Types Of Pharmaceutical Products Research Articles

Digitalization of Pharmaceutical Cold Chain Systems using IoT Digital Enabler

Compared to the other classic supply chain, the pharmaceutical supply chain has many critical challenges, such as cold chain transportation, temperature monitoring, long lead time, and counterfeiting prevention. Pharmaceutical products, such as medicines, drugs, vaccines, and specialty treatments, work as intended within a specific specified temperature. Below +25°C (controlled temperature), +2°C to +8°C (temperature-sensitive products), -20 °C to -40 °C (negative temperature), and -70 °C (ultra-low temperature) are some of the precise and regulated storage thresholds for various types of pharmaceutical products. The cold chain includes production, transport, and storage. It requires a reliable infrastructure to maintain a precise temperature when transporting from manufacturers to patients. This multiple qualitative case study aimed to investigate the role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the pharmaceutical cold chain. The study involved interviewing various pharmaceutical managers with proven digital strategies for implementing IoT-based digital enablers. The theory of constraint was used as the conceptual framework for this qualitative multiple case study. Data from interviews and supporting documents were analyzed using data triangulation to discover themes. Two main themes emerged from data analysis: (a) Known or unknown constraints in the current cold chain system and (b) implementation of IoT-based digital enablers. Six key strategies were developed pertain to these two themes.

Health Benefits of Avicularin in the Medicine Against Cancerous Disorders and other Complications: Biological Importance, Therapeutic Benefit and Analytical Aspects

Background: Herbal drugs and their derived phytochemicals have been used in medicine for the preparation of different types of pharmaceutical products. Pure phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids have been used in medicine for the treatment of different types of human disorders including cancerous disorders. Flavonoids have been well known in medicine for their anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-aging and cardioprotective potential. Avicularin, also called quercetin-3-α-l-arabino furanoside, is a pure flavonoid, a class of phytochemicals, found to be present in Lindera erythrocarpa and Lespedeza cuneata. Avicularin has been well known in medicine for its anti-cancer properties. Methods: In the present work, scientific data of avicularin have been collected from different databases such as Google, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Scopus and summarized with reference to medicinal importance, pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of avicularin. The present review summarized the health beneficial properties of avicularin in medicine through data analysis of various scientific research works. Further analytical progress in medicine for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of avicularin in medicine has been also discussed in the present work. Results: Scientific data analysis of different literature work revealed the biological importance of flavonoid class of phytochemical ‘avicularin’ in medicine. Scientific data analysis revealed that avicularin was found to be present in the Lindera erythrocarpa, Lespedeza cuneata, Rhododendron schlipenbachii and Psidium guajava. Avicularin has been well known in medicine for its anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and hepatoprotective activities. Avicularin protects cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and induces cytotoxicity in cancer lines and tumor tissues. Avicularin has positive influence on human hepatocellular carcinoma and inhibits intracellular lipid accumulation. The role of avicularin in rheumatoid arthritis has been also established with its underlying molecular mechanisms in the scientific work. Recent interest in avicularin has focused on pharmacological investigations for its anti-cancer activity in the medicine. Conclusion: The present work signified the biological importance of avicularin in medicine through its medicinal uses, pharmacological activities and analytical aspects in the biological system.

ISM Analysis, Evolution, Human-type and Validation of UV–Spectrophotometric Techniques for Assessment of Sulfadiazine in Bulk and Cream Dose Forms

