Types Of Misperceptions Research Articles

Delusions and Hallucinations Are Associated With Greater Severity of Delirium.

The 3 core domains of delirium (cognitive, higher level thinking, circadian) do not include the less common noncore psychotic symptoms. However, psychosis might inform about perturbations of neural circuitry, outcomes, or suggest tailored clinical management. We assessed relationships between psychosis and other characteristics of delirium in patients without dementia or antipsychotics treatment. Cross-sectional analysis of 366 adults with delirium per the Delirium Rating Scale Revised-98, whose items distinguish hallucinations and delusions from other types of misperceptions and abnormal thought content, assessed during the preceding 24 hours to capture symptom severity fluctuation. The relationship of psychosis with other delirium characteristics was assessed using bivariate comparisons and analysis of variance as appropriate for groups with no psychosis and any psychosis (hallucinations and/or delusions), and subgroups with only hallucinations, only delusions, or both. A discriminant logistic model assessed variables associated with presence of any psychotic features versus none. Delirium with any psychotic features occurred in 44.5% (163 of 366). Of the 366, 119 (32.5%) had only hallucinations (Hall), 14 (3.8%) had only delusions (Del), and 30 (8.2%) had both (Both). In the psychotic group (n= 163), 73.0% were Hall, 8.6% Del, and 18.4% Both. All psychotic patient groupings had significantly greater delirium severity on the Delirium Rating Scale Revised-98. Delusions and hallucinations were discordant for occurring together. The discriminant model found increased odds of having psychosis as 3 symptom severities increased (visuospatial ability, thought process, and sleep-wake cycle) where these each represented a delirium core domain. The noncore symptom of lability of affect had high odds ratio for psychosis, while motor retardation reduced odds of psychosis in this model. Consistent with prior reports, psychosis occurred in less than half of delirious patients with delusions being infrequent, and anassociation with affective lability was found. Given thatprevious functional magnetic resonance imaging research found a correlation between neural network dysconnectivity with greater severity of delirium, psychotic symptoms might be a clinical marker for greater underlying cerebral cortical neural circuitry dysfunction.

Comparing Perception of Sexual Intent and the Use of Sexual Coercion in Men and Women College Students

ABSTRACT Despite research showing that many college men and women have experienced misperception of their friendliness as sexual intent, such research has focused on this type of misperception only as a correlate of men’s sexual aggression. In fact, regardless of methodology used many researchers seem to suggest women do not misperceive men’s sexual intent, and in some instances may actually under-perceive it. We used a hypothetical scenario to determine whether men (n = 324) and women (n = 689) college students perceived similar sexual intent from a character who is not the same gender as they are, as depicted in a story about a man and woman on a “date.” Our results revealed that men and women in our sample reported similar levels of perceived sexual intent on the part of the character with a different gender as described in the scenario, even after that character clearly indicated to the partner that they “think they do not want to have sex.” In addition, the perceived level of the character’s sexual intent as solicited in response to this scenario design was related to sexual coercion intentions among both men and women (though it appears more strongly related among men), and these relationships remained even after controlling for other known correlates of sexual coercion (e.g., rape myth acceptance, level of sexual arousal). Implications for the study of misperception and its origins are discussed.

The Goodness and Badness of Network Misperceptions

Existing network research takes an accuracy-based perspective emphasizing accurate network perception as an advantage, but largely ignores certain benefits of misperceptions. To supplement this perspective, we advance a bias-based perspective to differentiate between cognitive overrepresentation and underrepresentation as two types of misperceptions and posit that managers may benefit from overrepresentation to a certain degree. Overrepresentation refers to a situation in which some ties an individual perceives do not actually exist because they are not reciprocally perceived by his/her peers, whereas underrepresentation refers to a situation in which certain ties an individual does not perceive actually exist because they are perceived by his/her peers. Using survey data from 97 subunit managers of a large Chinese multi-unit firm, we find an inverted U-shaped effect of structural holes derived from overrepresented networks on subunit managers’ social status, while structural holes derived from underrepresented networks negatively affect subunit performance. Our study provides useful implications for cognitive network research.

