Types Of Infertility Research Articles

Targeting CD3-CD16+CD56+ NK Cells and NK Cell Activity by Intralipid in the Management of Reproductive Failure

Immunological risk factors in recurrent pregnancy loss include autoantibodies, alterations in NK cell number and function, regulatory T cells, the human leukocyte antigen system (HLA), etc., where the treatment options aim to regulate immune dysfunction. Intralipid is a synthetic product traditionally used as a dietary supplement consisting of soybean oil combined with refined egg phospholipids. It has been shown that intralipid exerts physiologic activities, including altering immunological functions, that may benefit patients with certain types of infertility. In this review, we summarize the current state of the art of targeting NK cells and NK cell activity in women with implantation failure or/and recurrent pregnancy loss. We focus on intralipid mechanisms of action and outcomes of clinical trials regarding the efficacy and safety of intralipid infusions in women with reproductive failure. More studies are needed to reveal all the aspects of the safety and effectiveness of intralipid administration in reproductive failure treatment.

Male factor infertility and implication of fertility treatment in low resource settings

Introduction: The prevalence of infertility has increased worldwide. The etiological factors are also changing in trend and prominence. Male infertility is driving the epidemic in many regions of the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore male factor infertility in the Gambia. Methodology: The design was a longitudinal descriptive study of subfertile couples at a specialist tertiary hospital in Banjul, the Gambia, from August 2022 to May 2023. Data were extracted from patients folders and entered into a computer database. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data and results expressed in tables, graphs, and percentages. Results: Total number of subfertile couples analyzed was 152: male factor 69 (45.4%), ovulation disorder 34 (22.4%), tubal factor 20 (13.2%), uterine factor 8 (5.3%), and unexplained 21 (13.8%). The median age of male folk was 50 years, with an age range of 31 to 64 years. The rates of asthenoteratozospermia, oligospermia, and azospermia were 37.8%, 36.2%, and 26%, respectively. In azoospermic males, over 75% had elevated FSH (12–44 miu/mL). Conclusions: The prevalence of male infertility is at 45.4%, which is 3-fold and 2-fold higher than tubal and ovarian factors, respectively. Male infertility is a problem with obvious implications. The predominant types of male infertility we observed in this study will almost always require multidisciplinary care and ICSI.

In silico approach uncovers the shared genetic landscape of type 2 diabetes mellitus and asthenozoospermia

Asthenozoospermia (AZS) is one of the most common types of male infertility. Current evidence revealed that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with declining semen quality, especially for poor sperm motility. This study aimed to uncover the genetic interrelationships and important biomarkers between AZS and T2DM. Transcriptome data regarding AZS and T2DM were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We performed GO and pathway analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction for T2DM-related differentially expressed genes (DMRGs). Moreover, we calculated receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and conducted external independent validation. Expression of hub DMRGs was assessed for patients using the qPCR method. MiRNA interaction and immune infiltration were subsequently characterized. A total of 554 overlapping DMRGs were identified between the AZS/T2DM and healthy groups. These overlapping DMRG participated in the DNA damage-, energy metabolism-, and immune-related biological pathways. Module function analysis discovered that the top three PPI modules were tightly correlated with DNA damage-related processes. After external validation in other independent datasets, two hub DMRGs (TBC1D12 and SCG5) were obtained. ROC analysis revealed that TBC1D12 and SCG5 had good diagnostic performance (area under the curve > 0.75). Immune infiltration profile showed that the level of T cell co-stimulation and CD8+_T_cells were negatively related to the hub DMRGs expression. Mirna interaction analysis showed 15 significant hub DMRGs-miRNA interactions. The qPCR results showed that expression of TBC1D12 and SCG5 were significantly different between sperm samples from diabetic patients with AZS and controls. The present study revealed molecular signatures and critical pathways between the AZS and T2DM, and identified two hub DMRGs of TBC1D12 and SCG5. The data would provide novel understandings of shared pathogenic mechanisms in T2DM-associated AZS.

