Type Of Non-suicidal Self-injury Research Articles

Function and Types of Non-Suicidal Self Injury among Adolescents and Young Adult in West Sumatera, Indonesia

Function and Types of Non-Suicidal Self Injury among Adolescents and Young Adult in West Sumatera, Indonesia

An Infographic Presenting the Types of Self-injurious Behaviours

To this day, there is immense confusion among clinicians and researchers on which behaviours fall under the rubric of self-injurious behaviours (SIBs) or on how to categorize them into meaningful groups (Simeon & Favazza, 2001). It was not until 2013, that Non-Suicidal Self Injury (NSSI) Disorder was included in the DSM 5 and recognized as a unique clinical entity (Gratz et al., 2015). Even so, SIBs have numerous jargons where the word ‘self-harm’, though most frequently used, is often confused with other related behaviours. The most essential condition of self-injurious behaviour whether suicidal or non-suicidal is that the self-harm or potential for self-harm itself is a deliberate consequence of the behaviour. Thus, it is distinct from acts that are dangerous but not undertaken with the motivation to inflict harm on oneself such as driving fast or drinking excessively and behaviours that are culturally and socially sanctioned such as tattoos, piercings or religious rituals. The present infographic is an overview of SIBs. It especially focuses on the various types of NSSI, in the order of increasing lethality. The three NSSI groups presented are mild, moderate, and severe, placed based on tissue damage, followed by examples and exclusions. Though the lists are not exhaustive, the purpose was to help distinguish between the various types of SIBs. The infographic is based on existing literature and classification systems and is aimed at presenting a quick and simple understanding of SIBs, particularly NSSI, that can be of interest to clinicians, researchers, and the general population

Nonsuicidal self-injury behavior in non-psychotic disorders: epidemiology, social and clinical risk factors

This text reviews the evolution of the concept of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and discusses its place in the current classification systems. Data on the prevalence of NSSI are presented in detail and the effects of such variables as, gender, age, sexual orientation on the rate and type of NSSI are analyzed. Finally, the comorbidity of NSSI with affective and personality disorders, as well as eating disorders, is examined.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Male Adjudicated Adolescents: Psychosocial Concerns, Coping Responses, Diagnoses, and Functions

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) refers to self-inflicted physical injury without suicidal intent. NSSI is particularly common in forensic settings and associated with several psychosocial concerns, coping responses, diagnoses, and functions, but little information is available regarding NSSI in adjudicated male adolescents. The present study examined the frequency and types of NSSI among adjudicated male adolescents (n = 103) and assessed the relationships between NSSI history, psychosocial concerns, coping responses, diagnoses, and functions within this population. Approximately two-thirds (66%) reported NSSI history. Participants with NSSI history reported poorer social adaptation and greater alienation and boredom, aggression, and emotional lability than controls. Youth with high-frequency NSSI were also more likely to utilize emotional discharge as an unhealthy coping response than controls. In addition, participants with high-frequency NSSI were more likely than controls to meet criteria for a mood or anxiety disorder. Function of NSSI primarily surrounded anxiety reduction/affect regulation, punishment, dissociation reduction, and social/sensation-seeking. NSSI appears to be prevalent among male adjudicated youths, and the findings suggest that the relationship between NSSI history, psychosocial concerns, coping responses, and functions is nuanced and could inform more calibrated assessment and treatment strategies.

Non-suicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorder: associations with identity formation above and beyond anxiety and depression.

In the present study, we investigated the association between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and problems in identity formation among patients with eating disorder (ED). NSSI is highly prevalent in ED, and problems with identity formation are characteristic of both NSSI and ED. Few studies, however, have investigated identity formation in patients with ED with and without NSSI while taking into account comorbid psychopathology (e.g. anxiety and depression). Therefore, we investigated the relationships between NSSI characteristics, identity confusion/synthesis, and anxiety/depression in 99 female patients with ED by means of self-report questionnaires. The results showed that 58.6% of the patients with ED engaged in at least one type of NSSI (most frequently cutting), with no significant differences in rates of NSSI or identity problems among ED subtypes. Presence, versatility and automatic negative reinforcement functions of NSSI were each significantly and positively related to identity confusion and negatively related to identity synthesis. Even after controlling for age, anxiety, and depression, lack of identity synthesis remained a significant predictor of NSSI in patients with ED. Given that NSSI may constitute an effort to deal with identity confusion/synthesis in patients with ED, therapists should take this developmental task into account while treating patients with ED with NSSI.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Adult Males in a Correctional Setting