Teaching Demographic Ignorance with the Correcting Misperceptions Exercise: A Replication and Extension of Previous Research

Existing research from the social sciences indicates that misperceptions about immigrants are pervasive in American society and present consequences for intergroup relations. The classroom may be an arena in which to reduce this incorrectness. The current note provides a replication and extension of previous research on the effectiveness of the Correcting Misperceptions Exercise (CME) ─ an in-class demographic guessing game in which students provide their perceptions of some demographic reality and compare it to an objective data source. This analysis builds upon earlier work by 1) considering immigrants as a new demographic category of focus; 2) simultaneously analyzing cardinal misperceptions of the immigrant population size (population innumeracy) and ordinal mischaracterizations of immigrants’ most common country of origin; and 3) by comparing low-tech and high-tech versions of the CME. Perceptions measured during the game are compared to those measured in a post-test occurring three weeks later. Results indicate that participation in the game improves both types of misperceptions. However, they technology-based CME utilizing student response systems (Socrative) does not provide any additional purchase beyond a low-tech, paper-and-pencil delivery.

General hypergame analysis within the graph model for conflict resolution

ABSTRACTTo capture decision-makers' (DMs') various kinds of misperceptions in a conflict setting, a methodology is developed to improve hypergame analysis within the framework of the graph model for conflict resolution. This technique models and analyses DMs' different levels of perception in a real-life situation. It also handles a DM's misperception about itself as well as misperception about its opponents. A hypergame in graph form is a framework that consists of subjective hypergames, each of which illustrates a given DM's viewpoint of the hypergame situation. The universal sets of options and states for the hypergame, which include all possible perceptual options and states for the conflict, are used to construct each DM's subjective hypergame. To gain worthy strategic insights from the hypergame analysis, the overall hypergame equilibria are classified based on the types of misperceptions and the awareness of DMs into eight classes of resolutions.

Beyond Projection: Specifying the Types of Peer Delinquency Misperception at the Item and Scale Levels

The perceptual inaccuracy in peer delinquency perceptions has been attributed to projection, a hypothesis stating that individuals impute their own delinquency into perceptions of peer delinquency. While logical, projection can truthfully only explain peer delinquency misperception in one specific situation. Moving beyond projection, we propose there are actually four types of misperception. Using dyadic data, misperceptions are assessed at both the item and scale levels. At the item level, projections of delinquency are not the most frequent type of misperception. Scale-level results reveal that most people are inaccurate and tend to mix various types of misperceptions. Although projection is often linked to overestimations of peer delinquency, those who exclusively misperceive through projection mechanisms tend to underperceive peer delinquency in scale-level perceptions. A key finding shared between item- and scale-level results is perceptions of peer non-delinquency are far more accurate than perceptions of peer delinquency, thus posing serious validity concerns with perceptual measures.

Weight misperception amongst youth of a developing country: Pakistan -a cross-sectional study

BackgroundWeight misperception is the discordance between an individual’s actual weight status and the perception of his/her weight. It is a common problem in the youth population as enumerated by many international studies. However data from Pakistan in this area is deficient.MethodsA multi-center cross-sectional survey was carried out in undergraduate university students of Karachi between the ages of 15–24. Participants were questioned regarding their perception of being thin, normal or fat and it was compared with their Body Mass Index (BMI). Measurements of height and weight were taken for this purpose and BMI was categorized using Asian cut offs. Weight misperception was identified when the self-perceived weight (average, fat, thin) did not match the calculated BMI distribution. Chi square tests and logistic regression tests were applied to show associations of misperception and types of misperception (overestimation, underestimation) with independent variables like age, gender, type of university and faculties. P-value of <0.05 was taken as statistically significant.Results42.4% of the total participants i.e. 43.3% males and 41% females misperceived their weight. Amongst those who misperceived 38.2% had overestimated and 61.8% had underestimated their weight. Greatest misperception of was observed in the overweight category (91%), specifically amongst overweight males (95%). Females of the underweight category overestimated their weight and males of the overweight category underestimated their weight. Amongst the total participants, females overestimated 8 times more than males (OR 8.054, 95% CI 5.34-12.13). Misperception increased with the age of the participants (OR 1.114, 95% CI 1.041-1.191). Odds of misperception were greater in students of private sector universities as compared to public (OR 1.861, 95% CI: 1.29-2.67). Odds of misperception were less in students of medical sciences (OR 0.693, 95% CI 0.491-0.977), engineering (OR 0.586, 95% CI 0.364-0.941) and business administration (OR 0.439, 95% CI 0.290-0.662) as compared to general faculty universities.ConclusionThere was marked discrepancy between the calculated BMI and the self-perceived weight in the youth of Karachi. Better awareness campaigns need to be implemented to reverse these trends.