Angiotensin II type-1 receptor autoantibody positively correlates with the rate of metaphase I oocytes in infertility with ovulatory disorder

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in reproductive function. Our previous study identified that angiotensin II type-1 receptor autoantibody (AT1-AA), an autoantibody that activates RAS, was closely associated with infertility. However, its distribution in different types of infertility remained unclear. This study was designed to explore the distribution of AT1-AA in infertile patients and the connections between AT1-AA and oocyte development and pregnancy outcome. A total of 184 infertile women participated, with samples collected from peripheral venous blood. ELISA was used to detect AT1-AA levels in their sera. It was observed that the proportion of ovulation-disorder factors in AT1-AA-positive group was significantly higher than that in negative group (P=0.001). In 59 infertile women with ovulatory disorders, compared with negative group, AT1-AA-positive group had lower rate of retrieval (P=0.032) and metaphase II (MII) oocytes (P=0.011) but higher proportion of metaphase I (MI) oocytes (P=0.019). A negative correlation was found between the levels of AT1-AA and rate of retrieval and MII oocytes (P=0.027; P=0.043), whereas a positive correlation was observed with the proportion of MI oocytes (P=0.002). Moreover, a specific predictive value for proportion of reaching MII and MI oocytes was exhibited by AT1-AA (P < 0.01; P < 0.05). But no significant difference in embryonic parameters or pregnancy outcomes between two groups was observed (P > 0.05). This study revealed that serum AT1-AA levels were significantly increased in infertile women with ovulatory disorders and positively correlated with proportion of MI oocytes, but not associated with outcomes of assisted reproduction.

Decoding the Mysteries of Auto-Immune Disorders

An autoimmune disease (AI) happens when the immune system doesn’t recognise its cells. This leads to a problem with how it reacts to these cells. Some of these diseases can be due to your genes, the environment, or even certain infections. They can affect specific organs or the whole body. Examples of autoimmune diseases are insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, thyroiditis, and multiple sclerosis. But wait—there's more! Other conditions like arteriosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, schizophrenia, &amp; some types of infertility also fall into this category. Around 3% of people in North America &amp; Europe have autoimmune disorders. About three out of four people affected are women. How our immune system works and maintains tolerance is a wonder. The present paper aims to explore autoimmune diseases and what causes the immune system to react in a specific way

Health-related quality of life and its associated factors among infertile women compared with fertile women in public hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study

BackgroundInfertility can have detrimental physical, psychological, and social effects that significantly impact health-related quality of life. Although the impact of infertility on quality of life is well established, there is a lack of research comparing the quality of life between fertile and infertile women in Ethiopia.MethodsA hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 287 infertile and 301 fertile women. Participants were selected using systematic random sampling. A structured, validated tool was used to collect data. An independent sample t-test was conducted to determine if there was a difference in the study participants' quality of life domains and the mean total quality of life score. Multiple linear regressions were used to correlate quality of life scores with significant predictor factors for the infertile group.ResultsInfertile women had a mean total Herbal of 66.54 ± 10.18, and fertile women (72.68 ± 7.57) were found to be statistically different between the groups. All domains except the physical domain were significantly different between the groups. Duration of marriage (β = -0.529), number of previous sexual partners (β = -0.410), total number of working hours per day (β = -0.345), types of infertility (β = -0.34), and history of the sexually transmitted disease (β = -0.277), in decreasing order of effect, were found to be associated with the quality of life of infertile women (R2 = 0.725).ConclusionsThe study found that infertile women had a lower mean HRQoL score compared to fertile women, with all domains except for the physical domain being significantly different between the two groups. This suggests that infertility can have a significant impact on various aspects of a woman's life, including her emotional well-being, social functioning, and psychological health. The factors associated with the quality of life of infertile women were the duration of marriage, the number of previous sexual partners, the total number of working hours per day, the types of infertility, and the history of sexually transmitted diseases, with duration of marriage having the strongest association. These findings highlight the need for healthcare providers to address the psychological and social aspects of infertility.

