Types Of Irrigation Water Research Articles

Enhancing the sustainability of cowpea production through the integrated use of fish effluents and animal manure

AbstractThe integration of aquaculture and agriculture in arid and semi‐arid environments is crucial for maximizing water and land productivity, especially considering the increasing global water scarcity and the simultaneous use of water for crop and fish production. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of fish effluent on the growth, yield parameters, and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The experiment involved 13 fertilization treatments, including three types of irrigation water (river water—control, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), African sharp‐toothed catfish (Clarias gariepinus), four fertilizers (poultry, cattle, and sheep manures at 10 t ha−1), recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer (150 kg ha−1 of NPK 6‐20‐10), and six mixed treatments with fish effluent and 50% of the applied rate of manure alone (5 t ha−1). The combined use of C. gariepinus effluent + 50% poultry manure significantly increased stem diameter, nodules per plant, pods per plant, and seed yield compared to NPK treatments. The shortest days to reach 50% flowering were obtained with the effluent of O. niloticus + 50% sheep manure, C. gariepinus/O. niloticus + 50% poultry manure, and 10 t ha−1 poultry manure. However, fertilization treatments did not significantly influence the number of branches, pod and root length, number of pods per plant, 100‐seed weight, and leaf chlorophyll concentrations. This study suggests that fish effluents, when combined with manure, can improve plant growth and seed yield, providing a cost‐effective alternative to inorganic fertilizers for smallholder farmers.

Effect of Irrigation Water Quality on Selected Soil Physico-Chemical Properties in Ethiopia: Review

Saline and sodic water qualities used for irrigation could deteriorate soil physico-chemical properties based on type and amount of salts present in irrigation water and soil type being irrigated. Irrigation water with marginal quality could lead to the buildup of new soil characteristics that affect its fertility and productivity. In line with these issues, this review paper focused on reviewing the effect of irrigation water quality on selected soil physico-chemical properties in Ethiopia. Consequently, irrigation water quality of Errer River of Babile District, Ground water of Babile District, Tumuga and Gerjale irrigation sources, Adamitulu surface and ground water, Abaya Lake water, mixed water (Awash River to Beseka Lake River) and effect of these water sources qualities on selected soil physico-chemical properties were reviewed. The Errer River of Babile District, Tumuga and Gerjale irrigation water quality extent were within and below permissible value based on degree of restriction on use for irrigation and some selected soil physicochemical properties weren’t affected in observable extent due to quality of irrigation water. Certain irrigation water quality extent implied that Ground water of Babile District, Adamitulu Surface and Ground water, Abaya Lake water, mixed water (Awash River to Beseka Lake River) problem of suitability for irrigation and some selected soil physicochemical properties were affected due to extent of irrigation water quality were above threshold limit of irrigation water quality. The reviewed papers indicated that the soil quality was affected due to quality of irrigation water like its quality extent of salinity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and soluble sodium percentage (SSP) as it increased sodium, salt level and salinity in soil due to these parameters of irrigation water quality were above threshold limit, but calcium, magnesium and organic matter particulate content of irrigation water could improve soil fertility. Therefore, monitoring of irrigation water quality and checking of pre-planting and after harvesting soil physicochemical properties is very crucial to reveal and monitor the effect of irrigation water quality on soil physico-chemical properties.

Investigating the interaction Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Type of Irrigation System on the Soil Physical and Chemical Properties under the Conditions of Using Treated Municipal Wastewater

Investigating the interaction Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Type of Irrigation System on the Soil Physical and Chemical Properties under the Conditions of Using Treated Municipal Wastewater

