Low Carbon Steel Type Research Articles

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GMAW WELDING RESULTS ON S355J2+N MATERIAL WITH POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT (PWHT)

Assembly underframe trains are a connecting process part-part into a system that has a unified function, the process of which uses GMAW-type welding. From the welding results, there is potential for the formation of residual stress which is a problem in this research, so it is minimized using the method Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) thermal. The research aims to determine and analyze the effect of PWHT on the mechanical properties and microstructure of low-carbon steel type S355J2+N resulting from GMAW welding. The research method uses experiments with PWHT temperatures at 450 °C, 750 °C, and non-PWHT to find out the mechanical properties of materials, use the tensile test and micro-Vickers hardness test. Meanwhile, to determine the microstructure formed is used micro examination. The test results, were compared between the welding material with PWHT and the welding material non-PWHT. The results of the research are that the largest tensile strength value of 576 MPa was produced in the material using PWHT at a temperature of 450 °C, the largest elongation of 34.85% was produced in the material with a PWHT temperature of 750 °C, and the highest hardness value was 207.44 HV in the material non-PWHT. The conclusion of the research shows that with increasing PWHT temperature, the hardness and tensile strength values of the material decrease, and there is an increase in the ductility value of the material which is influenced by changes in the dominance of ferrite and pearlite in the material.

Cathodic Corrosion Protection on Low Carbon Steel Type H-beam (SM490YB) Using Zinc (Zn) Anode with Soil Corrosive Media Mixed with NaCl

Cathodic Corrosion Protection on Low Carbon Steel Type H-beam (SM490YB) Using Zinc (Zn) Anode with Soil Corrosive Media Mixed with NaCl

Analysis of Tool Wear and Calculation Results of Hardness Values in St 37 Steel Turning Using Characteristics

The development of lathe chisels is currently more advanced with the creation of carbide, CBN, ceramic, and inserts tool types. However, conventional chisel types, one of which is the HSS (high speed steel) chisel, are still used. ST 37 steel is a low carbon steel type that is easy to forge and easy to machine. The level of precision and surface roughness of the resulting workpiece must be in accordance with the needs. The higher the level of surface quality of the workpiece, the higher the level of precision. The research method we use is to find data, then the data obtained is graphed. From the results of the graph it can be concluded that for the depth of cutting the greater the rotation, the greater the depth. For wear, it can be seen that the wear will be greater if the speed is increased. The results of the hardness test at a medium rotational speed of 490 Rpm, the greater the number of examples, the greater the results of the hardness test experienced on the test material.

Modeling Temperature of Contact Generated in Coatings of Pure Alumina Ceramic onto Low Carbon Steel Type 1.0060 Obtained by the Thermal Spraying Process

In previous research problem statement occur in hardness to reach the thermal flux between surfaces during movement. The aim of the present investigation has been conducted to study the thermal behavior of ceramic Al2O3 (AL-99) coated on a low carbon steel type 1.0060 by using a thermal flame spray technique. The key methods used is microstructural characterization and comparing between experimental data record and numerical program.SEM showed that the Al2O3 coatings have a dense microstructure, lamellar morphology and complex of several phases. The XRD analysis of the coating after the spray showed a majority phase of α -Al2O3 rhombohedral structure and secondary phase of γ-Al2O3 orthorhombic structure. The experimental data recorded From wear indicate two step, first one corresponds to the phase of accommodation between surfaces (samples/ disc), the contact temperature gradually increases to a value Of 75 °C for both pairs, the second step , we could remark from experimental and numerical simulation, it reach 95°C for experimental test and 85 for numerical model.The important findings in tribological results showed that the temperature at the contact is related to the shear stress that will result from the increase of the heat flux. From these results it can be said that the measured temperature increases with the increase of the charge and converges with the contact time. The gap of temperature between experimental and numerical results is probably due to the parameter of microstructure, where in experimental porosities improve convection in the area, in contrast the numerical materials don't add this phenomena.

