Types Of Pornography Research Articles

60.4 PORN IN THE USA: HOW SEXUALLY EXPLICIT MEDIA AFFECTS MENTAL HEALTH AND RISK BEHAVIORS

This session aims to summarize the current state of research regarding the extent of contemporary youth engagement with pornography and its effects on their mental health and risk behaviors. An ongoing literature review was conducted on pornography use among youth, as well as its relationship to mental health and risk behaviors. Resulting studies were evaluated for relevancy and level of evidence, and the most important themes are consolidated for this presentation. Pornography use has become increasingly prevalent as easy unsupervised access to the internet has been enabled by easy internet access such as by smartphone ownership. The increase in screen media usage during the global pandemic has only further increased pornography engagement. Exposure to sadomasochistic, violent, and aggressive sex has become commonplace. Older boys, those who spend more time online, those with same-sex interests, and those with poor family relationships spend the most time viewing pornography. Parents reliably underestimate the amount and types of pornography their teens have viewed. With relatively few receiving sex education from schools or parents, pornography is the default sexual education for many, with implications for sexual attitudes and practices. Youth have a poor understanding of what is real and what is theater when viewing pornography. Pornography exposure affects adolescents’ perceptions of and engagement in risky sexual behaviors such as sex with multiple partners, infidelity, unprotected sex, sex after alcohol and drug use, and sharing nude pictures of oneself online. Violent pornography exposure correlates with perpetration of sexual assault among boys and with sexual victimization among girls. Exposure to online pornography is now normative among older children and teens, significantly affecting attitudes toward sex. Adolescents often learn sexual performance scripts or practices from pornography, and imitate these with peers, leading to risky behaviors and habits. Clinicians who work with children and adolescents should understand how to talk with and advise patients and their families about pornography and its effects. Parent-child conversations on the topic can be difficult but easier when parents pick an appropriate time and place, take a curious stance, and avoid emoting shock or judgment.

Spanish Women and Pornography Based on Different Sexual Orientation: an Analysis of Consumption, Arousal, and Discomfort by Sexual Orientation and Age

IntroductionThe proactive role of women in sexuality has been socially invisible, especially in regard to pornography use. For this reason, this study aims to explore Spanish women’s sexual experiences regarding viewing, arousal, and discomfort as perceived by different types of pornography and based on the women’s sexual orientation.MethodsBetween January and March 2019, 2730 Spanish women between 18 and 44 years old (M = 24.16; SD = 6.04) completed a questionnaire about the consumption of heterosexual, gay, and lesbian pornography and the discomfort they felt when they were aroused by this type of material. Regarding their sexual orientation, 78.1% were heterosexual, 15.4% were bisexual, and 6.5% were lesbian.ResultsIn general, more lesbian and bisexual women consume pornography than heterosexual women do. In any case, all of them consume and are aroused by pornographic content based on a sexual orientation that differs from their reported sexual orientation. Women experience discomfort when viewing pornography, regardless of their sexual orientation and the type of content. Particularly, the youngest women are associated with discomfort when viewing heterosexual pornography, although the discomfort of older bisexual women is associated with gay and lesbian pornography.ConclusionsRegardless of their reported sexual orientation, women view and feel aroused by different types of pornographic content. In addition, this study reveals their associated discomfort, which could interfere with their sexual health.Policy ImplicationsSexual health strategies should include a more active role of women in sexuality, as well as a more flexible conception of their sexual orientation to prevent stigmatizing them.

Experimental effects of degrading versus erotic pornography exposure in men on reactions toward women (objectification, sexism, discrimination)

There is considerable debate about the potential harmful impacts of pornography exposure and viewing among men. The current literature suggests that heterosexual men’s use of pornography may be associated with negative attitudes and behaviour toward women. However, little research has experimentally examined exposure to different types of nonviolent pornography, using a range of outcome variables, and differentiating effects for women generally versus the porn actress. In the current study, 82 undergraduate men were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (degrading, erotica, or control); within each condition they were randomly assigned to watch one of two approximately 10-minute clips: degrading pornography (i.e., nonviolent, debasing, dehumanizing), erotic pornography (i.e., non-degrading, nonviolent, consensual), or a news clip as a control condition. After watching the clip, measures of subjective sexual arousal, objectification of the specific woman in the clip, essentialism of women, ambivalent sexism, and discrimination against a fictitious woman were completed. Exposure to erotica ( vs. degrading) generated less objectification of the porn actress; exposure to erotica ( vs. control) also generated the greatest discrimination toward the fictitious woman, although the omnibus for the latter was non-significant. Exposure to degrading pornography ( vs. erotica or control) generated the strongest hostile sexist beliefs and the greatest amount of objectification of the woman in the clip. Thus, pornography use may not be generally harmful or harmless, but the effect of pornography exposure may depend on the type of pornography and the specific outcome. Implications for debates about the potential negative impact of pornography exposure are discussed.