Long-term Effect of Sodic Water for Irrigation on Soil Quality and Wheat Yield in Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Increasing scarcity of good quality water in many arid and semi-arid regions necessitates the use of poor quality groundwater for irrigation. Soil degradation resulting from alkali water irrigation has become a serious threat to soil health. In the present study, we conducted an investigation (2021-22) on the physicochemical properties (soil organic carbon, available Na, and available K) of sandy loam soil under a semi-controlled lysimeter. Wheat was grown as an experimental crop, which was irrigated with synthetic alkali waters having similar salts (total electrolyte concentration, TEC = 30 me L−1) and sodium adsorption ratio (SARiw 10 mmol L−1) but varying in residual sodium carbonate (RSC) are being continuously applied since 2004 (20 years). Five types of irrigation water having different levels of residual sodium carbonate comprised. (T1) best available groundwater, (T2) residual sodium carbonate water 1 (RSC- 5 me L–1), (T3) RSC water 2 (RSC 10 me L–1), (T4) RSC water 3 [RSC 10 treated with gypsum (RSC 10 neutralized to RSC 5 me L–1 with gypsum)] and (T5) RSC water 4 [RSC 10 treated with sulphur (RSC 10 neutralized to RSC 5 me L–1 with sulphur)]. Soil samples were collected after harvesting two wheat varieties (KRL 210 and HD 3226). Long-term irrigations with alkali water increased the available Na and K in the soil. Furthermore, soil organic carbon (SOC) decreased significantly with increasing alkalinity of irrigation water. Continuous irrigation with alkali water reduced grain yield of wheat by 31.7% over BAW. Moreover, the addition of gypsum and sulphuric acid has shown some capacity to partially restore soil properties, although not to the level of BAW. The majority of soil parameters under both crop cultivars showed a similar trend. The study's findings led to the conclusion that continuous applications of alkali water drastically degrade soil physicochemical properties. Partial neutralization of alkali water did not allow for the sustained existence of soil physicochemical properties. Consequently, it is recommended that the rate at which amendments are added to alkali water be adjusted to restore the decline in soil physicochemical properties.

The Effect of Biofertilization and Irrigation Water Type on the Growth of Two Varieties of Geranium Plants

The Effect of Biofertilization and Irrigation Water Type on the Growth of Two Varieties of Geranium Plants

Electromagnetic Water Treatment and Soil Compost Incorporation to Alleviate the Impact of Soil Salinization

This study explores the effects of alternating current-induced electromagnetic field (EMF) on mitigating brackish water irrigation and soil salinization impacts. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of EMF on plant growth, soil properties, and leaching of ions under different conditions, including using brackish water and desalinated water for irrigation and soil compost incorporation. The experiment was performed with four types of irrigation water using soil columns representing field soil layers. EMF-treated brackish water maintained a sodium adsorption ratio of 2.7 by leaching Na+ from the soil. EMF-treated irrigation columns showed an increase in soil organic carbon by 7% over no EMF-treated columns. Compost treatment reduced the leaching of NO3− from the soil by more than 15% using EMF-treated irrigation water. EMF-treated brackish water and compost treatment enhanced plant growth by increasing wet weight by 63.6%, dry weight by 71.4%, plant height by 22.8%, and root length by 115.8% over no EMF and compost columns. EMF-treated agricultural water without compost also showed growth improvements. The findings suggest that EMF treatment, especially combined with compost, offers an effective, low-cost, and eco-friendly solution to mitigate soil salinization, promoting plant growth by improving nutrient availability and soil organic carbon.

A novel smart fertigation system for irrigation with treated wastewater: Effects on nutrient recovery, crop and soil

Both southern and northern regions of Italy are experiencing reduced precipitation and increased heat waves due to climate change, negatively affecting agricultural sector. Urban wastewater could be a solution to this problem, providing a constant source for irrigation and reducing synthetic fertilizer use. This research presents a two-year field study on using tertiary treated wastewater for processing tomato crop irrigation through an innovative smart fertigation system, designed to supply the exact doses of NPK nutrients considering those already delivered to the plants via the irrigation water. With the aim of studying the effects of irrigation with treated wastewater, three water sources were compared: fresh water added with chemical fertilizer, tertiary treated wastewater added with chemical fertilizer and tertiary treated wastewater without addition of fertilizer. The proposed system was efficient and consistent with the design, it saved considerable amounts of fertilizers, handling nutrient fluctuations in wastewater. Of the three irrigation water types that have been tested, only the one that used tertiary treated wastewater alone without additional fertilizers was not capable of meeting tomato nutritional needs, despite the fact that significant macronutrient savings were achieved. No negative effects on soil or plant physiological performances were observed. Plants irrigated with wastewater showed similar growth and productivity to those irrigated with fresh water and no significant differences in fruit quality were found, highlighting the benefits of wastewater reuse for crop irrigation.