Improvement of early miscarriage rates in women with adenomyosis via oxytocin receptor antagonist during frozen embryo transfer-a propensity score-matched study

BackgroundDysfunctional uterine peristalsis seems to play a pivotal role in hindering embryo implantation among women diagnosed with adenomyosis. This research aims to investigate whether administering an oxytocin receptor antagonist during a frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle using a hormone replacement therapy (HRT) protocol can enhance in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes for infertile women affected by adenomyosis.MethodsBetween January 2018 and June 2022, our reproductive center conducted IVF-FET HRT cycles for infertile women diagnosed with adenomyosis. Propensity score matching was employed to select matched subjects between the two groups in a 1:1 ratio. Following this, 168 women received an oxytocin receptor antagonist during FET, constituting the study group, while the matched 168 women underwent FET without this antagonist, forming the control group. We conducted comparative analyses of baseline and cycle characteristics between the two groups, along with additional subgroup analyses.ResultsThe study group exhibited notably lower rates of early miscarriage compared to the control group, although there were no significant differences in clinical pregnancy rates, ongoing pregnancy rates, and live birth rates between the two groups. Multivariate analysis revealed a negative correlation between the use of oxytocin receptor antagonists and early miscarriage rates in women with adenomyosis. Subgroup analyses, categorized by age, infertility types, and embryo transfer day, showed a substantial decrease in early miscarriage rates within specific subgroups: women aged ≥ 37 years, those with secondary infertility, and individuals undergoing day 3 embryo transfers in the study group compared to the control group. Furthermore, subgroup analysis based on adenomyosis types indicated significantly higher clinical pregnancy rates, ongoing pregnancy rates and live birth rates in the study group compared to the control group among women with diffuse adenomyosis.ConclusionsAdministering an oxytocin receptor antagonist during FET may reduce the early miscarriage rates in women with adenomyosis.

Ayurvedic Management of Multifactorial Female Infertility – A case report

Introduction: Infertility is a medical condition that can cause psychological, physical, mental, spiritual, and medical detriments to the patient. “Infertility is defined as failure to conceive within one or more years having regular unprotected coitus. All types of female Infertility in Ayurveda are described under the heading of Vandhya. According to Acharya Sushruta, there are four factors responsible for creation of Garbha i.e. Ritu (Ovulatory period/ period for copulation), Kshetra (reproductive tract including Uterus, Fallopian tube, Ovary), Ambu (Nutritive fluid for fertilized ovum), Beeja (Shukra &amp; Shonita i.e. Sperm &amp; Ovum). Among these four factors tubal blockage can be considered as the deformity of Kshetra i.e. Kshetradushti and Low level of Anti mullerian hormone can be compared to Dhatukshayajanya Vandhyatav. Aim and Obejctive: This case study was done to treat multifactorial female infertility with Ayurvedic treatment protocol and provide better quality of life. Methodology: A female Patient of 28 years of age, came to OPD of Prasuti Tantra Evum Stree roga with complaint of inability to conceive since 2 years of unprotected intercourse. Patient was diagnosed with female infertility due to bilateral tubal blockage, and low AMH level treated by Ayurvedic intervention i.e. - Virechana Karma, Yuktaratha Basti (3 days) along with Uttarabasti with Apamargkshara Taila (6 days) and Nagakesara Choorna orally (after stopping of menstrual bleeding). Result: Female infertility cured after treatment and conception achieved. Discussion: Ayurvedic approach would be beneficial in conservative management of tubal blockage and has an effective result in female infertility.