A CONVENTIONAL, precise, clear colorimetric technique that is additionally sensitive is evaluated for the appreciation of sulfadiazine medicine as a sharp form, as well as for different sorts of pharmaceutical products with different doses. The technique is premised on the conjugation of Sulfadiazine (SUZ) antibiotic as well as the 3,5Di hydroxy benzoic acid (3,5DHB) agent with utilizing the azo coupling reaction. The (3,5DHB) in the basic media to finally produce a ligand that interacts with Cobalt (II) to generate the strength orange complex color at room temperature. The associated outcomes dye is having a solubility in water as well as flexible additionally predestined colorimetrically with ultimate absorption at (436nm). The calibration graph between the absorbance and the concentration appears that the concentration range from medicine was established with utilizing the Beer’s law was between (0.12 - 18 μg/ml). The eclecticism of the best empirical envelopes is tested. The accuracy additionally the precision for the procedure are calculated by the average recovery amounts (100.122%) as well as the main relative standard deviation amounts (0.762 %) reasonably. That the technique is established on the concentration. The Sensitiveness for the procedure is obtained with molar absorptivity (2.24×104 lcm-1.mol-1). the Sandell sensitivity is tested ( 0.01 μg.cm-2). The analysis facts for The technique. It is agreed upon by the official procedure. The common medicinal additive intervention has been checked. The established technique is analyzed successfully in assessing (SUZ) in various types of pharmaceutical products .The antibacterial effectiveness capability of three different company sulfadiazine creams toward eight multidrug-resistant bacteria, the findings show that three creams with sulfadiazine had better antibacterial activity on A. Bacterial baumanii isolated as contrasted with another isolated. As for the effectiveness of sulfadiazine, they typically have high antibacterial activity on G-ve bacteria as contrasted to to G +ve bacteria, where Silverdin cream had higher biological efficacy on all bacterial isolates opposed to another creams, and Silverdin’s efficacy equally to pure Sulfadiazine’s antibacterial activity opposed to other two creams.

Global OTC pharmaceutical packaging with a local touch

PurposeThe aim of this study is to explore the contextual influences of packaging design and its cues on respondents' preferences.Design/methodology/approachTo explore the contextuality of packaging cues, a multi-attribute valuation technique, conjoint analysis was used for two types of pharmaceutical products (painkiller and sore throat medicine) across seven countries. Data were collected among respondents (N = 461) from Finland, Ghana, Mongolia, Nigeria, Portuguese, South Africa and the USA.FindingsSimilarities and dissimilarities were observed between the product types and countries analysed in terms of the impact of packaging cues. The findings demonstrate the global and local nature of brand cues expressed in retail packaging.Practical implicationsThe study implies that some cues may serve global markets, while some cues may need to be localised in order to meet the needs of local markets. Understanding these cues and their influences on consumers' brand preferences and choices at the point-of-purchases may enable companies to enter new markets, help them create sustainable and credible global brands.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the existing retail packaging literature and pharmaceutical branding literature by providing empirical evidence of the multidimensional aspects of sensory packaging cues. Second, it contributes by showing the contextual nature of retail packaging and its associated cues for OTC pharmaceuticals.

Суперечливі тенденції розвитку фармацевтичної промисловості України

The article analyzes the current position of the pharmaceutical industry of Ukraine in the context of market research of the modern domestic market in order to determine the priority conditions for its sustainable development, as well as a detailed description of the main domestic producers and exporters of pharmaceutical products is provided. The dynamics of changes in the production of such types of pharmaceutical products as medicines, medical devices, cosmetics and dietary supplements for the period 2015—2017 has been analyzed. The analysis of key indicators of the market situation, which characterize the efficiency of its subjects - pharmaceutical production volumes, financial results, received by pharmaceutical companies, the level of profitability in the industry is made. The stable tendency of growth in volumes of production and sale in value and in kind, growth of operating results in decrease of profitability level of pharmaceutical enterprises is revealed. The reasons for the growth of the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine are determined, the structure of the manufacturers of the product presented in the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market is revealed. The main competitive advantages of foreign and domestic manufacturers of pharmaceuticals are established. Considerable attention is paid to weaknesses of national companies in comparison to foreign manufacturers and the main reasons of this phenomenon. It was established that the growth of the pharmaceutical market was caused by a number of factors, in particular, an increase in the number of drugs, the deterioration in the quality of medicines, an increase in the cost of used drugs, an increase in the number of expensive medicines. The main problems that hinder the more active development of the industry are identified and a number of perspectives of possible further development of pharmaceutical production in Ukraine are revealed. It is emphasized on the important conditions of sustainable development and dynamic growth of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market. The basic prerequisites for the development of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical industry and its companies are revealed

Chlorhexidine possesses unique cytotoxic actions in rat thymic lymphocytes: Its relation with electrochemical property of membranes.