Enhancing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) productivity and quality with magnetized ionized water and Bacillus subtilis intervention under film-mulched drip irrigation in saline soil in Xinjiang

ContextSoil salinity stress and limited nutrient availability significantly impede crop production. Addressing these challenges, the activation of irrigation water and soil enhancement strategies have proven increasingly effective in improving crop production in saline soils. In particular, magnetized ionized water technology has been shown to augment the leaching of soil salinity, while Bacillus subtilis has been applied to increase nutrient availability. However, information on the synergistic effects of magnetized ionized water and B. subtilis are presently limited. ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the potential of utilizing B. subtilis in combination with magnetized ionized water to enhance cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production and understand its underlying driving mechanism. MethodsA two-year field experiment explored the impact of varying amounts of B. subtilis, with two types of irrigation water [non-magnetized-ionized water (NMIW) and magnetized ionized water (MIW)] on soil conditions (pH, salt accumulation, and nutrient content), and cotton growth (dry matter, nutrient accumulation, seed cotton yield, and quality) in southern Xinjiang's saline soil. The experiment included five B. subtilis levels (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg ha−1) with NMIW (designated as B0, B1, B2, B3, and B4) and MIW (designated as MB0, MB1, MB2, MB3, and MB4). ResultsMIW and B. subtilis significantly (p < 0.05) reduced soil pH and salt accumulation, while B. subtilis significantly (p < 0.01) increased soil residual nitrate nitrogen and residual available phosphorus content in the 0–40 cm soil layers compared to B0. Furthermore, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in cotton dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus accumulation was observed with both measures compared to B0. Seed cotton yield (Y), water productivity (WP), and fiber quality index (FQI) also showed significant improvements (p < 0.05). Compared with the NMIW treatments, the MIW treatments resulted in an average increase in Y of 5.7%, WP of 3.7%, and FQI of 20.2%. Similarly, B. subtilis treatments, compared to no B. subtilis treatments, led to an average increase in Y by 10.6%, WP by 6.9%, and FQI by 29.1%. Quadratic function relationships with Y, WP, and FQI were established using B. subtilis amount as an independent variable. The appropriate range of B. subtilis amount under MIW treatment, corresponding to 99.5% of the maximum values of Y, WP, and FQI, was determined to be 51.1–56.4 kg ha−1. ConclusionMIW and B. subtilis have been found to increase nutrient accumulation in cotton by reducing 0–40 cm soil salinity and alkalinity and increasing 0–40 cm soil nutrient content, thereby enhancing cotton production. To optimize the cotton cultivation under film-mulched drip irrigation in saline soil of southern Xinjiang, China, it is recommended to apply 51.1–56.4 kg ha−1B. subtilis under MIW.

Enhancing pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) agriculture with magnetized-ionized brackish water and organic fertilizers: A sustainable approach to soil quality and crop yield optimization

The scarcity of freshwater, the increasing use of brackish water (B) for irrigation, and the judicious application of organic fertilizers have significant research and practical value for environmental science, water resource management, and clean production. This study investigated the combined impact of B, magnetized-ionized brackish water (MIB), and organic fertilizer on pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) growth, yield, and soil quality. Over a two-year period (2022–2023), this study explored the impacts of two types of irrigation water (B and magnetized-ionized brackish water, MIB) in combination with varying rates of water-soluble bio-organic fertilizer (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg/ha, corresponding to treatments 0 through 4, respectively). The findings indicated that the application of 60 kg/ha of organic fertilizer greatly improved the growth rate of pakchoi in terms of plant height, leaf area index, and fresh weight. Moreover, under MIB irrigation, the fresh weight growth rate of pakchoi was superior to that observed under B irrigation. Notably, B irrigation necessitated additional fertilizer to maintain elevated levels of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN) and soil quality. Furthermore, the use of organic fertilizer substantially enhanced soil quality, with AN, available phosphorus (AP), organic matter (OM), and soil quality index (SQI) demonstrating a strong positive correlation (P < 0.05). Mantel test analysis showed significant correlations (P < 0.05) between soil OM, SWC, AP, and pakchoi growth and yield. According to the partial least squares path modeling analysis, the use of organic fertilizer had a relatively minor effect on the yield and quality of pakchoi under B irrigation, with path coefficients of 0.088 and 0.298, respectively. However, under MIB irrigation, organic fertilizer enhances yield and quality by improving soil quality (path coefficients of 0.914). In conclusion, the application of MIB irrigation coupled with organic fertilizer contributed to sustainable soil fertility, enhanced crop productivity, and mitigated the environmental impacts associated with conventional irrigation and fertilization methods. Our research underscores the importance of supporting agricultural research and development focused on sustainable irrigation and fertilization methods for farmers and policymakers. This integrated approach offers a harmonious solution for optimizing crop yields and enhancing water use efficiency, and the reduction of in chemical pollutants within agricultural production systems.

