Inflectional Type Research Articles

Диалект села Старошведское: опыт составления словаря неизученного языка (slō — slǟp ˈǖt)

The dialect of the village of Gammalsvenskby (Rus. Старошведское; current Ukrainian name Змiïвка) belongs historically to the Swedish dialects of Estonia, which were spoken before World War II in the Noarootsi peninsula (Sw. Nuckö), in the villages of Kurkse (Korkis) and Vihterpalu (Vippal), and in the islands of the Moonsund archipelago: Osmussaar (Odensholm), Vormsi (Ormsö), Hiiumaa (Dagö), as well as on the islands Suur- and Väike-Pakri (Stora och Lilla Rågöarna), Ruhnu (Runö), Naissaar (Nargö). In 1782, around 1,000 Swedes from the island of Dagö, which at the time belonged to the Russian Empire, were resettled in the Kherson Governorate. There, on the bank of the Dnieper River, a village that later came to be called Gammalsvenskby was founded. The native language of its founders was the dialect of Dagö. Up to end of the 2010s, some of the elderly residents of the present-day village preserved a language variety that goes back to the dialect of Dagö; this is the dialect of Gammalsvenskby. The present-day state of this dialect has not been systematically described in linguistic literature. The only source of data for this article is fieldwork with speakers of the dialect. The main objective is to present material recorded in the interviews in the most complete way possible and to describe the state of the vocabulary and inflection in the dialect. The entries include the following information: type of inflection; translation; phrases, sentences and short texts illustrating the usage (with initials of the informants). In many cases full paradigms are given as well. They include all phonetic and morphological forms that have occurred in the interviews.

КЛАСЪТ ГЛАГОЛИ В НОРМАТИВНАТА ГРАМАТИКА (ОБЩА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА С ОПИСАНИЕ НА КАТЕГОРИИТЕ СПРЕЖЕНИЕ, ЛИЦЕ, ЧИСЛО, ВРЕМЕ И ОБОСОБЯВАНЕ НА ГЛАГОЛНИ ФЛЕКТИВНИ ТИПОВЕ)

Based on the formal approach, the study characterizes the class of verbs in normative grammar. The categories of conjugation, person, number, tense are described and a number of new observations are made about their functioning in view of the current literary norms. Two new classifications are also proposed – in the structural characteristics of the tense category, as well as in the identification of verb inflectional types from the point of view of: combinatorics of the three temporal vowels, morphonological changes and normative features.

Neural Dynamics of Processing Inflectional Morphology: An fMRI Study on Korean Inflected Verbs.

The present study aimed to elucidate the neural mechanisms underpinning the visual recognition of morphologically complex verbs in Korean, a morphologically rich, agglutinative language with inherent polymorphemic characteristics. In an fMRI experiment with a lexical decision paradigm, we investigated whether verb inflection types (base, regular, and irregular) are processed through separate mechanisms or a single system. Furthermore, we explored the semantic influence in processing inflectional morphology by manipulating the semantic ambiguity (homonymous vs. unambiguous) of inflected verbs. The results showed equivalent activation levels in the left inferior frontal gyrus for both regular and irregular verbs, challenging the dichotomy between the two. Graded effects of verb regularity were observed in the occipitotemporal regions, with regular inflections eliciting increased activation in the fusiform and lingual gyri. In the middle occipital gyrus, homonyms showed decreased activation relative to that of unambiguous words, specifically for base and irregular forms. Furthermore, the angular gyrus exhibited significant modulation with all verb types, indicating a semantic influence during morphological processing. These findings support single-system theories and the connectionist framework, challenging the assumptions of purely orthographic morphological decomposition and dual-mechanism accounts. Furthermore, they provide evidence for a semantic influence during morphological processing, with differential reliance on semantic activation for regular and irregular inflections.