P-537 Linking genetic variation to infertility and embryonic genomic instability. Lessons from a database of whole genomes from targeted populations: challenges, and future directions

Abstract Study question Can novel genomic analysis methods be developed to identify genetic variants that predispose to specific types of infertility and genomic instability in embryos? Summary answer Whole genome analysis and the creation of a genomic variation database of highly targeted populations yielded several genomic links to human infertility and genomic instability. What is known already Infertility is a phenotypic manifestation that originates from highly variable causes, like repeated miscarriage (RM), repeated implantation failure (RIF) or various male and female factors. Specific genetic variations can predispose carriers to distinct types of infertility however quantifiable genetic risks are difficult to be established clinically due to the high amount of variables that exist in any relevant infertility studies. In addition, the combination of the maternal and paternal genetics further complicates the interpretation of genomics results especially when genetic instability in embryos are studied. Several studies have indicated multi[le risk variants however few have managed to establish causal relationships. Study design, size, duration The causes of infertility are extremely variable, which presents a challenge in the design and analysis of genome sequencing studies that involve large populations of participants with similar characteristics. In this study a targeted approach highly selected populations allows more detailed examination of the whole genome of the participants and the different subgroups that exist among them. The participants were recruited using specific selection criteria and samples were collected over a period of 5 years. Participants/materials, setting, methods Couples presenting with infertility and went through preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT- A) were invited to participate. Selection criteria were applied: i) referred for PGT-A after &amp;gt;3 assisted reproduction failed cycles, ii) Normal karyotypes, iii) Female age less than 37, iv) Embryonic instability in their subsequent PGT-A cycles in more than 40% of the produced embryos. After whole genome sequencing (WGS) and variant calling, a bespoke genomic SQL database was constructed for genomic analysis. Main results and the role of chance From 118 individuals that consented to participate 28 individuals with repeated implantation failure (RIF) and 8 individuals RIF/RM passed the selection criteria and their DNA was processed with WGS using a short read platform. In addition, WGS Validation was performed using genomes with known mutations. After the WGS quality control and validation. In total 50 genomes were processed and produced variant results. A novel MySQL database was successfully constructed and validated. Variant z scores were calculated for each participant and the significantly flagged variants were pulled and analysed and comparison with other bespoke and publicly available databases was performed. Ethnicity bias in novel variations detected and corrected. Several smaller cohorts were identified with similar genomic characteristics and accumulation of specific sets of polymorphisms, that were associated with certain types of infertility and preimplantation embryo abnormalities. Of particular interest were variants in synaptonemal complex genes associated with gamete failure, meiotic errors and instability in embryos. Structural variations were significant for male factor infertility. The WGS approach also revealed novel intronic and extragenic variants that would not be usually picked up by other methods like exome sequencing but can play a vital role in gene expression. Limitations, reasons for caution As with all genomic studies relating to infertility, association does not mean causation. Further functional analysis would be required to establish definitive causal pathways based on significant risk variants. In addition, although our study is highly targeted more genomic data can enhance to validation of these results. Wider implications of the findings This highly targeted study using a personalised approach to genome analysis combined with WGS can lead to protocols that determine the cumulative clinical risk for infertility, by revelling the accumulation of specific sets of polymorphisms, intronic and exonic, can be associated with certain types of infertility and preimplantation embryo abnormalities. Trial registration number not applicable

P-021 Development of recombinant Phospholipase C Zeta protein as a therapeutic intervention to overcome certain types of male infertility

