Types Of Information Content Research Articles

Seeing oneself as an unattractive loser: Similar interpretation and memory biases in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and adolescents with depression or anxiety.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterised by dysfunctional cognitive biases but these have rarely been investigated in adolescents with AN. The present study systematically assessed cognitive biases in adolescents with AN and addressed the questions of content-specificity (i.e., do biases occur only for eating disorder-related information?) and disorder-specificity (i.e., are biases unique to individuals with AN?). Cognitive biases on three information processing levels (attention, interpretation, memory) and for two types of information content (eating disorder-related, non-eating disorder-related) were assessed within a single experimental paradigm based on the Scrambled Sentences Task. 12-18-year-old adolescents with AN (n=40) were compared to a healthy (HC; n=40) and a clinical (girls with depression and/or anxiety disorders; CC; n=34) control group. Both clinical groups (AN and CC) showed pronounced negative interpretation and memory biases compared to the HC group, for both disorder-related and non-disorder-related information. Attention biases could not be analysed. The results support the hypothesis that adolescents with AN show negative cognitive biases but these were not limited to disorder-related information. Adolescents with depression and/or anxiety disorders showed similar biases, suggesting them to be transdiagnostic phenomena. Important implications for cognitive-behavioural theories of AN, subsequent cognitive bias modification studies in AN, as well as clinical practice are discussed.

The effectiveness of information signs in deterring visitor vandalism

Visitors' depreciative behavior is a problematic issue for tourist management. Management authorities often attempted to prevent these unwelcome behaviors by creating information signs. However, are these signs effective? What types of information content and color usage produce better effects? These questions have yet to be critically examined. In this study, visitors not following paved paths and treading over vegetation are recorded in five experimental settings: one control setting with no signs and four other scenarios each with different texts and colors – all with hidden cameras monitoring results. The results suggest that information signs significantly reduce visitor depreciative behavior to vegetation, and punitive warning signs are more effective than positive educational signs. In addition, "cold" signs with blue backgrounds achieved better results than "warm" signs with red backgrounds. The study also revealed that when one does not obey the signs, others will follow; younger people were more likely to commit deviant depreciative behavior. Management implications•Information signs effectively reduce visitor vandalism•Punitive warning signs produce a more favorable outcome than positive educational signs.•“Cold” signs with blue backgrounds achieved better results than “warm” signs with red backgrounds.•When one does not obey information signs, others will follow.•Younger people show the most deviant vandalism behavior.

A Virtual Tour for the Promotion of Tourism of the City of Bari

The use of information technology in the field of cultural heritage makes it possible to involve more and more people in the promotion of cultural heritage, fostering social, cultural, economic and community growth. This work stems from the interest in using Virtual Reality (VR) in the field of cultural heritage, creating a tour of the city of Bari that tells its evolution over the years. To this end, a low-cost VR360 application has been developed which, by means of a cardboard, allows the user to experience a virtual journey through time. It tells the story of the city, focusing on its urban expansion and the evolution of its architectural styles, influenced by various dominations over the centuries, up to the current state. The virtual environment was created from spherical images of the city, captured through 360° cameras and enriched with various types of information content. The user experience was assessed by means of a questionnaire derived from previous work that was generalised and adapted to the considered scenario: the results showed a very good level of satisfaction, usability, engagement, immersion and sense of presence; the highest score was obtained for the visual quality of the images of the virtual environment.

The KOALA-study: study protocol for a comprehensive study of cognitive biases in adolescent anorexia nervosa patients compared to healthy and clinical controls

BackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by dysfunctional cognitions including cognitive biases at various levels of information processing. However, less is known about the specificity of these biases, i.e., if they occur for eating-disorder-related information alone or also for non-eating-disorder-related emotional information in AN patients (content-specificity) and if they are unique to individuals with AN or are also shown by individuals with other mental disorders (disorder-specificity).MethodsThe present study systematically assesses cognitive biases in 12–18-year-old female adolescents with AN on three levels of information processing (attention, interpretation, and memory) and with regard to two types of information content (eating-disorder-related, i.e., stimuli related to body weight and shape, and non-eating-disorder-related). To address not only content- but also disorder-specificity, adolescents with AN will be compared not only to a healthy control group but also to a clinical control group (adolescents with major depression or particular anxiety disorders). Cognitive biases are assessed within a single experimental paradigm based on the Scrambled Sentences Task. During the task eye movements are recorded in order to assess attention biases while interpretation biases are derived from the behavioural outcome. An incidental free recall test afterwards assesses memory biases. We expect adolescents with AN to show more pronounced negative cognitive biases on all three levels of information processing and for both types of content compared to healthy adolescents. In addition, we expect the specificity of biases to translate into differential results for the two types of content: AN patients are expected to show stronger biases for disorder-related stimuli but similar or less pronounced biases for non-disorder-related stimuli compared to the clinical control group.DiscussionThis is the first study to comprehensively assess cognitive biases in adolescents with AN. It will have essential implications not only for cognitive-behavioural models of AN but also for subsequent studies aiming to modify cognitive biases in this population, thereby addressing important maintaining factors already at an early stage of the disorder.

Reverse techniques as a means of increasing the validity of the cardio-oculometric diagnostics

The article presents empirical data confirming the validity of our assumption that the use of reverse modes in operations with visual stimuli presented on the eyetracker screen allows us effectively assessing the degree of respondents’ honesty in work. It is shown that the combination of modes "authentic view" with the "reverse view" significantly facilitates performing all tests by the respondents, simplifies the procedure of their self-determination in their personal choice and makes their participation in research an interesting and attracting event. It is noted that a comparison of the gaze parameters obtained in these modes can serve as an additional indicator of the degree of subjective significance of various visual stimuli elements for respondents. It is also shown that the use of reverse modes, visual stimuli of personal orientation, active participation of respondents in the discussion of all oculometric and oculographic data obtained therewith increases the motivation of interviewees to validate various types of information content and confidential discussion of even unpopular questions

The Informativity of Publicistic Texts of the XVIII Century in N. I. Novikov's Journals

The article deals with the stylistic specificity of journal text of the second half of the XVIII century, published by N. I. Novikov. The author identifies linguistic and compositional features in the comparison with the modern style model of publicism. The author analysed the dominant features of the texts: dialogicality, educational function, and the synthesis of pedagogical and publicistic discourse. The study focuses on the stylistic uniqueness of the titles and emphasizes that the specificity of N. I. Novikov’s journalistic language was determined by his linguistic personality, as well as by the target settings of informing the reader. The research method included analyses of thematic, compositional, factual, and modal types of information content of the media text. A semantic and stylistic analysis of headlines made it possible to define the following types: plot, nominative-ascertaining, genre, spatial, precedent, and address headlines, which had an informative function and penetrating boundaries. Analysing the expressive resources of the texts, the author observed the specifics and typical use of Novikov’s idiostyle. The strengthening compositional element of the analysed texts is the image of a real individual author, implemented in various textual images and actualised in the context of the stylistic effect of dialogicality. The field of application of the research results includes stylistics and rhetoric.

Effective combinations of information content and channels for the post-disaster reconstruction of rural housing: A case study of the 2015 Gorkha Nepal Earthquake

For the recovery of rural communities in developing countries, providing appropriate information in an appropriate manner is critical. This study aimed to statistically examine how the content and channels influence the activities of households in developing country rural communities to recover from disasters. As a key recovery activity, we focused on the reconstruction of houses damaged by the 2015 Gorkha Nepal Earthquake. We employed survival analysis to test the effects of various combinations of information content and channels on: repair starting times and rebuilding completion times. Three types of information content were considered: (1) “scientific information” with respect to aftershocks, (2) “technical information” with respect to materials and methods for reconstruction, and (3) “financial aid information” with respect to financial support in the form of subsidies and loans. Two channel types were considered: (1) “linking networks,” in which, channels are provided by government and/or non-governmental organizations, and (2) “bonding networks,” in which channels are between neighbors and/or family members/relatives. We found that households obtaining scientific information through linking networks had earlier repair starting times and rebuilding completion times, while households obtaining technical information through bonding networks had earlier starting times. It was also found that households obtaining financial aid information started repairs later than other households, and if financial aid information was obtained through linking networks, rebuilding completion was significantly delayed. Our findings suggest that providing information in an effective manner and designing appropriate institutions can accelerate the recovery process.

Understanding Midwives' Preferences for Providing Information About Newborn Bloodspot Screening.