Диалект села Старошведское: опыт составления словаря неизученного языка (sjǖn — slītas)

The dialect of the village of Gammalsvenskby (Rus. Старошведское; current Ukrainian name Змiïвка) belongs historically to the Swedish dialects of Estonia, which were spoken before World War II in the Noarootsi peninsula (Sw. Nuckö), in the villages of Kurkse (Korkis) and Vihterpalu (Vippal), and in the islands of the Moonsund archipelago: Osmussaar (Odensholm), Vormsi (Ormsö), Hiiumaa (Dagö), as well as on the islands Suur- and Väike-Pakri (Stora och Lilla Rågöarna), Ruhnu (Runö), Naissaar (Nargö). In 1782, around 1,000 Swedes from the island of Dagö, which at the time belonged to the Russian Empire, were resettled in the Kherson Governorate. There, on the bank of the Dnieper River, a village that later came to be called Gammalsvenskby was founded. The native language of its founders was the dialect of Dagö. Up to end of the 2010s, some of the elderly residents of the present-day village preserved a language variety that goes back to the dialect of Dagö; this is the dialect of Gammalsvenskby. The present-day state of this dialect has not been systematically described in linguistic literature. The only source of data for this article is fi eldwork with speakers of the dialect. The main objective is to present material recorded in the interviews in the most complete way possible and to describe the state of the vocabulary and infl ection in the dialect. The entries include the following information: type of infl ection; translation; phrases, sentences and short texts illustrating the usage (with initials of the informants). In many cases full paradigms are given as well. They include all phonetic and morphological forms that have occurred in the interviews.

Instrumental Case of Noun Plurals in the Western Polissian and Contiguous Dialects

The dialectal system of noun formation often demonstrates much greater inflectional variability in a single case position than in the literary language. This feature of the dialect paradigm is determined by the consequences of the active interaction of ancient substantive stems and innovation at the present stage of form formation of word-change norms.
 The best way to trace the specific features of filling the paradigm in general and the degree of inflectional variability specifically in a particular link is to observe spontaneous dialect speech for a long time and to form a corpus of textual records based on fixed spoken testimonies. This approach to the description of the relevant linguistic phenomena provided the basis for realizing the goal of this study – to find out the specifics of the formation of the instrumental case in the plural of substantives in the Western Polissian and related dialects based on the most complete composition of dialectal manifestations of nouns; to comment on the factors influencing the existence of dialectal differences in the studied case position.
 The case study materials of the research are the authors' records of factual material made in 146 localities in the Volyn and Rivne regions.
 The presented and analyzed material gives grounds to assert that the formation of the instrumental case of the plural nouns in the dialectal language system, as well as in the literary one, is determined by the unification of inflectional types based on the model of the corresponding manifestations of the substantives, primarily ancient *-ā-, *-jā-stems, rarely – formal vocal *-ǐ-stems. The folk conversational tradition also indicates innovations that reflect the consequences of phonetic processes. Thus, inflectional variability in the analyzed case position is determined by differences in the realization of vowel and consonant sounds, typical to the sound system of the Western Polissian and related dialects. Among the archaic word-change phenomena in the studied range, the remnants of ancient dual forms of the instrumental case of substantives are attested.
 The article provides demonstrative examples of variant implementation of a particular ending in a particular subdialect, as well as inflectional variants of a case position of a particular noun, which may indicate that forming dialectal inflectional norms is still ongoing.

Диалект села Старошведское: опыт составления словаря неизученного языка (rokäḷ—sirop)

The dialect of the village of Gammalsvenskby belongs historically to the Swedish dialects of Estonia, which were spoken before World War II in the Noarootsi peninsula (Sw. Nuckö), in the villages of Kurkse (Korkis) and Vihterpalu (Vippal), and in the islands of the Moonsund archipelago: Osmussaar (Odensholm), Vormsi (Ormsö), Suur- and Väike-Pakri (Stora och Lilla Rågöarna), Ruhnu (Runö), Naissaar (Nargö) and Hiiumaa (Dagö). In 1782, around 1,000 Swedes from the island of Dagö, which at the time belonged to the Russian Empire, were resettled in the Kherson Governorate. There, on the bank of the Dnieper River, a village that later came to be called Gammalsvenskby was founded. The native language of its founders was the dialect of Dagö. Up to end of the 2010s, some of the elderly residents of the present-day village preserved a language variety that goes back to the dialect of Dagö; this is the dialect of Gammalsvenskby. The present-day state of this dialect has not been systematically described in linguistic literature. The only source of data for this article is fieldwork with speakers of the dialect. The main objective is to present material recorded in the interviews in the most complete way possible and to describe the state of the vocabulary and inflection in the dialect. The entries include the following information: type of inflection; translation; phrases, sentences and short texts illustrating the usage (with initials of the informants). In many cases full paradigms are given as well. They include all phonetic and morphological forms that have occurred in the interviews.