Abstract Study question Developing recombinant Phospholipase C Zeta (PLCζ) protein using a bacterial expression system to be utilized for potential future replacement of Ca2+ ionophores during IVF treatments. Summary answer Our findings support the use of MBP-PLCζ recombinant protein as a therapeutic tool for treating certain types of male factor infertility associated with fertilization failure What is known already The long-term safety of calcium ionophores, which are exclusively used for treating cases of fertilization failure, is still questionable. PLCζ is an endogenous agent that may represent a better replacement for treating male infertility cases related to fertilization failure Study design, size, duration Maltose binding protein (MBP)-tagged PLCζ was produced by cloning wild-type PLCζ into a pET41MM vector and purified using affinity chromatography techniques. Circular dichroism (CD) was employed to evaluate the secondary structure and the thermal denaturation of PLCζ protein. Moreover, the PIP2 hydrolysis assay was used to test the enzymatic activity of PLCζ protein over time and under different storage conditions. Furthermore, the embryonic toxicity of the protein was tested using a chick embryo model. Participants/materials, setting, methods Several methods were used in this study including Molecular cloning, circular dichroism, and chick embryo model to investigate the embryonic viability. Main results and the role of chance Our findings demonstrated that PLCζ recombinant protein displayed a properly folded secondary structure mainly composed of alpha-helices. Moreover, the protein was effective in maintaining the enzymatic activity and Ca2+ sensitivity for 90 days when stored at -80oC. Moreover, exposing chicken eggs to MBP-PLCζ did not alter the embryonic viability when compared to the control group. Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the rate of survival did not differ between the treatment, control and sham groups until the endpoint of the study. Limitations, reasons for caution The toxicology assays used are not sufficient to confirm the safety of the protein. Further in vivo studies are required to investigate the effect of MBP-PLCζ protein on early embryonic development before being used as a replacement for calcium ionophores in cases of oocyte activation failure. Wider implications of the findings These findings can help develop a new therapeutic tool for treating cases of male infertility associated with oocyte activation failure. Trial registration number not applicable

P-210 A new insight into the effects of systemic lupus erythematosus on oocyte and embryo development and female fertility

Abstract Study question Does SLE affect oocyte and embryo development and female fertility in female patients? Summary answer Patients with SLE present worse outcomes in oocyte and embryonic development, thus yielding compromised female fertility and clinical pregnancy. What is known already Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is often associated with adverse reproductive outcomes. However, it’s currently unclear regarding the role of SLE in oocyte and embryonic development. Also, it’s controversial whether SLE hurts fertility. There is a lack of comprehensive understanding and assessment of fertility in patients with SLE. Study design, size, duration This study retrospectively investigated oocyte and embryo development, ovarian reserve, and clinical outcomes in SLE patients who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment from January 2013 to September 2022 at the University Hospital. Participants/materials, setting, methods In this study, we collected data from 34 SLE patients who were previously diagnosed and in remission for a total of 44 IVF cycles and matched 102 infertile women with a total of 148 IVF cycles by Propensity Score Matching (PSM) of 1:3 ratio. We then evaluated baseline characteristics, ovarian reserve, IVF laboratory outcomes, and clinical outcomes between the two groups. Main results and the role of chance After PSM matching, baseline characteristics including age, infertility types, and duration, as well as infertility causes overall coincided between the two groups. Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) was significantly lower in the SLE group vs comparison (1.9 vs. 3.3 ng/mL, P=0.001). The SLE group performed a significant reduction in available embryo rate (76.6% vs. 86.0%, P=0.001), good-quality blastocyst formation rate (35.1% vs. 47.0%, P=0.003), and blastocyst formation rate (51.0% vs. 67.7%, P=0.001) compared to the comparison. As for clinical outcomes, the implantation rate in the SLE group was notably lower (37.9% vs. 54.9%, P=0.022). The CLBR following every embryo-transfer procedure was distinctly lower (41.2% vs 68.6%, P=0.016) in the SLE group vs comparison. Also, the conservative and optimal CLBRs following every complete cycle procedure were significantly reduced in the SLE group vs the comparison (P=0.001, both) Limitations, reasons for caution It’s a retrospective and single-center study, which is relevant to an inevitable risk of bias. Due to its special population selection, the sample size of this study is quite small. Wider implications of the findings This study provides data support to explore further the impact of SLE or other autoimmune diseases on female fertility, and it also calls for more attention to be given to these special patients by reproductive physicians. Comprehensive fertility assessment and individualized fertility guidance are recommended for patients with SLE. Trial registration number TJ-IRB20211280

Technologies of regenerative medicine as a method of treatment of male infertility: literature review