Effect of Electrode Moisture in DC Current SMAW Process on The Welding Results of Low Carbon Steel

Welding using a wetelectrode and polarity selection is thought to affect the defects that usually arise in the welding results of low carbon steel type ST 37. To find out how much influence the humidity of the electrode and polarity have on defects in low carbon steel welding results, a study was carried out using oil fluids as a moisturizing agent for the electrode. The process of humidifying the electrode is carried out by immersing the electrode until it absorbs the oil fluid before welding it on the base metal. After welding with these electrodes, a metallographic test was carried out to observe the macrostructure and microstructure of the welding results. The conclusion that can be drawn from the test results is that the humidity of the electrode by oil does not affect the defects that arise in low carbon steel welding results as long as it does not damage the flux from the electrode.

Prediction Model for Optimal Efficiency of the Green Corrosion Inhibitor Oleoylsarcosine: Optimization by Statistical Testing of the Relevant Influencing Factors

Optimization and statistical methods are used to minimize the number of experiments required to complete a study, especially in corrosion testing. Here, a statistical Box–Behnken design (BBD) was implemented to investigate the effects of four independent variables (inhibitor concentration [I], immersion time t, temperature ϑ, and NaCl content [NaCl]) based on the variation of three levels (lower, middle, and upper) on the corrosion protection efficiency of the green inhibitor oleoylsarcosine for low-carbon steel type CR4 in salt water. The effects of the selected variables were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) supported by the Minitab17 program. Depending on the BBD analytical tools, the largest effects were found for ϑ, followed by [I]. The effect of interactions between these variables was in the following order: [I] and ϑ > t and ϑ > [I] and [NaCl]. The second-order model used here for optimization showed that the upper level (+1) with 75 mmol/L for [I], 30 min for t, and 0.2 mol/L [NaCl] provided an optimal protective effect for each of these factors, while the lower level (−1) was 25 °C for ϑ. The theoretical efficiency predicted by the RSM model was 99.4%, while the efficiency during the experimental test procedure with the best-evaluated variables was 97.2%.

The Effect on Using Different Types of Electrodes toward the Tensile Strength of the Welding Joints Groove V Low Carbon Steel Type DIN 1.0038

The choice of electrode type in welding will affect the strength of the welding result. The aim of this study was to determine the effect on using different type of electrode on the tensile strength of low carbon steel type 1.0038 by using experimental method. The welding was conducted using Groove V. In addition, the specimens used in this research were the low carbon steel plate type 1.0038 with a thickness of 8 mm and were given SMAW treatment using 2 different types of electrodes, namely E 6013 and E 7016 whose diameters were 2.6 and 3.2 mm. The standard specimen used was ASTM-E8 and being tested using a Universal Testing Machine. Based on the research that had been conducted, it was obtained that the steel type 1.0038 welded using E 7016 electrodes had a higher tensile strength than the one using E 6013.

Effect of Ti Microalloying on the Corrosion Behavior of Low-Carbon Steel in H2S/CO2 Environment

The corrosion behavior of two types of low-carbon steel (denoted steel A and steel B) in H2S/CO2 was investigated through immersion tests, and the effect of Ti microalloying on the corrosion mechanism was analyzed. The microstructures, corrosion kinetics, corrosion surface morphologies, corrosion phases, cross-sectional morphologies and elemental distributions of the materials were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The results showed that the corrosion rate of steel B with Ti microalloying was lower than that of steel A; the amount and formation rate of corrosion products in these two materials were different. As the immersion time increased, the corrosion products changed from iron-rich mackinawite to sulfur-rich pyrrhotite. In the early stage of corrosion, the corrosion products were primarily mackinawite, which controlled the corrosion phase through the entire process. After 384 h of immersion, pyrrhotite was observed, which can effectively protect the steel substrate, providing excellent corrosion resistance. The corrosion products in steel B with Ti microalloying were more compact than those in steel A. Moreover, Ti enrichment in the oxide film was observed in steel B, which can further improve its corrosion resistance. The results from this study can provide an important reference for the oil and gas industry.

