Types Of Mitigation Strategies Research Articles

Evaluating equity-promoting interventions to prevent race-based inequities in influenza outcomes.

Seasonal influenza hospitalizations pose a considerable burden in the United States, with BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and other People of Color) communities being disproportionately affected. To determine and quantify the effects of different types of mitigation strategies on inequities in influenza outcomes (symptomatic infections and hospitalizations). In this simulation study, we fit a race-stratified agent-based model of influenza transmission to demographic and hospitalization data of the United States. We consider five racial-ethnic groups: non-Hispanic White persons, non- Hispanic Black persons, non-Hispanic Asian persons, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native persons, and Hispanic or Latino persons. We tested five idealized equity-promoting interventions to determine their effectiveness in reducing inequity in influenza outcomes. The interventions assumed (i) equalized vaccination rates, (ii) equalized comorbidities, (iii) work-risk distribution proportional to the distribution of the population, (iv) reduced work contacts for all, or (v) a combination of equalizing vaccination rates and comorbidities and reducing work contacts. Reduction in symptomatic or hospitalization risk ratios, defined as the ratio of the number of symptomatic infections (hospitalizations respectively) in each age- and racial-ethnic group and their corresponding white counterpart. We also evaluated the reduction in the absolute mean number of symptomatic infections or hospitalizations in each age- and racial-ethnic group compared to the fitted scenario (baseline). Our analysis suggests that symptomatic infections were equalized and reduced (by up to 17% in BIPOC adults aged 18-49) by strategies reducing work contacts or equalizing vaccination rates. Reducing comorbidities resulted in significant decreases in hospitalizations, with a reduction of over 40% in BIPOC groups. All tested interventions reduced the inequity in influenza hospitalizations in all racial-ethnic groups, but interventions reducing comorbidities in marginalized populations were the most effective. Notably, these interventions resulted in better outcomes across all racial-ethnic groups, not only those prioritized by the interventions. In this simulation modeling study, equalizing vaccination rates and reducing number of work contacts (which are relatively simple strategies to implement) reduced the both the inequity in hospitalizations and the absolute number of symptomatic infections and hospitalizations in all age and racial-ethnic groups.

Mitigating Devices to Save Face in Sellers and Buyers Communication in Bukittinggi Traditional Market

Due to their content and ways of expression, several speech acts have the potential to threaten the participant's face during an interaction. Mitigating devices can be employed to reduce the harmful effects of these face-threatening acts (FTAs). In this study, the researchers focused on interactions between sellers and buyers in the traditional market in Bukittinggi, West Sumatera, which makes use of the colloquial Minangkabau language. This descriptive qualitative research was aimed at investigating the mitigation functions that exist in buying and selling interactions. In addition, it sought to identify the different types of mitigation strategies used by participants. Research data was collected by recording the exchanges between sellers and buyers. To complete the data, a questionnaire was also handed out to Minangkabau-speaking sellers and buyers in Bukittinggi's traditional market. The data analysis technique used in this study was contextual analysis, which involved evaluating the data that had been collected, recognizing it, and classifying it using the dimensions of context. The result showed that the face of the interlocutor was protected in this purchasing and selling encounter using a variety of mitigating devices. The most commonly used mitigation device is indirect speech. Other techniques, including disclaimers, impersonal constructions, hedges, euphemisms, question tags, and apologies, were also found as mitigation devices used by communicators. The purpose of using these mitigation devices is to carry out mitigation functions such as self-defense, prevention, or repair. Both the buyer and the seller are capable of carrying out all of these functions.

Automatic SQL Error Mitigation in Oracle

Despite best coding practices, software bugs are inevitable in a large codebase. In traditional databases, when errors occur during query processing, they disrupt user workflow until workarounds are found and applied. Manual identification of workarounds often relies on a trial-and-error method. The process is not only time-consuming but also requires domain expertise that users are often lacking. In this paper, we propose a framework to automatically mitigate errors that occur during query compilation (including optimization and code generation) without any user intervention. An error is intercepted by the database internally, a workaround is identified for it, and the query is recompiled using the workaround. The entire process remains transparent to the user with the query being executed seamlessly. The proposed technique handles SQL errors during query compilation and provides three types of mitigation strategies - i) quickly failover to one of the readily-available historical plans for the statement ii) apply targeted error-correcting directives (hints) identified from the optimizer context at the time of the error iii) modify the global configuration of the optimizer using hints. This feature has been implemented and will be released in an upcoming version of Oracle Autonomous Database.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic mitigation strategies on industry and NCI cancer treatment trials.