Historical and Contemporary Psychoanalytic and Bioenergetic Perspectives of Sexuality

In the late 60s and 70s sexuality occupied center stage in psychoanalysis and then retreated as a focus of inquiry. The increase of claims against therapists for sexual violations, as well as the emergence of more relational analytic therapies, contributed to the avoidance of addressing sexuality in the therapy room. During this time, the psychoanalytic definition of «normal” sexuality was evolving, as well as our notions of gender. Reichian psychotherapy, and its offshoot Bioenergetic Analysis have always seen sexuality as integral to the healthy functioning of the individual. This paper translates current psychoanalytic concepts of healthy sexuality into its somatic counterparts in bioenergetic theory. A case is presented illustrating how these concepts manifest in practice. Exploring sexual fantasies and clients’ preferences for certain types of pornography is viewed as helpful for understanding the dynamics of parenting, and for clarifying transferential and countertransferential issues.

Opposite Trends in the Regulation of Pornography? Policy Differentiation and Policy Convergence Across 26 Countries Between 1960 and 2010

In recent decades, the regulation of pornography has been confronted with challenges emerging from cultural change, economic interests, and technological progress. As a result, the respective regulatory frameworks have changed substantially in many countries. These changes have been accompanied by fierce political struggles and societal value conflicts. However, there are few comparative studies on the reactions of national governments to these problems. In this article, we present new empirical data on the regulation of pornography in 26 countries between 1960 and 2010. To assess regulatory change, we rely on a new measurement approach that considers the extent to which governments intervene into individual freedoms and the degree to which noncompliance with these rules is actually sanctioned. Our analysis reveals a trend toward more permissive styles of pornography regulation. However, this trend is accompanied by growing regulatory specialization and a convergence toward more interventionist regimes for special types of pornography.

What Types of Pornography Do People Use and Do They Cluster? Assessing Types and Categories of Pornography Consumption in a Large-Scale Online Sample

Previous research on exposure to different types of pornography has primarily relied on analyses of millions of search terms and histories or on user exposure patterns within a given time period rather than the self-reported frequency of consumption. Further, previous research has almost exclusively relied on theoretical or ad hoc overarching categorizations of different types of pornography, when investigating patterns of pornography exposure, rather than latent structure analyses of these exposure patterns. In contrast, using a large sample of 18- to 40-year-old heterosexual and nonheterosexual Croatian men and women, this study investigated the self-reported frequency of using 27 different types of pornography and statistically explored their latent structures. The results showed substantial differences in consumption patterns across gender and sexual orientation. However, latent structure analyses of the 27 different types of pornography assessed suggested that although several categories of consumption were gender and sexual orientation specific, common categories across the different types of pornography could be established. Based on this finding, a five-item scale was proposed to indicate the use of nonmainstream (paraphilic) pornographic content, as this type of pornography has often been targeted in previous research. To the best of our knowledge, no similar measurement tool has been proposed before.

Impacts of Western Popular Culture on Youths in Hawassa City, South Ethiopia

Background: With the expansion of technological progress in mass communication, consuming western popular culture has come to be a valuable activity for youths. The objective of this study was to examine youth's exposure to the western media and cultural products and the potential consequence of this exposure. Methods: School-based “sample survey design” were employed in Hawassa city from 1 April to 1 May, 2012. A total of 125 sample were included in the study. Pre tested self administered structured Amharic questionnaire and in-depth interview techniques were used to collect the data. Simple statistical methods were used to analyze the quantitative data. A framework of analysis technique which is developed along with the interview guides were used to analyze the qualitative data. Results: usage of western media by the youth now seems to reach a stage that could affect young people's perception and feelings toward westerns and their products in a substantial way. As far as the behavioral impact of the usage of western media and popular cultural products is concerned, this study only examined the likelihood of the youngsters to model after the westerns. Moreover, results of this study showed that western media is more likely to exert modeling effect on the youngsters, making it more likely for them to dress and have a hair-do like the different idols portrayed in movies and music clips. Conclusion: While further research is needed to draw definitive conclusions about the impacts on young people of exposure to pornography, the little evidence available provides grounds for serious concern about exposure of young people to different types of pornography.