EXTENSION OF THE RESOURCE OF THE BURNER SWIRL BLADES OF THE BOILER TPP-312

Numerical research of high-temperature corrosion of steel blades of the swirler of a pulverized coal burner of the TPP-312 boiler in real conditions of its operation is carried out. Data on the dynamics of oxidation of the blade surface for two steels and different operating conditions of the burners were obtained. The results of the calculation allow a reasonable assessment of the service life of the blades of the burner device. Corrosion rate calculations were performed based on the results of computer simulation of pulverized coal combustion in the boiler volume with subsequent determination of the temperature field on the blade surface.
 The corrosion dynamics was determined using the experimental oxidation constants of steel given in the literature. Data were obtained for two types of low-carbon steel, two different modes of burner operation, for the number of blades 8 and 24, and for different distances of burner blades from the embrasure of the boiler furnace, a total of 16 different variants were calculated.
 Calculations have shown that with increasing the distance of the blades from the embrasure of the furnace, corrosion is significantly reduced. The highest corrosion, which in its absolute value is comparable to the thickness of the blade, occurs for the disconnected burner with blades from Art. 3. The lowest corrosion occurs for the working burner with blades made from steel 20 (reduction of corrosion by 4 times), and for the disconnected burner this dependence is much smaller (reduction of corrosion by 30… 40%). References 6, Figures 5

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Laser Surface Melting by Using Enthalpy Method

In this study, experimental and numerical applied of heat distribution due to pulsed Nd: YAG laser surface melting. Experimental side was consists of laser parameters are, pulse duration1.3ms, wavelength 1064nm, laser energies 1.5, 2. 6 and 4.3 J, laser beam diameter is 0.6 mm and spot diameter 0.78 mm was applied a low carbon steel type St37 with a dimension 10, 10, 3 mm, length, width and thickness respectively. Numerical analysis side consist of a mathematical model and calculating a thermal cycle by using equation in the enthalpy method applied to determine the cooling rate in fusion zone. The simulation by using the enthalpy method, applied on conduction heat transfer to estimate the cooling rate model in fusion zone and heat affected zones. Cooling rates models are helping to estimate the microstructure and micro hardness distribution in fusion and heat affected zones. The complication of the heat transfer in laser surface melting process, because at in rapid solidification, therefore the enthalpy model is more appropriate for this case. The result shows that increases of laser energy lead to decrease cooling rates and increase width and penetration of fusion zone, also decrease micro hardness in fusion zone and we found an increase in the pool size of fusion and heat affected zones.

Applications of ultrasonic testing and machine learning methods to predict the static & fatigue behavior of spot-welded joints

Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is one of the well-known Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT) of spot-weld inspection in the advanced industries, especially in automotive industry. However, the relationship between the UT results and strength of the spot-welded joints subjected to various loading conditions is unknown. The main purpose of this research is to present an integrated search system as a new approach for assessment of tensile strength and fatigue behavior of the spot-welded joints. To this end, Resistance Spot Weld (RSW) specimens of three-sheets were made of different types of low carbon steel. Afterward, the ultrasonic tests were carried out and the pulse-echo data of each sample were extracted utilizing Image Processing Technique (IPT). Several experiments (tensile and axial fatigue tests) were performed to study the mechanical properties of RSW joints of multiple sheets. The novel approach of the present research is to provide a new methodology for static strength and fatigue life assessment of three-sheets RSW joints based on the UT results by utilizing Artificial Neural Network (ANN) simulation. Next, Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used to optimize the structure of ANN. This approach helps to decrease the number of tests and the cost of performing destructive tests with appropriate reliability.