Диалект села Старошведское: опыт составления словаря неизученного языка (raff — rokk)

The dialect of the village of Gammalsvenskby belongs historically to the Swedish dialects of Estonia, which were spoken before World War II in the Noarootsi peninsula (Sw. Nuckö), in the villages of Kurkse (Korkis) and Vihterpalu (Vippal), and in the islands of the Moonsund archipelago: Osmussaar (Odensholm), Vormsi (Ormsö), Suur- and Väike-Pakri (Stora och Lilla Rågöarna), Ruhnu (Runö), Naissaar (Nargö) and Hiiumaa (Dagö). In 1782, around 1,000 Swedes from the island of Dagö, which at the time belonged to the Russian Empire, were resettled in the Kherson Governorate. There, on the bank of the Dnieper River, a village that later came to be called Gammalsvenskby was founded. The native language of its founders was the dialect of Dagö. Up to end of the 2010s, some of the elderly residents of the present-day village preserved a language variety that goes back to the dialect of Dagö; this is the dialect of Gammalsvenskby. The present-day state of this dialect has not been systematically described in linguistic literature. The only source of data for this article is fieldwork with speakers of the dialect. The main objective is to present material recorded in the interviews in the most complete way possible and to describe the state of the vocabulary and inflection in the dialect. The entries include the following information: type of inflection; translation; phrases, sentences and short texts illustrating the usage (with initials of the informants). In many cases full paradigms are given as well. They include all phonetic and morphological forms that have occurred in the interviews.

Диалект села Старошведское: опыт составления словаря неизученного языка (pār — püṣpär)

This paper presents new material for the dictionary of the present-day dialect of Staroshvedkoye (Gammalsvenskby), the only Scandinavian dialect in the territory of the former Soviet Union. The present-day state of this dialect has not been described in linguistic literature. The only source of data on Gammalsvenskby is fieldwork with speakers of the dialect. The main objective of this work is to present material recorded in the interviews in the most complete way possible and to describe the state of the vocabulary and inflection in the dialect. The entries include the following information: type of inflection; translation; phrases, sentences and short texts illustrating the usage (with initials of the informants). In many cases full paradigms are given as well. They include all phonetic and morphological forms that have occurred in the interviews.Keywords: language documentation, field linguistics, endangered language, Swedish dialects, Swedish dialects of Estonia, Gammalsvenskby, dialect dictionary. dialect vocabulary, Scandinavian dialectology.

Peter Urquhart. Sound and Sense in Franco-Flemish Music of the Renaissance: Sharps, Flats and the Problem of Musica Ficta (review)

Renaissance vocal music has an editorial problem. Performers and editors of pre-Baroque repertoire are unable simply to realise the music on the page but instead must decide whether the notation means what it says it means: manuscripts require interpretation. This obligation arises from the widely accepted idea that the surviving compositions were not chromatically precise and that certain types of inflection—what today we would call accidentals—were omitted in writing but applied in performance. There are several well-known ‘rules’ that govern the creation of these inflections,1 but this is where the consensus ends. Every scholar’s particular application of these rules is slightly different, and consequently, no two recordingsof a Josquin mass or a Mouton motet sound identical. As Peter Urquhart observes in his weighty contribution to the topic, even the term used to describe these problems, musica ficta, is ambiguous. […]

Heart rate fragmentation is impaired in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

AimsTo evaluate the heart rate fragmentation (HRF) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and its relationship with heart rate variability (HRV) indices. MethodsOne hundred sixty-four men, aged 47–57 years were retrospectively analyzed from a database. Participants were T2DM (n = 82) and apparently healthy (n = 82). R-R interval time series recorded by electrocardiogram were collected at the supine position for 10 to 15 min. From HRF, the percentage of inflection points (PIP), percentage of words with zero, one, two, or three inflections points (W0, W1, W2, W3), and percentage with only type hard, soft, or mixed inflections points type (WH, WS, WM) were quantified. ResultsT2DM presented higher PIP, WS, WM and W3, while WH and W1 was lower compared with healthy (p < 0.05). Moreover, a positive moderate correlation was found between WH and root mean square of the successive R-R differences (RMSSD) and high frequency (HF) indices. In contrast, a negative moderate correlation was found between WS and WM with RMSSD and HF indices. ConclusionsT2DM have increased fragmentation patterns, and words grouped by inflection type are more closely related to HRV. The HRF approach might be useful to assess heart rate dynamic abnormalities in males with type 2 diabetes.