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) was thought to be a predominantly female malady and adult males who engage in NSSI in a correctional setting have not yet been well-researched. This study is, therefore, one of a few that explores the phenomenon of NSSI among males who engage in this behavior in a correctional setting. The purpose of this article is to present the demographic and motivational factors of adult males who engage in NSSI in a correctional setting. The sample consisted of 42 adult males incarcerated in three New Mexico Prisons who had a history of NSSI. Of the participants, 40% were Hispanic and 60% were non-Hispanic. Three measures were used in this study: the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI), the Self-Injury Motivational Scale-II (SIMS-II), and a researcher-created demographic questionnaire. The DSHI was used to examine the types of self-harm, as well as the frequency, severity, and duration of each behavior. The SIMS-II explored 36 potential types of motivations or reasons for self-injurious behavior.Fifteen of the 16 forms of NSSI were endorsed by at least one of the participants. The most predominant type of NSSI reported was cutting (93%), followed by head banging (78%), and sticking oneself with sharp objects (71.4%). Ninety-three percent of the participants required medical attention or hospitalization due to NSSI behaviors. Motivational factors associated with cutting were predominantly mood dysregulation, communication, and addictive qualities.

Association of Aggression and Non-Suicidal Self Injury: A School-Based Sample of Adolescents

PurposeNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescent has drawn increasing attention because it is associated with subsequent depression, drug abuse, anxiety disorders, and suicide. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a school-based sample of Chinese adolescents and to explore the association between aggression and NSSI.MethodsThis study was part of a nationwide study on aggression among adolescents in urban areas of China. A sample of 2907 school students including 1436 boys and 1471 girls were randomly selected in Guangdong Province, with their age ranging from 10 to 18 years old. NSSI, aggression, emotional management and other factors were measured by self-administrated questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the association between aggression and NSSI, after adjustment for participants’ emotional management, and other potential confounding variables.ResultsThe one year self-reported prevalence of NSSI was 33.6%. Of them, 21.7% engaged in ‘minor NSSI’, 11.9% in ‘moderate/severe NSSI’. 96.9% of self-injuries engaged in one to five different types of NSSI in the past year. Hostility, verbal and indirect aggression was significantly associated with self-reported NSSI after adjusting for other potential factors both in ‘minor NSSI’ and ‘moderate/severe NSSI’. Hostility, verbal and indirect aggression was significantly associated with greater risk of ‘minor NSSI’ and ‘moderate/severe NSSI’ in those who had poor emotional management ability.ConclusionThese findings highlight a high prevalence of NSSI and indicate the importance of hostility, verbal and indirect aggression as potentially risk factor for NSSI among Chinese adolescents.

The Role of Sensation Seeking in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a major health concern across the lifespan, yet much remains unknown about the possible causes and functions of this behavior. The goal of the current study was to examine the role of multiple facets of sensation seeking in NSSI among a sample of 1,648 undergraduate students (70.5 % female). It was hypothesized that individuals endorsing higher levels of sensation seeking, as measured at the trait level by assessing individual differences in Risk Seeking and Experience Seeking and with a functional assessment of sensation seeking as it relates to NSSI, specifically, would engage in more acts of NSSI and more types of NSSI, and would also be more likely to engage in specific types of NSSI. Results of negative binomial and logistic regressions provided partial support for study hypotheses. After controlling for Emotional Reactivity in all analyses, individuals higher in Risk Seeking were significantly more likely to have a history of NSSI and have engaged in more acts of NSSI. On the contrary, Experience Seeking did not significantly predict lifetime engagement in NSSI, and this facet, as well as Sensation Seeking Function significantly negatively predicted engagement in more acts of NSSI. Furthermore, only Sensation Seeking Function predicted the use of more types of NSSI methods. All three sensation seeking variables predicted the use of specific NSSI behaviors. Results suggest that risk seeking, in particular, may be most relevant to NSSI, as it consistently predicted lifetime NSSI, number of acts, and specific methods of NSSI. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

Motivational Dynamics Among Eating‐disordered Patients With and Without Nonsuicidal Self‐injury: A Self‐Determination Theory Approach

The presence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in eating-disordered (ED) patients is considered a complicating factor in treatment with a possibly adverse influence on patients' motivation to change. Using Self-Determination Theory as a guiding framework, we compared ED patients with and without NSSI in terms of their well-being and their motives to undertake psychotherapeutic change. Data were collected in a sample of 95 ED patients, including 37 patients displaying at least some type of NSSI. Patients with NSSI, relative to those without, felt more externally pressured to undertake change and reported lower overall well-being. Mean level differences in well-being between both patient groups were fully accounted for by patients' externally pressuring motives for pursuing change. In ED patients with NSSI, there is an important link between their more externally driven motivation to change and their lowered psychological well-being. It is discussed how clinicians can approach these patients to pursue change.