Long-term strain-ageing effects on low-carbon steel reinforcement

Modern seismic codes are based on capacity design and hierarchy of strength principles that allow the formation of plastic hinges in sacrificial elements within a structure. An accurate estimation of the mechanical properties of the steel reinforcement is required to achieve a ductile failure mechanism. After being subjected to plastic deformation, many types of low-carbon steel experience a time- and temperature-dependent phenomenon known as strain-ageing. This phenomenon causes changes in the mechanical properties such as increase in yield and reduction in ductility. Therefore, in the aftermath of an earthquake event, the hierarchy of strength between beams and columns in a subassembly and/or between flexure and shear within the same structural element of a damaged structural system could potentially be compromised. In this paper, the extent of strain-ageing in New Zealand Grade 300E and Grade 500E reinforcement is investigated through experimental testing in which reinforcing bar samples were pre-strained up to selected strain limits and then subjected to natural (at 15 °C) and accelerated ageing (at 100 °C), at different time intervals, up to one year. The changes in mechanical properties were monitored and quantified. These changes must be accounted for during post-earthquake assessments and repairing design and are recommended to be incorporated in future code provisions.

Effect of welding processes on mechanical and microstructural properties of S275 structural steel joints

Abstract S275 structural steel is a popular low carbon steel type that can be used in many different general engineering and structural applications. These steels are widely used in steel construction, maintenance, machinery and manufacturing industries. Welded joints of this steel used in the mentioned industrial areas are important. In this study, 10-mm thick S275 structural steel sheets were joined by using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and flux cored arc welding (FCAW) methods. Tensile, bending, and hardness tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the welded samples. In addition, metallographic investigations were carried out to determine the microstructural properties of the weld zones. As a result of the microstructural studies, it was found that different structures such as grain boundary ferrites, polygonal ferrites, Widmanstatten ferrites and acicular ferrites are formed in the weld metal and coarse-grained region. It was determined that the hardness of the weld metal was higher than HAZ and base metal in all welding parameters. The highest tensile and bending strengths were obtained from those samples joined by using the FCAW method. As a result of the tensile test, separation occurred in the transition region between the weld metal coarse-grained regions.

Study the Effect of Welding Heat Input on the Microstructure, Hardness, and Impact Toughness of AISI 1015 Steel

In the present study, MIG welding is carried out on low carbon steel type (AISI 1015) by using electrode ER308L of 1.5mm diameter with direct current straight polarity (DCSP). The joint geometry is of a single V-butt joint with one pass welding stroke for different plate thicknesses of 6, 8, and 10 mm. In welding experiments, AISI 1015 plates with dimensions of 200×100mm and edge angle of 60o from both sides are utilized. In this work, three main parameters related to MIG welding process are investigated, which are welding current, welding speed, heat input and plate thickness, and to achieve that three groups of plates are employed each one consists of three plates. The results indicate that increasing the weld heat input (through changing the current and voltage) leads to an increase in widmanstatten ferrite (WF), acicular ferrite (AF) and polygonal ferrite (PF) in FZ region, and a reduction in grain size. It is observed that the micro-hardness of welded AISI 1015 plate increases as the weld heat input decreases. As well as increasing the weld heat input results in an increase in the width of WM and HAZ and a reduction in the impact energy of the weld joint of AISI 1015 at WM region. Also, it is noted the corrosion rate of weld joint increases with increase of Icorr due to increasing in welding current (heat input), corrosion rate increased up to (0.126µm/yr.) with increasing of heat input up to (1.27 KJ/mm).