Human Spatial Orientation Perception During Simulated Lunar Landing Motions

Safe and precise piloted lunar landings require control inputs that depend on an accurate perception of vehicle orientation and motion. However, the unique environment and motions experienced during a lunar landing trajectory may lead to misperceptions in vehicle state. Eight subjects participated in a human subject experiment in the NASA Ames vertical motion simulator, where self-reports of perceptions of vehicle tilt angle and horizontal velocity were made during lunar-landing-like motions. Three cases of sensory cues were studied: Subjects were blindfolded and given no visual cues; subjects were provided a simulated dynamic view of the lunar terrain out a forward-looking window; and subjects were provided dynamic instrument displays showing current vehicle states. Subjects’ perception indications differed substantially from the motions being simulated in the blindfolded and out-the-window conditions, but were better matched when viewing instrument displays. Subject perceptions were also compared with predictions from a numerical model of orientation perception, and qualitatively matched in the blindfolded case, but were less well aligned in the out-the-window case. These types of misperceptions may impact astronaut control inputs and degrade vehicle performance and safety.

A cross sectional study of the prevalence and risk factors for owner misperception of canine body shape in first opinion practice in Glasgow

The objectives of the study were to investigate whether owners were able to assign the correct body shape to their dog and to assess the dog and owner level factors associated with incorrect owner assessment of dog body shape. Six hundred and eighty questionnaires were administered to dog owners in 5 first opinion practices around Glasgow during July 2007. At the same time, the interviewer and owner assessed the body shape of each dog. The interviewer assessment of body shape was taken as the gold standard. Incorrect owner assessment of dog body shape (misperception) was divided into two groups: underestimation and overestimation. Multinomial logistic regression and classification and regression trees (CART) were used to assess risk factors associated with each type of misperception. Misperception of dog body shape was present in 44.1% of owners with underestimation (i.e. the owner considered the animal to have a leaner body shape from the gold standard assessment) being the most common form of misperception. Risk factors identified by both multinomial logistic regression and CART were gender of owner, age of the dog and dog body shape. The classification tree appeared to have improved predictive ability when compared to the multinomial model.

The Ripple Effect: A Randomized Trial of a Social Norms Intervention in a Danish Middle School Setting

The paper reports on the results of an experiment on a brief social norms intervention in fifth and sixth grade Danish school classes. The intervention took the form of a randomized experiment, in which Treatment pupils were presented with data on their own misperceptions regarding cigarette smoking among their peers, followed by group discussions about normative misperceptions. Follow-up (n = 349) was conducted a year after intervention. Results. Significant differences between Treatment and Control in misperceptions were found, not only regarding smoking, but also regarding alcohol intake and drug misuse. No significant differences were found in actual smoking prevalence, but other types of risk behavior, including different types of criminal offenses, were significantly less prevalent in the Treatment group, as were the numbers of self-reported situations in which pupils had given in to (imagined) peer pressure. Conclusion. The experiment demonstrated the existence of a ripple effect: the correction of misperceptions regarding one type of risk behavior influenced other types of misperceptions and risk behaviors as well. It is hypothesized that an important contributory factor to the success of the experiment is the absence of any moral judgment in the intervention. In 2006, the experiment was given the European Crime Prevention Award.

A Study on Perceptual Compensation for /u/-fronting in American English

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A Study on Perceptual Compensation for /u/-fronting in American English

0. Introduction There is an undeniable link between speech production and speech perception. In running speech, the phonetic form of consonants and vowels varies due to the overlapping of adjacent articulations (coarticulation). However, the listener hears them as if there were no coarticulatory distortions on the segments. The latter phenomenon—perceptual compensation for coarticulation, a type of context effect whereby a listener’s perception of speech segments is influenced by surrounding sounds so as to ‘undo’ coarticulation—is the topic of the current study. This phenomenon is similar to constancy in visual perception. Perception of an object’s color, for example, remains constant across illumination types; that is, visual information about object’s color is “corrected” for irrelevant viewing conditions (Yantis 2001: 7). This is an important area of inquiry because of its contributions to the linguistic theories of sound change and theories of speech perception in general. Sound change refers to change in pronunciation norms over time in a speech community, and one major cause for common sound changes is listeners’ misperception of contextually perturbed speech sounds (Ohala 1981, 1993). Since compensation prevents this particular type of misperception, it is an essential component of the theory of sound change. Although much work has been devoted to this topic (see, e.g., Repp 1982; Diehl, Lotto, & Holt 2004 for reviews), exactly how the human auditory system achieves compensation is yet to be fully understood, and more studies are needed to this end. This paper will report one such study, an experimental study on compensation for /u/-fronting in an alveolar context.