“Without Porn … I Wouldn't Know Half the Things I Know Now”: A Qualitative Study of Pornography Use Among a Sample of Urban, Low-Income, Black and Hispanic Youth

Information about the pornography-viewing habits of urban, low-income youth of color in the United States is lacking. This study was designed to answer the following using a sample of 16- to 18-year-old urban-residing, low-income Black or Hispanic youth: (1) What types of pornography do youth report watching; where and for what purpose? (2) Do youth feel that pornography exposure has an impact on their own sexual behaviors? and (3) How do parents react to their pornography use? The following themes emerged from interviews with 23 youth: (1) Youth primarily reported watching pornography that featured one-on-one sexual intercourse but also reported having seen extreme pornography (e.g., public humiliation, incest); (2) youth reported watching pornography on home computers or smartphones, and that pornography was frequently watched in school; (3) youth reported watching for entertainment, for sexual stimulation, instructional purposes, and to alleviate boredom; many copied what they saw in pornography during their own sexual encounters; (4) pressure to make or to imitate pornography was an element of some unhealthy dating relationships; and (5) parents were generally described as unsupportive of youth's use of pornography but underequipped to discuss it. Approximately one-fifth expressed a preference for pornography featuring actors of their same race/ethnicity.

Real porn and pseudo porn: The regulatory road

Pornography regulation is an area that has always courted controversy and academic debate. States have responded to pornography in different ways, ranging from absolute prohibition to partial regulation. While regulation of traditional pornography was principally based on morality and prevailing societal values, some post-Internet legislative measures have centred on the detrimental or harmful effects of pornography as the primary cause for censorship and regulation. New forms of technology facilitated new forms of expression, and it did not take too long for pornographers to realise the potential of the Internet, which now plays host to vastly differing types of pornography, from ‘normal’ adult porn to content that includes children, violence, torture and animals. Not all content involves real actors; some being merely realistic depictions produced using digital technology, such as morphing, while some are just cartoons. However, recent legislative initiatives increasingly blur the distinction between what is real and mere acting, or, in some cases, even works of art, albeit that which may be perceived as being in bad taste or repulsive. It is the perceived harm to society that is held out as the rationale for regulation, but this single classification on the basis of harm has generated substantial discussion among legal experts and academics. This paper examines the legality of regulating simulated child pornography and adult extreme pornography with a possession offence, and sheds light on the questionable wisdom of certain state initiatives that sometimes impose constraints on protected civil and fundamental rights. To find a balance between what is acceptable and what should be censored speech is a delicate act in this context, but recent legislative trends represent a worrying deviation from the traditional regulatory approach to pornography. The paper will highlight a number of specific trends in the process and will seek to argue that over-zealous legislation is no panacea to the problem and other alternatives need to be explored.

The Amateur Pornographer and the Glib Voyeur

The Amateur Pornographer and the Glib Voyeur

Gender Differences in Reactions to Viewing Pornographic Vignettes

Abstract A dilemma in the current pornography literature is whether one can classify some types of pornography as “degrading” and then accurately gauge individuals' motivations and reactions. One feature commonly cited as the best example of such degradation is the “cum shot.” In the current study, 375 male and female undergraduate volunteers were shown one of four video tapes: the original/unaltered condition, one that omitted visual images of ejaculation, and two that had the soundtrack altered to accentuate either degradation or acceptance themes. After viewing, participants completed the Ratings of Sexual Arousal (Mosher, 1987), Rating of Enjoyment, and Ratings of Degradation and Acceptance scales. Results revealed that men reported greater sexual arousal and enjoyment to all the videos and rated them as both more accepting and less degrading; the degrading voice-over decreased sexual arousal and enjoyment; and sexual arousal and enjoyment were positively related to ratings of acceptance. These result...