Study the Effect of Welding Heat Input on the Microstructure, Hardness, and Impact Toughness of AISI 1015 Steel

In the present study, MIG welding is carried out on low carbon steel type (AISI 1015) by using electrode ER308L of 1.5mm diameter with direct current straight polarity (DCSP). The joint geometry is of a single V-butt joint with one pass welding stroke for different plate thicknesses of 6, 8, and 10 mm. In welding experiments, AISI 1015 plates with dimensions of 200×100mm and edge angle of 60o from both sides are utilized. In this work, three main parameters related to MIG welding process are investigated, which are welding current, welding speed, heat input and plate thickness, and to achieve that three groups of plates are employed each one consists of three plates. The results indicate that increasing the weld heat input (through changing the current and voltage) leads to an increase in widmanstatten ferrite (WF), acicular ferrite (AF) and polygonal ferrite (PF) in FZ region, and a reduction in grain size. It is observed that the micro-hardness of welded AISI 1015 plate increases as the weld heat input decreases. As well as increasing the weld heat input results in an increase in the width of WM and HAZ and a reduction in the impact energy of the weld joint of AISI 1015 at WM region. Also, it is noted the corrosion rate of weld joint increases with increase of Icorr due to increasing in welding current (heat input), corrosion rate increased up to (0.126µm/yr.) with increasing of heat input up to (1.27 KJ/mm).

Perancangan Injection Blowing Tools dengan Line Slider untuk Mesin Blow Molding dengan Kapasitas Volume 300 Ml

Blow molding machine is a machine that used to produced plastic bottle with injection air system to blowing the soft preform (±100 ℃ ) at 7 bar pressure of air. They are two main components in injection blowing tools i.e, injection tools to distribute the high pressure air from compressor to the bottle preform and the line sliders to make a mold cavity can moving when the injection process ongoing and finished. To build the injection blowing tools, they are several main material that use, on the line sliders use the main material of low carbon steel type A36 ( 0,25% - 0,29% C ) with strip and plate with force of 360 K si ( 250 MP a ), and the injection tools use the main material of Aluminium-alloy 4032 (Al, Si 12,5%, Mg, Cu, Ni) because it easy to make an model or profil with reasonable price. The main material on the shafts holder injector and blow pin use stainless steel 304 with max force of 515 MPa. The process to joint between the components are applying the welding model with fillet type and average on high of the neck weld 3 mm and use electrodes of RD -260 which E6013 electrode class with maximum strength 60 Ksi and use the bolt and nuts which average from material of SS 304 with size M6 - M 16. In the process injection, the ratio of large development due to the process injection ( BUR ) is 4 with the size of a bottle preform long 99 mm thick 2 mm and diameter 26 mm.

Microstructural and Tribological Properties of Al2O3-13pctTiO2 Thermal Spray Coatings Deposited by Flame Spraying

THe present investigation has been conducted to study the tribological properties of Al2O3-13pctTiO2 (AT-13) ceramic coatings deposited on a low carbon steel type E335 by using a thermal flame spray technique. The microstructure and phase composition of wire and coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Measurements of micro hardness were also performed on the surface of the coatings. The tribological tests were carried out using a pin-on-disk tribometer at different loads. All tests were performed using two disks as counter body, namely Al2O3-ZrO2 (AZ-25) and Al2O3-TiO2 (AT-3) which formed couple 1 and couple 2, respectively, in order to work out the wear rate and friction coefficient. Roughness profiles were also evaluated before and after each test. The SEM showed that the dense microstructure of Al2O3-TiO2 (AT-13) coatings have a homogenous lamellar morphology and complex of several phases with the presence of porosities and unmelted particles. The XRD analysis of the wire before the spray showed a majority phase of α-Al2O3 rhombohedral structure and a secondary phase of Al2TiO5 orthorhombic structure with little traces of TiO2 (rutile) tetragonal structure, whereas the XRD of the coating revealed the disappearance of TiO2 replaced by the formation of a new metastable phase γ-Al2O3 cubic structure. The tribological results showed that the applied contact pressure affects the variation of the friction coefficient with time and that it decreases with the rise of the normal force of contact. It was found also that the couple 2 with nearly chemical compositions of spray-coated (AT-13) and disk (AT-3) exhibited much higher wear resistance than the couple 1 although they have sliding coefficient of friction nearly.

