive impairment (CI) who reside in the USA.Method. A telephone survey was administered as a semi-structured interview to 145 informants representing seven types of public facilities across three geographically distinct regions using a snowball sampling technique. An Internet search of wireless (Wi-Fi) hotspots supplemented the survey.Results. Survey results showed the availability of public computer terminals and Internet hotspots was greatest in the urban sample, followed by the mid-sized and rural cities. Across seven facility types surveyed, libraries had the highest percentage of access barriers, including complex queue procedures, login and password requirements, and limited technical support. University assistive technology centres and facilities with a restricted user policy, such as brain injury centres, had the lowest incidence of access barriers.Conclusion. Findings suggest optimal outcomes for people with CI will result from a careful match of technology and the user that takes into account potential barriers and opportunities to computing in an individual's preferred public environments. Trends in public computing, including the emergence of widespread Wi-Fi and limited access to terminals that permit auto-launch applications, should guide development of technology designed for use in public computing environments.

Abstract P172: What Facilities Reserve Public Access Defibrillation Programs? A Suvey from a Japanese Metropolis

Previous reports have described several facility categories as important locations for public access defibrillation (PAD) program. However, in decision-making process as to what specific facilities may deserve PAD programs, each facility needs to estimate the number of shockable cardiac arrest (CA). Such estimation depends not only on the expected number of visitors/workers but also on the profile of the visitors/workers, which may vary among types of facilities. [Methods] Nagoya City has a population of 2.2 million with ~2,000 CA annually. Locations of CA were abstracted from data collected by Nagoya FD from 2003 through 2007. Types of public facilities were tallied and grouped into 36 categories consistent with Ordinance for Enforcement of Fire Service Act, and the number of CA within each category was determined. Data on the number of visitors/workers in each category were collected from governmental databases on metropolitan statistics. The incidence rate was calculated as numbers of all CA and CA with VF per 1 billion person.year. [Results] In 8 location categories, the databases for CA and the database for numbers of visitors/workers coincided in the categorization rules of the locations. The incidence rates are shows in the table . [Discussion] The incidence rate of shockable CA varies substantially among the location categories, presumably reflecting the variations of age distribution, average length of stay and intensity of physical activities of people who gather there. Schools (teachers) and factories have the highest incidence of shockable CA. However, our data may indicate that a school with small numbers of workers (teachers) may have a low priority of a PAD program. On the contrary, a station with low incidence rate of 0.05 may be a preferred target of a PAD program if a large number of travelers are expected to pass through. Thus our study provides fundamental data to detect important and cost-effective target locations of a PAD program. Number of CA per 1 billion preson.year

Le cofinancement usager-contribuable et le partenariat public-privé changent les termes de l'évaluation des programmes d'investissement public

While the method described in this article is applicable to various types of public facilities, the focus here is on infrastructure investment in transportation. The authors examine the link between economic and financial assessments. The goal is to optimize social returns as defined in cost-benefit analysis, but making allowance for two overneglected aspects : (1) the fact that most of the large-scale investment projects envisaged will be cofinanced by users and taxpayers, as recent investments have been ; (2) the need to think in terms of deciding not only on the best project but also on the best program of projects. This article shows the attractiveness of “ collective utility per public euro invested ” as a criterion for measuring the effects of the intensification of the public-finance constraint.

Les compromis fragiles du traitement des conflits publics dans les transports urbains

The persons working in public transportation in urban areas in France are faced with troublesome behavior, ranging from impolite to violently aggressive acts committed by passengers. Transporters cope with this by making arrangements to limit the extent and consequences of such behavior. These arrangements, described herein, associate public transportation with quite diverse, cultural and occupational, organizations: local authorities, schools, gymnasiums, other types of public facilities and, of course, the police. The compromises thus worked out may, following a serious event, be broken by one of the parties involved, who withdraws from the arrangements out of protest or with the aim of swaying the other parties’ actions. The breaking of compromises can be better understood by looking at the various ways these arrangements take into account passenger conflicts. Attention is drawn to the importance of cognitive factors in the emergence of a new politics at the local level.

Setting Planning Standards for Public Facilities in a City: A Case Study of Ward 50 of Dhaka City Corporation

Availability of different types of public facilities within an urban area is required to achieve specific objectives in urban planning. Planning standards are necessary in such cases to help achieve the adequacy and quality in services and facilities. To improve the situation in rapid and unplanned growth of Dhaka city both in terms of population and size, it demands a large amount of public facilities such as open spaces, playgrounds, schools, hospitals etc. School is an important public facility that requires setting standards and choosing appropriate locations. Standard of school facilities in an area depends upon factors such as, density of population, number of per family school going children, road network etc. This paper explores the existing facilities of primary and secondary schools for school going children in Ward 50 of Dhaka City Corporation. A series of field survey were conducted in order to collect information from primary sources, and standards on school facilities were collected from secondary sources. Based on the findings, suggestions on future planning of school facilities have been made in this paper. Finally, to justify the standards for schools facilities, DMDP planning standards are followed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbip.v2i0.9577Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners Vol. 2, December 2009, pp. 169-178