Background: Understanding preferences for information provision in the context of health care service provision is challenging because of the number of potential attributes that may influence preferences. This study aimed to identify midwives’ preferences for the process and outcomes of information provision in an expanded national newborn bloodspot screening program. Design: A sample of practicing midwives completed a hybrid-stated preference survey including a conjoint analysis (CA) and discrete choice experiment to quantify preferences for the types of, and way in which, information should be provided in a newborn bloodspot screening program. Six conjoint analysis questions captured the impact of different types of information on parents’ ability to make a decision, and 10 discrete choice experiment questions identified preferences for four process attributes (including parents’ ability to make a decision). Results: Midwives employed by the UK National Health Service (n = 134) completed the survey. All types of information content were perceived to improve parents’ ability to make a decision except for the possibility of false-positive results. Late pregnancy was seen to be the best time to provide information, followed by day 3 postbirth. Information before 20 weeks of pregnancy was viewed as reducing parents’ ability to make a decision. Midwives preferred information to be provided by an individual discussion and did not think parents should receive information on the Internet. Conclusion: A hybrid stated preference survey design identified that a wide variety of information should be provided to maximize parents’ ability to make a decision ideally provided late in pregnancy or on day 3 postbirth.

고등학교‘생명과학 I’교과서에서 단원별 시각화 자료 특징의 비교 분석

In textbooks, infographics is a visualization material that helps students to understand the contents of the learning. This study divided the visualization materials contained in high school life sciences I textbook into “data visualization” and “infographics”, and looked at the type and characteristics of the infographics. Most of the visualization materials in the textbooks were data visualizations (80.7%), and the infographics was 19.3%. In the data visualization, Unit 2 (Cell and Life Continuity) and 3 (Homeostasis and health) contained more information than Unit 1 (Understanding of life sciences) and 4 (Human being in nature). However, in the infographic, the information contained in Unit 2 and Unit 3 was less, and most of the amount of information was less than four. The data visualization distribution was mostly ‘simple situation’ in all Units. But it also showed ‘simple functional structure’ or ‘simple schema’ depending on the characteristic of contents of Unit. Most of the ‘information content’ in the infographics is the relation and location. The use of infographics with all six types of information content in Unit 2 and 3 was high. The expression of infographics had a lot of type of ‘illustrations’ and ‘comparative analysis’ for understanding concepts. Also, most of the visual elements, except the graph, were adequately used, and the most flow of seeing was the mixed-flow. This study lays the groundwork for the development of infographics to further enhance the cognitive efficiency of the learner in the development of life sciences textbooks.

Understanding Customer Experience Diffusion on Social Networking Services by Big Data Analytics

Social networking services (e.g., Facebook and Twitter) are playing a significant role of interacting with customers. In particular, most of businesses are trying to exploit such social networking services for more profit, since it has dramatically become an information carrier for customers who are disseminating latest information about products and services. Thus, this study examines how information shared by companies is distributed and what the important factors in understanding information dissemination are. More importantly, this study classifies the types of tweets posted by a company and then to investigate the effect of these types of tweets on diffusion. By using content analysis, this study defined three types, which are i) information provision (IF), ii) advertisement (AD), and iii) both (IFAD), with 8 specific concepts. These results indicate that the differences are significant for all three types of information content. It shows that companies can spread information more quickly by providing the IFAD type rather than the AD type.

Organization in the crowd: peer production in large-scale networked protests

How is crowd organization produced? How are crowd-enabled networks activated, structured, and maintained in the absence of recognized leaders, common goals, or conventional organization, issue framing, and action coordination? We develop an analytical framework for examining the organizational processes of crowd-enabled connective action such as was found in the Arab Spring, the 15-M in Spain, and Occupy Wall Street. The analysis points to three elemental modes of peer production that operate together to create organization in crowds: the production, curation, and dynamic integration of various types of information content and other resources that become distributed and utilized across the crowd. Whereas other peer-production communities such as open-source software developers or Wikipedia typically evolve more highly structured participation environments, crowds create organization through packaging these elemental peer-production mechanisms to achieve various kinds of work. The workings of these ‘production packages’ are illustrated with a theory-driven analysis of Twitter data from the 2011–2012 US Occupy movement, using an archive of some 60 million tweets. This analysis shows how the Occupy crowd produced various organizational routines, and how the different production mechanisms were nested in each other to create relatively complex organizational results.