Male Eating Disorder Patients With and Without Non‐suicidal Self‐injury: A Comparison of Psychopathological and Personality Features

In the present study, we investigated the prevalence and comorbidity of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in male eating disorder (ED) patients. In total, 130 male ED patients completed a list of 10 impulse-control problems (including NSSI), the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and the Temperament and Character Inventory. Overall, 21% of the male ED patients (n = 27) engaged in at least one type of NSSI, and we did not find significant differences between the ED subtypes. Self-injurious male ED patients showed significantly more severe ED symptoms and more affective, interpersonal and impulse-control problems than ED patients without NSSI. As previously described in female ED, our data confirm the affect regulation and impulse regulation functions of NSSI in male ED patients.

The Scars of the Inner Critic: Perfectionism and Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury in Eating Disorders

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is quite common in eating disorder (ED) patients and we wondered whether this combined self-harming behaviour is related to perfectionism, a feature often found in ED patients. In addition, we examined associations between perfectionism and functions underlying NSSI and the possible mediating role of intrapersonal perfectionism in the association between perceived parental criticism and NSSI. In a sample of 95 ED patients, 38.9% reported at least one type of NSSI, and this subgroup reported significantly higher levels of parental criticism and evaluative concerns perfectionism (ECP) compared with ED patients without NSSI. ECP was positively related to the self-punishment and cry-for-help functions of NSSI. Finally, ECP was found to mediate the association between parental criticism and NSSI symptoms. Directions for future research and practical implications are discussed.

The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and temperament in male and female adolescents based on child- and parent-report

This study investigates differences in temperament dimensions between community adolescents with and without non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Data were collected from 251 adolescents (62.9% females). NSSI was assessed by means of the Self-Harm Inventory (SHI; Sansone, Songer, & Sellbom, 2006) and temperament by means of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised (EATQ-R; Ellis & Rothbart, 2001) filled out by the adolescent and his/her parent(s). Almost 27% of the adolescents showed at least one type of NSSI and there were no significant gender differences in the overall frequency of NSSI. However, considering specific NSSI methods, females showed significantly more cutting and scratching compared to males. Self-injurious adolescents showed significant higher scores on Negative Affectivity and lower scores on Effortful Control than adolescents without NSSI. Finally, Lack of Effortful Control and Negative Affectivity were the strongest predictors of NSSI in adolescents. Implications of these findings for the treatment of NSSI in community adolescents are discussed.

The affect-regulation function of nonsuicidal self-injury in eating-disordered patients: which affect states are regulated?

This study examines the affect regulation function of different types of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in 177 female eating-disordered inpatients. Almost 45% of the eating-disordered patients displayed at least 1 type of NSSI. Cutting and scratching were the most common forms of NSSI followed by bruising and burning oneself. For all types of NSSI except bruising, the affect regulation function was most strongly endorsed. Affect states reported to precede and follow NSSI were also examined to determine the particular affect states regulated by NSSI. In general, positively valenced low-arousal affect states increased and negatively valenced high-arousal affect states decreased from before to after NSSI. Finally, affective changes associated with NSSI were related to different NSSI characteristics, indicating that the increase in positive affect after NSSI is significantly related to the frequency of NSSI and the numbers of functions reported for NSSI. Theoretical and treatment implications are discussed.

Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents

Few studies have investigated non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), or the deliberate, direct destruction of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent, and the motivations for engaging in NSSI among adolescents. This study assessed the prevalence, associated clinical characteristics, and functions of NSSI in a community sample of adolescents. A total of 633 adolescents completed anonymous surveys. NSSI was assessed with the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM). Some form of NSSI was endorsed by 46.5% (n=293) of the adolescents within the past year, most frequently biting self, cutting/carving skin, hitting self on purpose, and burning skin. Sixty per cent of these, or 28% of the overall sample, endorsed moderate/severe forms of NSSI. Self-injurers reported an average of 12.9 (s.d.=29.4) incidents in the past 12 months, with an average of 2.4 (s.d.=1.7) types of NSSI used. Moderate/severe self-injurers were more likely than minor self-injurers, who in turn were more likely than non-injurers, to have a history of psychiatric treatment, hospitalization and suicide attempt, as well as current suicide ideation. A four-factor model of NSSI functions was indicated, with self-injurers likely to endorse both reasons of automatic reinforcement and social reinforcement. The most common reasons for NSSI were 'to try to get a reaction from someone', 'to get control of a situation', and 'to stop bad feelings'. Community adolescents reported high rates of NSSI, engaged in to influence behaviors of others and to manage internal emotions. Intervention efforts should be tailored to reducing individual issues that contribute to NSSI and building alternative skills for positive coping, communication, stress management, and strong social support.