Power transition in Northeast Asia: U.S.-China security perceptions and the challenges of systemic adjustment and stability

This article argues that the rise of China and the changing North-east Asian balance of power are creating the classical adjustment problems of Great Power international relations historically associated with power transitions and that three types of misperceptions across five important issues in the Sino-American security relationship are interfering with the prospects of achieving the systemic adjustments required for long-term stability. Power transition and the rise of China are seen as potentially undermining stability in four ways: (1) by generating security dilemmas and arms races, (2) by contributing to increased incidence of conflicting security interests, (3) by aggravating South china Sea maritime disputes, and (4) by undermining Chinese domestic stability in a manner which potentially results in a hostile regime that adopts an aggressive foreign policy coming to power at some point in the future. Systemic adjustment is defined as the process by which major powers peacefully reconcile their opposing interests and is viewed as being an essential feature of stability over the long term. The article argues that three types of misperceptions concerning: (1) salient issues, (2) security interests, and (3) the influence of domestic politics on foreign policy are manifesting themselves in misunderstandings of five security issues that are impeding the systemic adjustment process. These five issues are: (1) the nature of post-cold war Sino-American security relations and international politics, (2) the role of democracy and U.S. human rights in foreign policy, (3) the significance of China’s South China Sea policy, (4) Middle East diplomacy and arms sales, and (5) nuclear weapons and arms control policy. The article concludes with a discussion of policy implications that stresses the importance of consultation and dialogue to reduce misperceptions.

Erroneous perceptions of fluvial hazards

Many times human perceptions of geomorphic hazards are fallacious. Three types of misperceptions are (1) a perception of stability, which leads to the conclusion that any change is not natural, (2) a perception of instability, which leads to the conclusion that change will not cease, and (3) a perception of excessive response, which leads to the conclusion that changes will always be major. Examples, which include the Snake, Ohio, Colorado, and Nile Rivers, incised channels, and Rocky Mountain Streams demonstrate how these perceptions can lead to litigation and unnecessary engineering works.

Cognitive influences on perceived change in social support, motivation, and symptoms of depression

AbstractIn settings ranging from informal conversation to medical interviews and surveys, people are often asked to judge changes in subjective states that are important to them, such as perceived social support, motivation to cope with a negative life event, and symptoms of depression. How accurate are such reports, and are there theories of cognitive processes that can predict the most likely types of misperception? To address these questions, self‐report survey data were collected from 224 recently unemployed adults. The measures assessed current subjective states of self and social environment at two times, separated by 4 months. Among the results, persons with high self‐esteem were particularly likely to underestimate changes for the worse between the two survey waves–evidence of an optimistic response bias. When the dimension being judged was unstable and ambiguous, people were more likely to overestimate improvement–evidence of an optimistic response style. The findings were evaluated in terms of alternate theories of cognitive bias and in terms of implications for subsequent studies and application.