The effect of irrigation water quality on the growth of maize plants, electric conductivity and pH of the soil

The research aims to determine the response of the Maize crop to irrigation with salt water during the growth stages, and to study the accumulation of salts in the soil, the degree of their interaction, and the efficiency of water use. Three types of irrigation water with salt concentrations (1.5, 4.5, 6.5) dSm-1 with three replicates for every kind water. The Randomized Complete Blocks Design was used in the experiment, and it was statistically analyzed using SPSS. Statistically significant differences were found at the 5% level according to Duncan's method. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences attributed to the salinity of irrigation water at the level of 4.5 dsm-1 (T2), which caused about 50% damage in plant height, root growth, leaf area per cob length, weight of 500 seeds, grain yield, and soil. Compared to salinity if irrigated with 1.5 dsm-1 (T1) salinity of river water. Using water with a salinity of 6.5 dsm-1 (T3) as wastewater resulted in a reduction of all apparent plant characteristics by 75%. An increase in soil salinity was also observed at the end of the experiment compared to its salinity at the beginning of the experiment, and this damage increases with an increase in the electrical conductivity of the water used in irrigation operations. It has been observed that soil PH decreases with increasing soil salinity.

Corn and Soybean Growth as Affected by Wastewater-Derived Struvite-Phosphorus Sources and Irrigation Water Types

Corn and Soybean Growth as Affected by Wastewater-Derived Struvite-Phosphorus Sources and Irrigation Water Types

Potassium and Brackish Water Irrigation Influence Electrical Conductivity, Potassium Dynamic, and Maize Yield in Coastal Saline Soil

ABSTRACT Brackish water irrigation builds up salinity in the root zone of crops resulting in osmotic stress, nutritional imbalance, and specific ion effect. The development of agro-technology to ameliorate the adverse effects of salt stress has received considerable attention. In this pot culture experiment, we used two types of irrigation water (SW0- normal water, EC- 0.5 dS m−1 and SW1-brackish water, EC- 4 dS m−1), two sources of potassium (K) fertilizers (F1-KCl and F2-K2SO4) and three doses of K (K1–0, K2–30, K3–60 mg kg−1) to study the effect of brackish water irrigation and K on soil saturated paste electrical conductivity (ECe), K dynamic and maize biomass yield in saline soil. The ECe in SW1 was increased significantly (P < .001) by 182% over SW0 but decreased with K application. The SW1 treatment significantly increased the release of non-exch.K by 27% over SW0 at 21 DASE (the day after seedling emergence). The addition of K3 significantly increased the water-soluble K (ws.K), exchangeable K (exch.K) and non-exch.K by 54, 93, and 9%, respectively over K1. The SW1K3 treatment significantly reduced ECe and increased maize biomass yield (24%) over SW1K1. The outcome of the study suggested that SW1 with K3 supports maize production in saline soil during winter.

Field study of irrigation strategies with treated wastewater and saline water on heavy metal accumulation in barley grain.

This study examines the effects of three irrigation regimes with a combination of saline water and treated wastewater on the accumulation of heavy metals in barley grains. A field experiment was designed as a split-split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design, in which treatments were different irrigation regimes (50%, 70%, and 100% full irrigation) and irrigation water types (saline water [SW], treated wastewater [TW], mixed water resources [MWR], and alternative irrigation [AI]). After cultivation and harvesting of the barley crop, the grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and contents of heavy metals in the grains were measured. The grain yield was enhanced by TW alone, MWR, and AI to 12.8%, 5%, and 9.5% under 70%-deficit irrigation; and 58.3%, 21.7%, and 8.7% under full irrigation, respectively. Based on the guidelines for safe limits of heavy metals in edible plants and livestock feed, the barley grains were safe for livestock and toxic for humans. The trend of heavy metal contents in the grains was Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu ≥ Cr > Cd. Irrigation with SW compared with TW increased Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr contents in the grains to 11.75%, 10.97%, 5.22%, 19.15%, 3.45%, and 9.21%, respectively. The amounts of toxic elements of Cd and Pb were maximized by using MWR, whereas the Cr content in the grain was maximized by using AI. There were no significant difference in the metal uptake by the grains among all irrigation regimes in any irrigation water resource. However, compared with the other irrigation regimes, the full irrigation resulted in lower Zn, Cu, and Cd contents, whereas the 50%-deficit irrigation led to lower Pb and Cr contents in the grains. Therefore, irrigation with TW is recommended based on the grain yield, whereas AI is suggested due to lower Cu, Pb, and Cd contents in the grain, and MWR is recommended due to lower Cr content. Furthermore, full and 50%-deficit irrigation regimes are recommended to, respectively, maximize grain yield and minimize the toxic metal contents in the grain. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Mixed saline water and treated wastewater and alternative irrigation enhanced grain yield. Saline water versus treated wastewater increased the grain heavy metal contents. Alternative irrigation decreased Fe, Cu, Pb, and Cd amounts in the grain. Grain Cu content had strong relationship with irrigation regime. 50%-deficit irrigation minimized Pb and Cr contents in the grain.