1565 Background: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in major disruptions in enrollment and conduct of cancer clinical trials. In response, regulators allowed modifications to traditional trial processes to enable clinical research and care to continue. The American Society of Clinical Oncology and Friends of Cancer Research established a task force to evaluate how sponsors perceived the impact of these mitigation strategies on data quality and overall trial conduct. Methods: The study used a survey and live interviews of industry and National Cancer Institute (NCI) cooperative group sponsors of cancer treatment trials. Sponsors with trials active in the United States from January 2015-May 2022 were eligible. We assessed perceived impacts of the pandemic on protocol deviations, types of mitigation strategies, trial closures, dropouts, adverse events (AEs), and data integrity. Descriptive statistics were used for survey data summaries. Key findings from semi-structured interviews were described by theme. Results: Of forty-one eligible sponsors, 20 (49%; 15/36 industry and 5/5 cooperative group) completed the survey; eleven (55%; 7/15 industry and 4/5 cooperative group) were interviewed. Sixty percent of sponsors reported large portfolios (>10 trials) of phase II and/or phase III trials. The most widely adopted mitigation strategies were remote distribution of oral anticancer therapies (70%), remote consenting (65%), and remote symptom monitoring for AEs (65%). The proportion of sponsors reporting a “substantial” increase in protocol deviations compared to the pre-pandemic period dropped from 42% in the initial wave (March-April 2020) to 16% thereafter. Sponsors primarily reported “no change” in trial drop-out rates (77%), the number of trials closed due to low accrual (90%), or rates of AEs (81%) at any point during the pandemic. Overall, most (83%) respondents reported the pandemic had “minimal” (14) or “no” impact (1) on data integrity. In interviews, many sponsors reported persistent time delays in data entry related to labor shortages at sites. Conclusions: This study represents the first systematic evaluation of clinical trial sponsors about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the conduct of cancer clinical trials. Remote clinical trial conduct mitigation strategies were broadly adopted. Despite an observed increase in protocol deviations, most sponsors reported the pandemic had minimal or no impact on data integrity. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted how cancer clinical trials were performed and has likely accelerated a trend towards greater flexibility in trial conduct that was already emerging, with potential benefits of reduced burden and improved access for patients and sites . Future work is planned to further quantify the impact of the pandemic and trial mitigation strategies on the quality of trial data both overall and for historically underrepresented patient groups.

Changes in the economic value of wind energy and flexible resources at increasing penetration levels in the Rocky Mountain Power Area

ABSTRACTWe use a consistent economic framework to estimate the long‐run economic value of wind while including operational constraints for conventional generation and hourly variation in wind and load. Day‐ahead forecast errors in wind are corrected in the real‐time, after commitment decisions for many thermal generators have already been made. The framework is used to estimate the change in the marginal economic value of wind with increasing penetration in the Rocky Mountain Power Area of the USA. We also evaluate the marginal economic benefit to wind energy of implementing several strategies to manage wind energy variability and uncertainty: more flexible conventional generation, real‐time pricing, low cost bulk energy storage, and increased geographic diversity of wind plant siting. Without mitigation, the marginal economic value of wind is found to decrease by $21 MWh (37% of the marginal value of wind at 0% penetration) as wind penetration increases from 0% to 30%. The decline is largely because of the hourly profile of wind output and day‐ahead wind energy forecast errors; factors whose impact is reduced by the mitigation strategies. With mitigation, the marginal value of wind at the 30% penetration level is $6‐$11 MWh greater than the value without the measures (17‐31% increase in value). Although the marginal value of wind energy decreases with increasing penetration in this region, several different types of mitigation strategies are available and should be investigated in more detail. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.