The mixed aorist subjunctive in Classical Armenian

Abstract The paper is dedicated to the pattern of voice marking found in the aorist subjunctive of Classical Armenian that combines the mediopassive ending of the 1st person singular with active and labile endings in the remaining forms of the paradigm. The pattern forms a stable inflectional type in verbs with the i-stem aorist but is also marginally attested in other verbal classes. The goal of the present paper is to describe the distribution of the mixed subjunctive in the early Classical Armenian texts and clarify its origin.

Explaining uncertainty and defectivity of inflectional paradigms

AbstractThe current study investigates how native speakers of a morphologically complex language (Finnish) handle uncertainty related to linguistic forms that have gaps in their inflectional paradigms. We analyze their strategies of dealing with paradigmatic defectivity and how these strategies are motivated by subjective contemporaneousness, frequency, acceptability, and other lexical and structural characteristics of words. We administered a verb production (inflection) task with Finnish native speakers using verbs from a small non-productive inflectional type that has many paradigmatic gaps and asked participants to inflect the verbs in a given context. Inflectional uncertainty was measured by the number of different forms the participants produced for each verb. We classified produced forms that were not expected as either synonymous or novel and measured their optimal string alignment distance to expected forms. Our analyses revealed that a usage-based approach to paradigmatic defectivity fits better with the obtained results than a classical approach typically met in dictionaries and descriptive grammars. Thus, we argue, that paradigmatic defectivity can be better described as a dynamic rather than a static system, where gaps represent a continuum of possible inflectional choices rather than a lack of an inflectional variant.

Диалект села Старошведское: опыт составления словаря неизученного языка (obbar — ōtär)

This paper presents new material for the dictionary of the present-day dialect of Staroshvedkoye (Gammalsvenskby), the only Scandinavian dialect in the territory of the former Soviet Union. The present-day state of this dialect has not been described in linguistic literature. The only source of data on Gammalsvenskby is fieldwork with speakers of the dialect. The main objective of this work is to present material recorded in the interviews in the most complete way possible and to describe the state of the vocabulary and inflection in the dialect. The entries include the following information: type of inflection; translation; phrases, sentences and short texts illustrating the usage (with initials of the informants). In many cases full paradigms are given as well. They include all phonetic and morphological forms that have occurred in the interviews.

Trapped morphology and the rise of the Slavic definite adjective inflection: a reexamination

Abstract Slavic and Baltic show a curious way of overt definiteness marking by means of a specific type of adjective inflection. It arose when the adjective merged with a definiteness marker of pronominal origin. This paper aims at a comprehensive explanation of the rise of the definite adjective morphology in the former branch. First of all, it is argued that contrary to what has been claimed, there is no need to posit loss of trapped morphology to plausibly account for the definite adjective inflection. It can be explained by a series of well-established processes, i.e., sound change, reanalysis, and analogy. An interplay of these processes led to an increase in the phonological fusion of the adjective and the definiteness marker and ultimately resulted in their merger. In discussing the involved changes and in identifying factors that may have motivated them, the paper contributes to the general study of how new inflectional morphology emerges from the coalescence of two formerly independent elements.

Диалект села Старошведское: опыт составления словаря неизученного языка (-ṇ – о)

This paper presents new material for the dictionary of the present-day dialect of Staroshvedkoye (Gammalsvenskby), the only Scandinavian dialect in the territory of the former Soviet Union. The present-day state of this dialect has not been described in linguistic literature. The only source of data on Gammalsvenskby is fi eldwork with speakers of the dialect. The main objective of this work is to present material recorded in the interviews in the most complete way possible and to describe the state of the vocabulary and infl ection in the dialect. The entries include the following information: type of infl ection; translation; phrases, sentences and short texts illustrating the usage (with initials of the informants). In many cases full paradigms are given as well. They include all phonetic and morphological forms that have occurred in the interviews.