Sustainable Production of Tomato Using Fish Effluents Improved Plant Growth, Yield Components, and Yield in Northern Senegal

Aquaculture and agriculture integration is essential for maximizing water and land productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, the increase in global water scarcity and the dual use of water for crop and fish production has the potential to optimize water use, dispose of aquaculture wastes, provide additional nutrients to crops, and reduce inorganic fertilizer usage, thus maximizing farm productivity. This greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of fish effluents on the growth, yield parameters, and yield of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with six replications. The 13 treatments consisted of three irrigation water types (river water—control, Nile tilapia—Oreochromis niloticus, African sharptooth catfish—Clarias gariepinus), four fertilizers (chicken manure, cow manure, sheep manure; recommended rate of NPK—280 kg ha−1 of 10-10-20), and six mixed treatments with fish effluent and 50% of the applied rate of manure alone. Results showed that irrigation with C. gariepinus effluent increased the stem diameter by 21%, the number of flowers by 88%, the fruit number by 50%, the fruit diameter by 24%, the mean fruit weight by 34%, and total fruit weight of tomato by 96% compared to NPK treatments. These effects were more evident when C. gariepinus was mixed with poultry, cow, and sheep manures, which resulted in significantly greater values than recommended rates of NPK. The higher productivity observed from the combined use of C. gariepinus and manure treatments (133% increase, on average) compared to NPK treatments was related to the continuous supply of nutrients and the increase of yield parameters. Therefore, the combined use of C. gariepinus effluent and manure can be a viable alternative for smallholder farmers, for whom inorganic fertilizers are often neither affordable nor available.

Effects of Combined Application of Organic Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Pakchoi under Different Irrigation Water Types

The long-term utilization of inorganic fertilizers in pakchoi cultivation can result in increased nitrate levels, potentially posing health risks to human consumers. For this study, we investigated the efficacy of organic fertilizers as a promising alternative for enhancing soil structure, improving fertility, and increasing the yield of pakchoi. A two-year field trial was conducted from 2022 to 2023 to examine the effects of the combined application of organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of pakchoi. Three types of irrigation water, namely fresh water (F), brackish water (B), and magnetized–ionized brackish water (MIB), were used in combination with five different organic fertilizer rates (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg/ha, denoted as 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4). The results revealed that treatments F2, F3, B2, B3, and MIB3 significantly improved the growth indexes of pakchoi. Notably, treatments F3, B3, and MIB3 resulted in an earlier onset of the fast growth period for leaf area index and fresh weight. During this period, we observed the highest cumulative growing degree days (ΔCGDD) values, which were 628.36 °C for plant height (MIB4), 475.01 °C for leaf area index (B3), 259.73 °C for fresh weight (B3), and 416.82 °C for dry matter accumulation (B3). The logistic model indicated an increase in eigenvalue at an organic fertilizer application rate of 60 kg/ha, while excessive fertilization had inhibitory effects. Under brackish water irrigation, both plant height and leaf area index demonstrated significant positive effects on yield, with plant height having a particularly noteworthy direct effect at a coefficient of 0.935. MIB water irrigation demonstrated superior advantages for promoting pakchoi growth, leading to significantly higher rates of fresh weight and dry matter accumulation compared to traditional brackish water irrigation. The maximum value of each growth index exerted a significant direct influence on its respective growth parameter, whereas ΔCGDD demonstrated a relatively smaller or potentially negative effect. Applying organic fertilizer appropriately can assist in the production of pakchoi and provide a scientific basis for increasing yield.