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is an antibacterial agent used in various types of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, CHX is easily found around us. Owing to its positive charge, the electrochemical property of cell membranes was assumed to be a key point of cytotoxic action of CHX. Depolarization of membranes attenuated the cytotoxic action of CHX in rat thymic lymphocytes. CHX interfered with annexin V binding to membranes. Manipulations to induce exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer membrane surface augmented the cytotoxic action of CHX, indicating that changes in the electrochemical property of membranes affected the cytotoxic action of CHX. Hence, CHX might kill cells physiologically undergoing apoptosis, resulting instead in necrotic cell death. However, the threshold CHX concentration in this in vitro study was slightly higher than blood CHX concentrations observed clinically. Therefore, these results may support the safety of CHX use although CHX possesses unique cytotoxic actions described in this study.

Pharmaceutical Compounds in Drinking Water.

Pharmaceutical products and their wastes play a major role in the degradation of environment. These drugs have positive as well as negative consequences on different environmental components including biota in different ways. Many types of pharmaceutical substances have been detected with significant concentrations through various advanced instrumental techniques in surface water, subsurface water, ground water, domestic waste water, municipal waste water and industrial effluents. The central as well as state governments in India are providing supports by creating excise duty free zones to promote the pharmaceutical manufacturers for their production. As a result, pharmaceutical companies are producing different types of pharmaceutical products at large scale and also producing complex non-biodegradable toxic wastes byproducts and releasing untreated or partially treated wastes in the environment in absence of strong regulations. These waste pollutants are contaminating all types of drinking water sources. The present paper focuses on water quality pollution by pharmaceutical pollutants, their occurrences, nature, metabolites and their fate in the environment.

Multisource drug policies in Latin America: survey of 10 countries.

Essential drug lists and generic drug policies have been promoted as strategies to improve access to pharmaceuticals and control their rapidly escalating costs. This article reports the results of a preliminary survey conducted in 10 Latin American countries. The study aimed to document the experiences of different countries in defining and implementing generic drug policies, determine the cost of registering different types of pharmaceutical products and the time needed to register them, and uncover the incentives governments have developed to promote the use of multisource drugs. The survey instrument was administered in person in Chile, Ecuador and Peru and by email in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Uruguay. There was a total of 22 respondents. Survey responses indicated that countries use the terms generic and bioequivalence differently. We suggest there is a need to harmonize definitions and technical concepts.

Monocrystalline diamond paste-based electrodes and their applications for the determination of Fe(II) in vitamins.

A new class of electrochemical sensors, namely, electrodes based on diamond paste, was designed using monocrystalline diamond (natural diamond 1 microm and synthetic diamond, 50 microm (synthetic-1) and 1 microm (synthetic-2)) powder and paraffin oil. The characterization of the electrodes was performed using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Fe(II) was determined by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at 75 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) using all diamond paste-based electrodes. The linear concentration range was between 10(-8) and 10(-4) mol/L for both the natural diamond and synthetic-2 with detection limits of 10(-10) and 10(-9) mol/L, respectively, whereas the linear concentration range for synthetic-1 was between 10(-7) and 10(-3) mol/L with a detection limit of 10(-8) mol/L Fe(II) was determined successfully from four types of pharmaceutical products. The recovery values of Fe(II) in the pharmaceutical products were higher than 98.00% with relative standard deviation values < 5%.

Stability Storage and Testing of Ophthalmic Products for Global Registration

Regulatory stability testing requirements for various types of ophthalmic products, including eyedrops, eye ointments, ophthalmic inserts, injections, irrigating solutions, lens washes, and lenses, are not always straightforward. The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines do not completely address all of the stability conditions required for these types of pharmaceutical products and medical devices; regulatory agencies around the world still differ on the exact data requirements, storage conditions (especially temperature and humidity conditions), and certain testing methods. These uncertainties make the development of a global ophthalmic product very difficult. This article reviews many of the appropriate, internationally recognized, regulatory guidelines and many of the important points to consider in stability studies for new ophthalmic products. Discussions of regulatory experiences and Expert Reports provide insight to common questions frequently asked by regulatory agencies on these types of products.