The problem of infertility has recently become quite widespread all over the world, having a negative impact on couples themselves and society as a whole. The male factor of infertility accounts for about 50% of cases, in this regard, a large number of studies conducted are aimed at finding new methods of treating this disease. However, the accepted modern methods of treatment, including assisted reproductive technologies, are currently not effective enough. Recently, much attention has been devoted to the use of regenerative medicine technologies in the treatment of diseases of the reproductive system of men and women due to its significant potential. This review presents existing experimental and clinical studies that studied the effect, safety and efficacy of stem cells of various kinds of origin, induced pluripotent stem cells, exosomes, spermatogonial stem cells, platelet rich plasma in the treatment of various types of male infertility.

Association of vitamin D receptor genetic polymorphisms with the risk of infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThe causes of infertility have remained an important challenge. The relationship between VDR gene polymorphisms and infertility has been reported, with controversial findings.Objective and rationaleWe aimed to determine this relationship by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis.Search methodsThe study was started with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) declaration and the final draft was registered as a protocol in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023416535). The international electronic databases including PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINHAL) were searched until January 30, 2023, by using appropriate keywords. The quality of the final studies was assessed using the NOS Checklist for case–control studies. The odds ratios (ORs) for each of the genetic models were pooled, and a subgroup analysis based on geographical region and types of infertility was carried out by the MetaGenyo online tool.OutcomesCase–control studies including 18 and 2 studies about infertility in women and men, respectively, and 4 miscarriage studies were entered into the meta-analysis. The VDR gene TaqI polymorphism was associated with infertility susceptibility in women in the allele contrast [OR = 1.2065, 95% CI (1.0846–1.3421); P = 0.0005], Recessive model [OR = 1.3836, 95% CI (1.1197–1.7096); P = 0.002], Dominant model [OR = 1.2146, 95% CI (0.0484–1.4072); P = 0.009], Homozygote [OR = 1.4596, 95% CI (1.1627–1.8325); P = 0.001], and TT vs. Tt [OR = 1.2853, 95% CI (1.0249–1.6117); P = 0.029. ApaI and FokI gene polymorphisms were found to be significantly protective SNPs against women and men infertility in the Dominant model [OR = 0.8379, 95% CI (0.7039- 0.9975); P = 0.046] and Recessive model [OR = 0.421, 95% CI (0.1821–0.9767); P = 0.043], respectively. Sub-group meta-analysis showed a protection association of ApaI in dominant [OR = 0.7738, 95% CI = 0.6249–0.9580; P = 0.018] and AA vs. aa [OR = 0.7404, 95 CI% (0.5860–0.9353) P = 0.011725] models in PCOS subgroup, however, a negative association with idiopathic infertility was found in AA vs. Aa [OR = 1.7063, 95% CI (1.1039–2.6375); P = 0.016187] and Aa vs. aa [OR = 0.6069, 95% CI (0.3761–0.9792); P = 0.040754]. TaqI SNP was significantly associated with infertility in the African population and BsmI was associated with the disease mostly in the Asian population.ConclusionThis meta-analysis showed that the TaqI polymorphism may be linked to women’s infertility susceptibility. However, ApaI and FokI might be the protective SNPs against infertility in Women and men, respectively.

Effects of physical activity on infertility in reproductive females

ObjectivesTo explore the relationship between different types of physical activity and female infertility.MethodsThis study analyzed data from 2,796 female participants aged 18–44 years in the United States, obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database spanning the years 2013 to 2020. Multiple logistic regression analyses and generalized linear models were used to explore the relationship between different types of physical activity and infertility after adjusting for potential confounding factors.ResultsWe found a non-linear relationship between recreational activities and infertility with an inflection point of 5.83 h/week (moderate intensity), while work activities and traffic-related activities did not. On the left side of the inflection point, there was no significant association between recreational activity time and infertility (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.02, P = 0.1146), but on the right side of the inflection point, there was a positive association between recreational activity time and the risk of infertility (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.06, P = 0.0008).ConclusionsThe relationship between different types of physical activity and female infertility varies. We acknowledge the potential influence of confounding variables on this relationship. However, we have already adjusted for these potential variables in our analysis. Therefore, our findings suggest that appropriate recreational activity programs are essential for promoting reproductive health in women of reproductive age. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the observed association does not imply causality. Given the limitations of cross-sectional studies, further prospective cohort studies are needed to explore the causal relationship while accounting for additional confounding factors.