Some New Sources of Social Conflict: Transformations of Mixed-Motive Games

Some New Sources of Social Conflict: Transformations of Mixed-Motive Games

Making the Alliance Work: The United States and Western Europe , and: Conventional Deterrence , and: NATO Under Attack: Why the Western Alliance Can Fight Outnumbered and Win in Central Europe without Nuclear Weapons (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 251 Making the Alliance Work: The United States and Western Europe. By Gregory Treverton. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985. pp. 242. Conventional Deterrence. By John J. Mearsheimer. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985. pp. 296. NATO Under Attack: Why the Western Alliance Can Fight Outnumbered and Win in CentralEurope without Nuclear Weapons. By F. W. von Mellenthin and R. H. S. Stolfi, with E. Sobik. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press, 1984. pp. 161. Reviewed by Lawrence Friedman, a Washington attorney and graduate of the Woodrow Wihon School at Princeton. The constellation of bilateral and multilateral relationships between the United States and Western Europe that comprises that amorphous entity, the Western Alliance, has proven remarkably durable. So immutable does the association seem that it is commonly referred to simply as "the Alliance." While other regional security arrangements patterned after nato have withered or dissolved (cento and seato come to mind), the original Alliance endures, despite predictions of imminent collapse under the weight of conflicting policies among its members. In recent years reports of nato's impending demise have been widespread. Disputes over deployment of modernized theater nuclear weapons, fears that the United States may not be willing to put its own homeland at risk in defense of its allies, and such discordant incidents as the invasion of Grenada or the Achille Lauro affair, are adverted to as portents of Alliance disintegration. As Gregory Treverton correctly points out, conflicts have marked nato since its inception. The perceived threat of further Soviet advancement into Europe, like the German threat that united the Grand Alliance in World War II, concentrates the minds of Europeans and Americans wonderfully. The Alliance, however, remains a compact forged in response to a specific strategic threat by nations with widely diverging perceptions about the nature and extent of that threat. These nations have conflicting political, military, and economic goals within and without Europe as well. Treverton's Making the Alliance Work is a useful survey of the strains that have bent but never broken nato. They range from conflicts over European economic cooperation with the Soviet bloc in the 1950s and disagreements over a proposed multilateral nuclear force in the 1960s to the disputes of the present day. The book usefully describes these past conflicts and points to the factors that have always contributed to Alliance discord. Each ally's national interests, capabilities, perceptions, and domestic political constraints differ from those of its neighbors. Two allies have had armed clashes with each other; two others maintain independent nuclear forces; another has enshrined in its constitution and bound up in its notions of political legitimacy, closer relations, and eventual reunification with a member of the opposing alliance. Treverton's theme is the inevitable clash of interests and what he regards as an avoidable clash of perceptions. Europe will always be geographically closer to the Soviet Union than the United States and so will have different economic goals (trade with the Warsaw Pact is a more viable and alluring proposition, and dependence on Arab oil is greater) and even different military interests (a defense in depth may reduce the need for nato to escalate to a nuclear conflict 252 SAIS REVIEW that places the American homeland at risk, but such a strategy will wreak additional destruction upon Europe). Other factors (the United States is a heterogeneous nation with global interests that often clash with those ofits allies, as in the case of Suez) exacerbate the asymmetries. The divergent interests will remain a constant feature of the Alliance. What can be changed, Treverton argues, is the counterproductive dynamics of Alliance conflicts that result from faulty perception and communication, the classic recent examples being the theater nuclear deployment and enhanced radiation weapon disputes of the late 1970s and early 1980s. This type of misperception and mismanagement is, in Treverton's view, avoidable but ultimately not fatal to an alliance that continues to regard deterring a Soviet invasion as a common and (more or less) urgent task. Treverton's study is a useful reminder of what makes the Alliance survive these unavoidable conflicts. If there is any fault in this comprehensive study (other than such minor errors as...

Misperception in international politics: A typological framework for analysis

The study argues that in spite of seminal advances made, the literature dealing with the role of misperception in international politics suffers from over‐generalization and some fuzziness. This encourages eclecticism in research and lack of differentiated theory, which takes into account the complexities of information processing in foreign policy‐making. Thus, the paper notes the special attributes of information in that arena which is the base for image formation and definition of the situation. It is suggested that misperception is measured in terms of the gap between the real and the psychological environments, and the study points out in detail the dimensions of the three sets of components which make up these two environments: the constraints within which the individual performs, the specific contents of the environments, and the frame of reference factors. It then goes on to differentiate between three types of misperception: cognizance gap, relevance gap, and evaluation gap, and spells out the contingencies on which the range and areas of their effects are dependent. At the dynamic level, the process of adjustment of perceptual performance is described in terms of a three‐sided typology: adaptation, non‐adaptation, and mal‐adaptation.

Slips of the ear—misperceptions as clues for processing

Over a hundred naturally occurring misperceptions were collected. An example of a misperception is the case in which the listener perceived “to put up with down” whereas the speaker had produced “to put apples down.” The produced/misperceived utterance pairs can be separated into two categories, those pairs showing evidence of the involvement of higher levels of processing in the misperception (for example, “prodigal son” heard for “popping really slow”) and those pairs not indicating higher-level involvement (for example, “fan” heard for “van” spoken). The severity of the misperceptions, in terms of the number of features differing, is cross-correlated with the position of the misperception (within the word, the syllable, the cluster) and the type of misperception (higher-level processing vs non-higher-level processing). [Work supported by NIH.]