情報提供が財政に対する態度に及ぼす影響に関する分析

The objective of this study is to investigate how people's attitude toward governmental finance is influenced by information that they obtained. We conducted an experiment in which we provide different types of information to different participant groups. The information themes we provided include public investment and the governmental bonds. In some groups, the information was provided with numerical data and graphs, but in the other groups, the information was without them. The 400 participants were randomly assigned into a control group and 6 experimental groups (3 types of information themes, i.e. public investment, governmental bonds and both multiplied by 2 types of information content, i.e. with and without numerical data and graphs). As a result, we find that: 1) information with numerical data and graphs have stronger effects than that without them on attitude toward governmental finances, 2) information have stronger effects for those with higher concern or higher literacy on the policy, and 3) too much information have lesser effects than that with fewer information.

Dividend tax signaling and the pricing of future earnings: a case of taxable stock dividends

The purpose of our study is to explore what types of information content are conveyed by dividends on future earnings. We examine this issue by investigating the effect of dividends on the association between current year stock returns and future earnings (i.e. the future earnings response coefficient, FERC). Based on exploring the Taiwan market, our results reveal that taxable stock dividends enhance the FERC while nontaxable stock dividends do not, consistent with the tax-based signaling argument. We also find a positive relation between cash dividends and the FERC in firms with severe free cash flow problems, and this suggests that higher cash payouts mitigate manager over-investment so future earnings are more highly valued, consistent with the agency argument. Our main contributions are to specify what factors make dividends informative with regard to future earnings and the provision of evidence to support the tax-based signaling model.

Bayesian network model for semi-structured document classification

Recently, a new community has started to emerge around the development of new information research methods for searching and analyzing semi-structured and XML like documents. The goal is to handle both content and structural information, and to deal with different types of information content (text, image, etc.). We consider here the task of structured document classification. We propose a generative model able to handle both structure and content which is based on Bayesian networks. We then show how to transform this generative model into a discriminant classifier using the method of Fisher kernel. The model is then extended for dealing with different types of content information (here text and images). The model was tested on three databases: the classical webKB corpus composed of HTML pages, the new INEX corpus which has become a reference in the field of ad-hoc retrieval for XML documents, and a multimedia corpus of Web pages.

A Comparative Analysis of Prescription Drug Advertising Before and After Patent Expiration

ABSTRACTIn this study, a content analysis was used to evaluate advertisements of two drug products before patent expiration and after patent expiration. Advertisements were evaluated for information content, emotional appeals, and rational appeals. The results showed differences in the frequency of use of types of information content, rational appeals, and emotional appeals based on the status of patent protection for the 375 drug product advertisements reviewed.

Legal protection of software—a global view from Japan

Abstract—Summary An investigation of legal measures for the protection of software reveals a number of important insights into the scope and nature of copyright. Rather than something unique for legal purposes, software and recorded media is actually familiar information. Hence, it is protectible by regular copyright. Regular copyright has two relatively distinct branches, in published and unpublished works. Despite the notion that copyright covers only mode of expression, it is actually applied to protect certain types of information content. As it is so applied, copyright in unpublished works transferred subject to restrictions on the use and disclosure of their information content is equivalent to trade secrecy in the American sense. The nature and scope of copyright is intrinsic and universal wherever it applies. It provides an ideal basis for a much needed international consensus on legal measures for protecting software program interests. It would be needlessly provocative for the USA to attempt to induce Japan or any other country to adopt trade secrecy in the American sense. Japanese support for a new program right as an alternative to copyright probably arose largely out of a lack of understanding of the scope and nature of copyright, especially in unpublished works. As it is applied, copyright generally is unfair competition law in the American sense. Applying it in that light, rather than as traditional copyright, provides wiser treatment of new phenomena that involve software programs, such as copying the structure and format of software programs.

Physical information in the external urinary stream of the normal and obstructed adult male.

The qualitative status of physical information contained in the stream of the male lower urinary tract is traced from the bladder to the broken-up external stream. The progression of modifications of this information is discussed and it is argued that information remains in the drops. Electro-optical measurements of the drops leads to pulses which can be analysed for various types of information content. These confirms that there is potential clinical value in some aspects of the information.