Logic of Determinative Analysis of Agglutinative and Inflectional Languages (part 1)

A clear understanding of the systemic differences between interacting languages is necessary to study the interaction of languages in the mind of a bilingual (multilingual) personality and improve the practice of teaching languages in a transcultural environment. If such languages belong to different morphological types, the method of determinant analysis can be proposed as an effective tool for methodological forecasting of negative interference. The goal set by the authors of the article is to establish cause-and-effect relationships between the systemic determinant of the language type and its particular specific features at the levels of phonetics, morphology and syntax. The object of the research is the agglutinative and inflectional types of languages that lie between the extreme manifestations of proximity and remoteness of individual minds. In their work, the authors rely on the systemic methodology of determinant typological analysis, developed in the 1960s-70s by the founder of modern systemic linguistics, Professor Gennady Prokopyevich Melnikov.

Inflection across Categories: Tracking Abstract Morphological Processing in Language Production with MEG

Coherent language production requires that speakers adapt words to their grammatical contexts. A fundamental challenge in establishing a functional delineation of this process in the brain is that each linguistic process tends to correlate with numerous others. Our work investigated the neural basis of morphological inflection by measuring magnetoencephalography during the planning of inflected and uninflected utterances that varied across several linguistic dimensions. Results reveal increased activity in the left lateral frontotemporal cortex when inflection is planned, irrespective of phonological specification, syntactic context, or semantic type. Additional findings from univariate and connectivity analyses suggest that the brain distinguishes between different types of inflection. Specifically, planning noun and verb utterances requiring the addition of the suffix -s elicited increased activity in the ventral prefrontal cortex. A broadly distributed effect of syntactic context (verb vs. noun) was also identified. Results from representational similarity analysis indicate that this effect cannot be explained in terms of word meaning. Together, these results 1) offer evidence for a neural representation of abstract inflection that separates from other stimulus properties and 2) challenge theories that emphasize semantic content as a source of verb/noun processing differences.

Logic of Determinative Analysis of Agglutinative and Inflectional Languages (Part 2)

The goal that the authors of the article set for themselves is to specify causal relationships between the systemic determinant of a linguistic type and its particular specific features at the levels of phonetics, morphology and syntax. The object of study is the agglutinative and inflectional types of languages that lie between the limiting manifestations of proximity and remoteness of individual consciousnesses. In their work, the authors rely on the systemic methodology of determinant typological analysis, developed in the 1960s - 70s by the founder of modern systems linguistics, Professor Gennady P. Melnikov.

„KNYGOS NOBAŽNYSTĖS“ BŪDVARDŽIŲ KAITYBA

Using the relational database of KN morphology inflection of adjectives is investigated: masculine (and non-gender forms) stems, feminine stems and their correlation. The unique and well-established paradigms of inflection types are reviewed. The variation of stems and its causes, the language differences in the individual parts of the KN are dicussed.

The development of preverbs in Northern East Cree: A longitudinal case study.

This study is based on naturalistic speech samples produced by one child learning Cree as her first language (2;01-4;03) and presents the first investigation into the development of preverbs in the language. Preverbs are an optional class of morpheme which precede the lexical verb stem, dividing into grammatical, lexical and directional (deictic) subclasses. Of nine preverb types in the child's inventory, 47/48 tokens are grammatical. We argue that these appear early because they exhibit phonological transparency (do not alternate in form) and positional predictability (are restricted to preverb position). Lexical and directional preverbs, however, alternate in form and may appear in either preverb position or within the lexical stem. Furthermore, the child first began to use preverbs with the grammatically simpler independent (default) inflection (2;04), and 7 months later with the more syntactically restrictive conjunct inflection (2;11). She also used each preverb with one inflection type only, even where a choice of inflections was available, and she never produced more than one preverb per verb complex although multiple preverbs are common. In sum, grammatical complexity appears to be a driving factor in determining the child's development pattern.