Types Of Information Transfer Research Articles

Educating Parents about Fever in Childhood Evaluation of the Effect of an Information Leaflet

Fever is an important immune reaction of the body in infections and plays a major role in childhood. Fear and uncertainty in dealing with fever are still widespread among parents. Information leaflets on the knowledge and handling of fever in childhood can serve as an educational tool for parents. It has not yet been investigated whether this type of information transfer is a suitable tool for educating parents. 16 kindergartens in Saarland were visited. 481 parents of at least one child between the ages of 1 and 7 years answered a questionnaire on knowledge, approach and handling of fever in infections. Subsequently, an information leaflet on fever was handed out. On the following day, the questionnaire was answered again by the 190 parents who had read the information leaflet. The change due to reading the information leaflet was analyzed. 40% of the participants read the information leaflet. 87% mothers and 13% fathers participated in the follow-up survey. 10% of the post-survey respondents had a secondary school diploma and 34% had a university degree. After reading, fever was considered useful significantly more often and febrile convulsions and consequential damage were mentioned significantly less often as a reason for fever reduction. Information leaflets on fever can be a complementary tool for education, the short-term effect is confirmed, the sustainability needs to be further evaluated. There is also a need to reach the majority.

Knowledge Transfer Practices: A Means of Sustainable Career Development among Non-Academic Senior Members in Ghana

The goal of this article is to look into how knowledge transfer practices might help non-academic senior members in Ghana maintain their career progress. The research was founded on interpretive philosophical assumptions, and a multiple case study design was employed to gain a comprehensive understanding of knowledge transfer methods among non-academic senior members of Ghanaian universities. Non-academic senior members of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) and University of Cape Coast (UCC) and University of Ghana (UG) make up the study's population. The non-academic senior members of the study were chosen from fifteen (15) colleges within the institutions, and data was acquired through semi-structured interviews. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that face-to-face interaction, after-action reviews, discussion forums, documentation, workshops, brainstorming and seminars were the most common methods for knowledge transfer. Non-academic senior members benefit from this type of information transfer in their career paths and development. Institutions should build up a knowledge portal where personnel may readily access material from other units or sections within their context, according to the recommendations.

Multi-task manifold learning for small sample size datasets

In this study, we develop a method for multi-task manifold learning. The method aims to improve the performance of manifold learning for multiple tasks, particularly when each task has a small number of samples. Furthermore, the method also aims to generate new samples for new tasks, in addition to new samples for existing tasks. In the proposed method, we use two different types of information transfer: instance transfer and model transfer. For instance transfer, datasets are merged among similar tasks, whereas for model transfer, the manifold models are averaged among similar tasks. For this purpose, the proposed method consists of a set of generative manifold models corresponding to the tasks, which are integrated into a general model of a fiber bundle. We applied the proposed method to artificial datasets and face image sets, and the results showed that the method was able to estimate the manifolds, even for a tiny number of samples.

Information transfer about food as a reason for sociality in bats

AbstractInformation transfer about food is a potential reason for sociality in many animals. If an animal is better informed, it should then be better able to adjust its behaviour and reduce the uncertainty of finding food in a variable world.Given the remarkable range of social systems and ecological niches of bats throughout the world, bats are well‐suited as a model to review mechanisms and fitness consequences of information transfer about food. The aim of this manuscript was to conduct a systematic literature review for mechanisms for information transfer and their potential fitness consequences for bats.Information transfer behaviour is found in bats under various ecological conditions, including in groups of males in temperate regions, in groups of males or females in subtropical regions, and in mixed groups in tropical regions. Bats can learn about food indirectly, for example via chemical cues carried by the breath and body of frugivorous bats, or via acoustic cues from feeding buzzes from insectivorous bats. The majority of playback studies in captivity and in the wild showed stronger intra‐specific and inter‐specific attraction of bats to feeding buzzes than to silence controls or to search phase calls. Bats can also transfer information directly, via signals intended to attract, to repel or even to jam the echolocation of conspecifics.Social foraging in bats can be categorised as local enhancement, information‐centre hypothesis, group foraging or food sharing, depending on the type of information transfer and the food sources used. Fitness consequences of information transfer from the actor's and the recipient's perspective remain poorly investigated to date. Recent studies in insectivorous bats suggest a balance of benefits from prey searching and costs of acoustic interference that may condition group size.The future use of a wide array of methods promises to reveal exciting insights about mechanisms and fitness consequences of information transfer by bats about food.

Effects of stimulus pair orientation and hand switching on reaction time estimates of interhemispheric transfer.

Two behavioral estimates of interhemispheric transfer time, the crossed-uncrossed difference (CUD) and the unilateral field advantage (UFA), are thought to, respectively, index transfer of premotor and visual information across the corpus callosum in neurotypical participants. However, no attempt to manipulate visual and motor contingencies in a set of tasks while measuring the CUD and the UFA has yet been reported. In two go/no-go comparison experiments, stimulus pair orientations were manipulated. The hand of response changed after each correct response in the second, but not the first experiment. No correlation was found between the CUD and the UFA, supporting the hypothesis that these two measures index different types of information transfer across hemispheres. An effect of manipulation of stimulus pair orientation on UFAs was attributed to the homotopy of callosal fibers transferring visual information, while an effect of hand switching on CUDs was attributed mostly to spatial compatibility.

Communication Theory in Business History

Abstract Several theories on communication are tested on trial to what extent they can provide additional insight in business history. All are focused on one known example, the relation between the dyestuff cartel and its Japanese competitors in the interwar period. Can theory extend the limits of our knowledge even in well known cases? While the classification of types of information transfer according to Chun Wei Choo provides only limited new insights, other theories provided interesting results. One is the creation of mutual trust, which helps to explain the - from an economic point of view - quite surprising longevity of the cartel. Another application provides reasons for the cartel’s largest strategic failure. Thus, communication theory can but need not provide deeper insights into business history.