Secondary Infertility (Kakvandhya)-A Single Case Study

Vandhyatwa (infertility) is the burning challenge in front of todays fastest and behind the money society. Approximately 8%-10% couples will suffer from infertility worldwide in between that 15-20 million cases are present in India alone. 57.33% are the primary infertility cases and 42.66% are secondary infertility cases observed in 26-30 years age group in India recently. Vandhyatwa is explained by ayurveda scholars in their own way but Aacharya Harita specifically mentioned total 6 types of Vandhyatwa in detail which covers all types of infertility according to modern science. As it is mentioned as lifestyle disorder by medical science, ayurveda plays key role to successful treatment of this. In present article the single case study of Kakvandhya (secondary infertility ) is explained.

Epidemiological profile of infertile couples in Western Iraq

Infertility affecting approximately one in seven couples globally is a poorly documented issue in Iraq. This study examines the epidemiology of infertility among 82 Iraqi couples undergoing assisted conception at Al-Razzi Hospital in Ramadi. Retrospective analysis of medical records provided insights into sociodemographic profiles, infertility types (primary or secondary), and causes. The age range for males and females was 17-59 years, with means of 34.5 (±7.4) and 31.4 (±7.3) years, respectively. Infertility duration spanned a mean of 4.9 (±3.9) years. Primary infertility affected 74% of couples, while 25.6% experienced secondary infertility. Among the couples, the biochemical pregnancy rate was 45%, the clinical pregnancy rate was 38%, and the rate of live births was 24%. The average embryo transfer was 3.4, with a 21% miscarriage rate. This study emphasizes high rates of primary infertility dominated by female factors. Future research should consider larger population and detailed data on outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles to enhance understanding on the current (in)fertility status in Iraq.

Correlation of Serum Prolactin and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Concentration in Infertile Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Infertility affects millions of people of reproductive age worldwide. Thyroid hormones and prolactin (PRL) affect reproduction and pregnancy; therefore, these two hormones influence fertility. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarise the strength of the correlation between serum PRL and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in infertile women and to explore selected factors influencing the correlation. We conducted a systematic search of online databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SAGE and Google Scholar) from inception until March 2021 and a manual search of the bibliographies of the included studies to identify relevant publications. The original research paper describing the correlation between PRL and TSH in reproductive-age women with infertility (primary and secondary) was included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled correlations of PRL and TSH, followed by an assessment of heterogeneity and a sensitivity analysis. From a total of 822 relevant articles identified, 11 were eligible and included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The random effect pooled correlation estimates between PRL and TSH was 0.431 (95% CI: 0.251, 0.582), with substantial heterogeneity between the included studies (I2 = 80%, τ2 = 0.067, P < 0.001). No significant publication bias was observed. Study region, types of infertility, sample size and year of the study did not influence the correlation estimates. Our results highlighted a significant positive moderate correlation between serum PRL and serum TSH in infertile women.