Biochar and mycorrhiza enhance soil carbon storage and reduce CO2 emissions in wastewater-irrigated turf

Abstract Irrigation with recycled wastewater can reduce freshwater demand and improve soil fertility, but it can also increase CO2 emissions from soil and contribute to global warming. This study investigated whether biochar and mycorrhiza can reduce CO2 emissions and enhance soil quality in wastewater-irrigated turf. A factorial experiment was conducted with four levels of biochar (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%), two mycorrhiza (with and without), and two types of irrigation water (freshwater and recycled wastewater). Soil CO2 and H2O emissions, moisture and temperature, and chemical and physical properties were measured for 3 months. Biochar and mycorrhiza treatments significantly reduced CO2 emissions by 19.4–45.0% compared to the control treatment. The combination of biochar at a 1.5% level with mycorrhiza had the highest emission-reducing effect. Biochar and mycorrhiza treatments also reduced H2O emissions by 8.1–14.6%, increased soil organic matter, carbon, and total nitrogen, regulated soil EC and pH, and improved soil porosity and aggregate stability. The results suggest that biochar and mycorrhiza can be effective strategies to mitigate CO2 emissions and improve soil quality in wastewater irrigation. The combination of biochar with mycorrhiza can have synergistic benefits for soil carbon storage and conservation.

Effect of treatment by nutrient solution (SiliKaSol) and irrigation with magnetically treated water on some physical and chemical properties of tissue-grown short-stem banana plants in greenhouse conditions

This study was conducted at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Basra University, from 02.01.2018 to 30.06.2018 on the Indian short-stemmed banana plant M.caredishii, multiplied by tissue in the tissue culture laboratory of the Palm and Localized Research Center, at 6 months age. They were grown in a greenhouse equipped with a desert cooling system. The plants were sprayed with 5 concentrations of the nutrient solution SiliKaSol (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) ml l-1 and by 5 sprays between one spray and another 10 days starting from 02.01.2018. These plants were irrigated during the study period by two types of irrigation water: magnetically treated water and normal water. The most important results can be summarized as follows:- Spraying at a concentration of 2 ml l -1 of the nutrient solution showed a significant increase in the physical characteristics (increase in plant height and leaf area), reaching 32.33 cm and 312.83 cm2 , respectively, and an increase in chemical properties (content of leaves from proline, total soluble carbohydrates, total chlorophyll and nitrogen percentage in the leaves) reached 16.01 µg g-1 , 1.26 mg g-1 and 4.31 mg g-1 , respectively. The results also showed that the quality of irrigation water had a positive effect on improving most of the physical and chemical properties, as watering with magnetized water achieved an increase in plant height, leaf area, and dry weight of the leaves by 3.07 cm, 290.33 cm, 13.46 g, and 1.56 g, respectively, and caused an increase in the chemical properties of total soluble carbohydrates, total chlorophyll, and the percentage of NPK in leaves, which were 1.32 mg g-1 , 4.73 mg g-1 , 16.78%, and 1.32% and 20.39%, respectively. Keywords: Banana, Water Magnatic, SiliKaSol, Nutrient solution.

Impact of potassium in alleviating water stress on wheat plants irrigated with treated water Some vegetative growth characteristics

The study was conducted using plastic pots during the growing season 2020-2021 in private field crops at the Holy Karbala Governorate to study the effect of the quality of water, soil moisture and potassium levels on some growth parameters of wheat plant var. A.L. baraka. A factorial experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design (C.R.D.) with three replications, which included two types of irrigation water treated heavy water and soft water, three levels of field capacity, i.e., %, 50% and 100% and four levels of potassium, i.e., 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg. L-1 The experiment included 72 experimental units. The results were statistically analyzed, and the means of treatments were compared using the least significant difference under the probability level 0.05. The following characteristics were measurements: plant height, number of leaf areas, dry weight of shoot and root systems. Results could be summarized as follows: Water quality had a statistical effect on the traits under study, as the treatment with treated heavy water gave the highest values of plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves, leaf area, root and shoots dry weights, which amounted to 70.21cm, 14.03leaf, 23.42cm2 , 6.24g, 1.76g respectively compared to soft water, which amounted to 69.17 cm, 3.52tiller, 13.24leaf, 22cm2 , 58, 5.94 and 1.68g. The addition of 100% of the field capacity value gave the highest averages of the following height, number of leaves, leaf area, root and shoots dry weights, which amounted to 80.80cm, 15.98leaves, 27.81cm2 , 7.69g and 2.15g sequentially. The addition of 3000 mg.L-1 of potassium gave the highest averages for the traits plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot dry weight and root dry weight, where their averages were 73.11cm, 14.66 leaves, 25.11cm2 , 6.63g and 1.87g respectively. Some bi- and tr-interactions between studied factors showed a different effect on the studied characteristics. Keywords: Wheat plant, water quality, field capacity, potassium concentration.