Hybridizing Differential Evolution and Particle Swarm Optimization to Design Powerful Optimizers: A Review and Taxonomy

Differential evolution (DE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are two formidable population-based optimizers (POs) that follow different philosophies and paradigms, which are successfully and widely applied in scientific and engineering research. The hybridization between DE and PSO represents a promising way to create more powerful optimizers, especially for specific problem solving. In the past decade, numerous hybrids of DE and PSO have emerged with diverse design ideas from many researchers. This paper attempts to comprehensively review the existing hybrids based on DE and PSO with the goal of collection of different ideas to build a systematic taxonomy of hybridization strategies. Taking into account five hybridization factors, i.e., the relationship between parent optimizers, hybridization level, operating order (OO), type of information transfer (TIT), and type of transferred information (TTI), we propose several classification mechanisms and a versatile taxonomy to differentiate and analyze various hybridization strategies. A large number of hybrids, which include the hybrids of DE and PSO and several other representative hybrids, are categorized according to the taxonomy. The taxonomy can be utilized not only as a tool to identify different hybridization strategies, but also as a reference to design hybrid optimizers. The tradeoff between exploration and exploitation regarding hybridization design is discussed and highlighted. Based on the taxonomy proposed, this paper also indicates several promising lines of research that are worthy of devotion in future.

Response of the Adrenomedullary System to Early Postnatal Stress in the Brattleboro Rat

The sympathetic-adrenomedullary system and the pituitary-adrenocortical axis are linked to each other by chemical signals transferring information between both endocrine systems. Here we addressed the question of whether the neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) is involved in this type of information transfer during early postnatal development. The impact of congenital absence of AVP on the endocrine stress response was investigated using the AVP-deficient Brattleboro rat. Under resting conditions, we failed measure a significant difference in plasma norepinephrine levels between 10-day-old AVP-deficient homozygous juveniles versus heterozygous AVP-producing littermates. Interestingly, repeated ether exposure resulted in a reduction of plasma epinephrine levels in both genotypes. In the adrenal, we detected increased levels of the epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) after ether inhalation in vasopressin-deficient pups only. These data provide insight into the development of the regulation of stress-related epinephrine secretion during ontogenesis. Furthermore, our results imply that the congenital absence of AVP affects the synthesis of PNMT in response to defined stressor exposure.

Prior classical olfactory conditioning improves odour-cued flight orientation of honey bees in a wind tunnel

Odours are key cues used by the honey bee in various situations. They play an important role in sexual attraction, social behaviour and location of profitable food sources. Here, we were interested in the role of odours in orientation at short distance, for instance the approach flight to a floral patch or in close proximity to the hive entrance. Using a newly designed wind tunnel, we investigated the orientation behaviour of the bee towards two different odours: a social odour and a floral component, linalool. We then tested the effect of prior olfactory conditioning (conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex) on subsequent flight orientation. We showed that both stimuli induced orientated behaviour (orientated flights, circling around the odour source) in up to 70% of the worker bees, social odour being slightly more attractive than the linalool. We found thereafter that orientation performance towards the floral compound can be significantly enhanced by prior classical olfactory learning. This type of information transfer, from a Pavlovian associative context to an orientation task, might allow future foragers to acquire, within the hive, relevant information about the odours and food they will encounter during their later foraging bouts.

Property Rights, Firm Boundaries, and R&D Inputs

This Article offers an explanation of the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in information-intensive vertical supply relationships. In particular, we explore the connection between stronger property rights and the enhanced viability of independent (versus vertically integrated) input supply firms when contracts are incomplete. We start by modeling a tradeoff between two types of information transfer in buyer-supplier relationships: synergies, in which joint efforts reveal new applications of existing technology; and leakage, or disclosure of existing information. We show that property rights in the hands of an independent input supplier can create the potential for greater inter-firm synergy, outweighing the risk of leakage. Greater synergies arise due to the supplier's greater effort to adapt its generalized technology to the specific needs of the buyer. Property rights play a crucial role: they reduce the risk of buyer firm opportunism, in effect raising the cost of the buyer's outside option in the event the supplier-buyer contract is terminated. The residual nature of property rights as described for example by Hart (1995) makes them more effective in this regard than contracts alone. We extend our basic results to analysis of buyouts and spinoffs, and assay an extensive body of empirical evidence. Broad support is found for our approach, pointing the way to future exploration of the relationship between property rights specifications and the opening up of new contracting horizons.

Do PCGs need information officers?

Do PCGs need information officers?

RNA viruses and cancer.Lucy Wortham James lecture (basic science)

Some animal viruses that contain RNA replicate through a DNA intermediate. The molecular details of the replication of these viruses, which are called ribodenoxyviruses, are starting to be known. The ribodenoxyviruses belonging to a single species may either cause sarcomas, leukemia or no disease. The viruses belonging to a single species differ only in whether or not they contain genes for disease formation. In the case of Rous sarcoma virus, the virus causes sarcomas by adding a gene for sarcoma formation to the genome of infected cells. Ribodeoxyviruses appear to undergo different kinds of genetic changes at extraordinarily high rates. In addition, nucleotide sequences related to ribodeoxyvirus RNA are present in the DNA of many uninfected cells. These nucleotide sequences may represent a virus precursor, and ribodeoxyviruses are hypothesized to have evolved from these nucleotide sequences in uninfected cells. These data have led us to hypothesis that non-viral carcinogens act to mutate a cellular gene(s) that is involved in the same types of information transfer and genetic variation as ribodeoxyviruses and thus give rise to the formation of cancer gene(s).