Analysis of Buttering Method on Mechanical Properties Welded Material Low Carbon Steel

In manufacturing, especially offshore, welding is one of the joining processes (steel) with very tight specification. Preparation time (fitting) both steel material which will be connected, especially when the material cutting process does not allow for mistakes, so when they do tuning of both material be spliced happen distance (gap) in excess of the standard, then the buttering method that does not eat a lot of time, wasted materials and dimensions of objects so it still makes tolerance in otherwise require. Buttering is the adding process of material in welding. It is applied on one or both sides to be connected, with the aim of giving the distance (gap) between the two materials will be in connection with welding processes meet the requirements of the standard (ASME Sec IX, 2010)1. This study aimed to indicate the effect of the buttering in welding. And the variety of wide buttering is 10 mm, 15 mm, and 20 mm. Material will be joined with welding process Shield Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). In the test, material is low carbon steel type SA 36. Tests performed were tensile test, impact test, and the test macro etching. By those tests, will be Investigated what the differences between welding without buttering and with buttering. And the final results showed the addition of wide buttering decreased tensile strength, which declines in linear: buttering width 10 mm = 413.47 MPa , buttering width 15 mm = 397.48 MPa , buttering width 20 mm = 390.07 MPa. In impact strength, it increased, which increasing linear: width 10 mm = 1.82 J/mm², 15 mm width buttering = 1.90 J/mm², 20 mm width buttering = 1.94 J/mm². And in macro test, it was shown that a Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) in buttering spread larger than HAZ in material without buttering.

Estimation of Some Mechanical Properties for Similar & Dissimilar Welded Joints

This research deals with the choice of the suitable filler metal to weld the similar and dissimilar metals (Low carbon steel type A516 & Austenitic stainless steel type 316L) under constant conditions such as, plate thickness (6 mm), voltage (78 v), current (120 A), straight polarity. This research deals with three major parts.
 The first parts Four types of electrodes were used for welding of dissimilar metals (C.St A516 And St.St 316L) two from mild steel (E7018, E6013) and other two from austenitic stainless steel (E309L, E308L) various inspection were carried out include (Visual T., X-ray T., δ- Ferrite phase T., and Microstructures T.) and mechanical testing include (tensile T., bending T. and micro hardness T.)
 The second parts done by used the same parameters to welding similar metals from (C.St A516) Or (St.St 316L).
 The third parts deals with welding of dissimilar weldments (C.St And St.St) by two processes, gas tungsten are welding (GTAW) and shielded metal are welding (SMAW).
 The results indicated that the spread of carbon from low carbon steel to the welding zone in the case of welding stainless steel elect pole (E309L) led to Configuration Carbides and then high hardness the link to high values ​​compared with the base metal. In most similar weldments showed hardness of the welding area is higher than the hardness of the base metal. The electrode (E309L) is the most suitable to welding dissimilar metals from (C.St A516 With St.St 316L). The results also showed that the method of welding (GTAW) were better than the method of welding (SMAW) in dissimilar welded joints (St.St 316L with C.St A516) in terms of irregular shape and integrity of the welding defects, as well as characterized this weldments the high-lift and resistance ductility good when using the welding conditions are similar.

A theoretical model for gamma-ray attenuation and distribution in a laminated shield

The present investigation has been carried out to meet the safety requirements in handling different radiation sources. A model spherical shield composed of low carbon steel type UST-37-1 (German standard) with lead metal has been constructed to resolve the optimum thickness required to establish the Nuclear Regulatory safety limits. The calculations have been performed using a recent version of the ANISN code, modified by some developed modules, and the DLC-75 data library, categorized to a six γ-ray energy group structure. A resumé of the normalized results for deep γ-ray penetration in different high density shield materials is presented for a standard γ-ray source. Similar γ-ray attenuation curves for both 60Co and 137Cs plus 60Co γ-ray point sources are also presented. The results for the optimum shield thickness of the shield materials studied and required for safe handling of the selected γ-ray sources are presented and discussed.