Lead and cadmium in wheat plants as influenced by water quality, water stress and potassium.

The study was conducted using plastic pots during the growing season 2020-2021 in private field crops at the Holy Karbala Governorate to study the effect of the quality of water, soil moisture and potassium levels on lead and cadmium of wheat plant var. A.L. baraka. A factorial experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design (C.R.D.) with three replications, which included two types of irrigation water treated heavy water and soft water, three levels of field capacity, i.e., %, 50% and 100% and four levels of potassium, i.e., 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg. L-1 The experiment included 72 experimental units. The results were statistically analyzed, and the means of treatments were compared using the least significant difference under the probability level of 0.05. The following characteristics were measurements: The element lead and cadmium in the roots, leaves and leaves were obtained; results were statistically different in the traits under study; treated water treatment gave the highest values for the concentration of lead and cadmium in leaves and grains, their averages were 17.38 mg-1 0.691 mg mg-1 , 0.207 mg. .061 mg.kg-1 and 0.031 mg.kg-1 and 6.48, respectively. The highest concentration is 6.69 mg. Direct lead to water (treated) was 3.983 over its counterpart in plain water 1.035, with an increase of 298.3%. The heavy water treatment gave a very high value with leaves cadmium concentration of 0.6916 mg. Cadmium 1 mg.kg.compared to the treatment of soft water, which gave the value 0.0311 mg.kg-1 , with an increase of 565.59%.Treatment of 100% of the field capacity value gave the highest lead and cadmium concentration values in roots, leaves and grains 14.41 mg-1 ,2.716,1.389,0.480,0.383 and 0.181 sequentially. The addition of (3000) potassium decreased the lead concentration in the roots, leaves and grains due to potassium application of 9.73 mg1 ,2.170,1.056,0.39,0.233 and 0.079 sequentially. Keywords: lead, cadmium, wheat plant, water quality, water stress, potassium.

Sustainable Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater after Chlorination: Short-Term Effects on Crops and Soils

Due to the scarcity of fresh water for crop irrigation in semi-arid areas, sustainable use of treated municipal wastewater is essential. Chlorine for wastewater disinfection added in wastewater treatment plants may be toxic for crops and can degrade cultivated soils. This study evaluates the crop and soil response to irrigation with treated municipal wastewater (with or without chlorination) in comparison to clear water. Small plants of tomato and cabbage and young bergamot trees were irrigated in pots throughout two months. The use of chlorinated or non-chlorinated wastewater did not significantly change biomass growth, morphological parameters and the efficiency of energy transfer. Significant reductions (40–50%) in the stem diameter of tomato and bergamot plants and differences (−25% to 53%) in all physiological parameters were measured for tomato immediately after the irrigation start. A decrease (−55%) in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate together with an increase (+80%) in water use efficiency were also recorded in bergamot after 30 days of irrigation. This type of irrigation water did not induce significant changes in soil properties, except for a decrease in pH (−20%) in bergamot soils after the irrigation start and in electric conductivity (EC, −40%) at the end of the irrigation period for all species. Irrigation of plants with chlorinated wastewater increased the weight of the fresh biomass (+56%) of leaves and the stem diameter (−60%) of tomato and decreased water use efficiency (+67%) in bergamot after the irrigation start. After two months, decreases in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in cabbage (over 50%) and increases in water use efficiency in cabbage and bergamot (by 40% and 70%, respectively) were evident. Among the studied soil properties, land application of chlorinated wastewater only reduced electrical conductivity (−47%). Overall, this study demonstrated that the use of treated municipal wastewater (with or without chlorination) does not have detrimental impacts on both plant growth (at least for tomato, cabbage and bergamot) and soil health in the short term.