The role of CD138 immunohistochemical marker in the diagnosis of chronic endometritis: causes of female infertility

This article focused on “The role of CD138 immunohistochemical marker in the diagnosis of chronic endometritis: causes of female infertility”. Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic efficacy of CD138 in identifying chronic endometritis among infertile patients with endometrial pathology and to examine the association between CE and various factors related to infertility. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study exploring the utility of the CD138 immunohistochemical marker in diagnosing chronic endometritis and its association with infertility in a sample of 63 couples. The t-test, chi-square test and logistic regression was applied using SPSS 26. Results: The study examined infertility characteristics and chronic endometritis in 63 infertile woman with pathology of endometrium. Results also established a significant association between CE and CD 138 presence, suggesting CD 138 as a potential diagnostic marker for CE. Additionally, the age was identified as a notable factor linked to CE. Factors such as abortion history, intrauterine interventions, delivery experiences, and cervical pathology, mycoplasma infections were found to have a significant correlation with CE. The logistic regression indicated a lower likelihood of CE in certain infertility types. It also identified a significant association between increased CE odds and longer fertility duration, while specific causes of fertility had a modest impact. Overall, CD 138 demonstrated its diagnostic potential for CE, age was associated with CE, and certain factors correlated with CE, emphasising the complexity of CE etiology in infertility patients with endometrial patology. Scientific Novelty: A Gateway to Understanding Female Infertility Conclusion: In conclusion, the research findings underscored the significance of CD 138 as a diagnostic marker for chronic endometritis in infertility patients. The age emerged as a notable factor associated with CE, while specific qualitative factors like delivery history exhibited a correlations with CE status, warranting further investigation

The Role of the Family Support in the Quit Smoking Decision: A Systematic Literature Review

Cigarettes are still a source of health problems in Indonesia. Several non-communicable diseases, which are increasing in number, are mostly caused by smoking behavior. Diseases caused by smoking include prolonged cough, lung disease, pregnancy disorders, atherosclerosis infertility, and several types of cancer. The contribution of smoking to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease is also quite large. The role of the family in supporting the decision to stop smoking is very important. Families can provide the emotional and practical support needed to achieve smoking cessation goals. This study aims to disseminate research results related to the theme of the Role of the Family in Supporting the Decision to Stop Smoking. In addition, it also conducts an analysis of what family roles are needed to support smokers to quit. This research is a systematic review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) method. Research is carried out systematically by following the correct research steps or protocols. A search for research articles relevant to the topic of this study was carried out using the keywords: role, family role, family, support, decision support, smoking, smoking cessation, family in decision support, and supporting smoking cessation decisions, which were obtained from Google Scholar and PubMed. In this Study the total of twenty one article were included and the several indicators in supporting smoking cessation included an environment that supports smoking cessation decisions, the role of the family in supporting smoking cessation decisions, enforcement of family rules, and barriers to quitting smoking.

Prevalence, risk factors and genotyping of chlamydia trachomatis from endocervical specimens of infertile women at a tertiary care hospital, Vietnam.

To our knowledge, the prevalence, risk factors and distribution of C. trachomatis genotypes are rarely mentioned in Vietnam. This study aimed to find the prevalence, risk factors and distribution of C. trachomatis genotypes in infertile Vietnamese women. Endocervical swabs were collected from infertile women at the National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vietnam, between January 2020 and December 2021. All samples were analyzed for C. trachomatis presence by Cobas 4800 CT/NG Test. Sequencing methods of ompA gene were used to determine the C. trachomatis genotypes. An approximately 1200 bp ompA fragment was aligned with reference sequences from GenBank to identify the corresponding genotype. The prevalence of endocervical C. trachomatis infection was 15.6% of 761 participants. Factors independently associated with CT infection among infertile women, obtained by multivariate analysis, included abnormal vaginal discharge, cervicitis, lower abdominal pain, a history of ectopic pregnancy, having more than one sex partner, and age at first intercourse. Among the samples, genotype E (25.93%) was most frequently found, followed by genotypes D/Da (22.23%), F (13.58%), G/Ga (12.35%), J (12.35%), H (6.17%), K (3.70%), B/Ba (2.47%), and I/Ia (1.23%), respectively. Genotype F was related to types of infertility, and genotype H was associated with a history of miscarriage. The present study indicated a high prevalence of C. trachomatis in infertile Vietnamese women. The most common genotypes found in this population were E, D, and F. Our findings suggest that routine screening is necessary for early detection and performance of infection control methods.