Types Of Hormonal Contraception Research Articles

Correlation of sexual desire with sexual hormone binding globulin and free androgen index in women using combined contraceptives

Purpose To correlate the sexual desire levels with sexual hormone binding globulin and free androgen index in women taking different types of hormonal contraceptives (HCs) containing ethinylestradiol (EE), oestradiol valerate (E2V), 17β-oestradiol (E2), or estetrol (E4), combined or in phasic formulation with different progestogens having antiandrogenic properties. Methods Three hundred and sixty-seven women (age range 18-46) participated in the study. SHBG and total testosterone (TT) were measured, and the Free Androgen Index (FAI) was calculated. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS) questionnaires were used to assess sexual function and distress, respectively. Results The highest SHBG values and the lowest FAIs were obtained of women on HCs containing EE than those of women on HCs containing E2V/17β E2 or E4 (p < 0.001). Desire scores and FSFI total scores were lower in women on HCs with EE than in those using HCs containing E2V, 17β E2, or E4 (p ≤ 0.001). The women who were on HCs containing EE reported FSDS levels higher than those containing all the other types of oestrogen. Finally, sexual desire and FSFI total scores had a negative correlation with the SHBG values and a positive correlation with FAI percentage (p ≤ 0.0001). Conclusions A minority of women using HCs with EE might experience a decreased sexual desire. This was not observed in women on HCs containing E2V, 17 E2, or E4. To avoid HC discontinuation, due to sexual desire reduction, HCs having minor antiandrogenic effects could be taken into consideration.

Hormonal Contraceptives Reduce Active Symptomatic Disease but May Increase Intestinal Inflammation in IBD.

Among women of reproductive age with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we aimed to assess the relationship of hormonal contraceptives (HCs) with IBD-related symptoms, and intestinal inflammation. A nested cohort of women in the longitudinal Manitoba Living with IBD Study, ages 18 to 49, were followed for 1 year, with bi-weekly online surveys. This included a validated measure of disease activity; IBD Symptom Inventory (IBDSI), and stool samples obtained at 3 time-points for assessment of fecal calprotectin (FCAL). Use of HC included oral and vaginal intrauterine devices. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between HC and IBD-related symptoms (IBDSI>14 for Crohn disease, >13 for ulcerative colitis), or inflammation (FCAL>250ug/g) at any measurement point in the study. Of 71 women, 17 (24%) reported taking HC in the 1 year period. Adjusting for age, disease type, disease duration, and smoking status, the odds of having increased IBD-related symptoms (IBDSI) during the year were lower for women using HC compared with women not using HC [adjusted odds ratio 0.16, 95% CI, 0.02-0.90]. Conversely, women using HC were more likely to have inflammation during the year [adjusted odds ratio 5.7, 95% CI, 1.23-43.6]. HC use among women with IBD was associated with a lower likelihood of IBD-related symptoms but a higher likelihood of experiencing intestinal inflammation (FCAL>250ug/g) over 1 year. Further work is needed to examine this dichotomous result, potentially examining aspects such as duration of HC use, and the types of HC.

Acceptability of Hormonal Contraceptives as a Smoking Cessation Aid for Women of Reproductive Age: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey.

Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of preventable cancers and other premature morbidity and mortality. Modifying hormonal patterns using hormonal contraceptives (HCs) may lead to improved smoking cessation outcomes in women, though the acceptability of this is unknown. Therefore, we explored the willingness of reproductive-age women who smoke to use HC for cessation. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with a convenience sample of reproductive-age women living in the United States who self-reported smoking combustible cigarettes. Questions covered smoking history, previous HC use, and willingness to use various HC methods (i.e., injectable, oral, patch, vaginal insert) for cessation. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression were conducted using StataBE 17.1. Of 358 eligible respondents, n = 312 (86.9%) reported previous HC use. Average age of those with HC use history was 32.1 ± 6.1 years compared with 27.8 ± 6.7 years for those without history of HC use (p = 0.001). Of respondents who reported previous HC use, 75.6% reported willingness to use HCs, compared with 60.9% of those without a history of HC use. Overall, willingness to use various types of HC ranged from 22.6% for the vaginal insert to 59.2% willing to use an oral contraceptive. These observations indicate that most women who smoke cigarettes are willing to use HC for a smoking cessation aid, especially if they have a history of HC use and with an oral form of HC. To improve the rate of smoking cessation for women of reproductive age, future interventions should explore how to incorporate HC for cessation.

The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device is related to early emotional reactivity: An ERP study

Despite the evidence of altered emotion processing in oral contraceptive (OC) users, the impact of hormonal intrauterine devices (IUD) on emotional processing remains unexplored. Our study aimed to investigate how behavioural performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) linked with emotion reactivity and its regulation are associated with hormonal profiles of women using different types of hormonal contraception and naturally cycling women. Women using OCs (n = 25), hormonal IUDs (n = 33), and naturally cycling women in their early follicular (NCF, n = 33) or mid-luteal (NCL, n = 28) phase of the menstrual cycle were instructed to view emotional pictures (neutral, low and high negativity) and use cognitive reappraisal to up- or down-regulate negative emotions, while their electroencephalogram was recorded. Participants rated perceived negativity after each picture and their emotional arousal throughout the task. Saliva samples were collected to assess levels of 17β-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. As expected, emotional arousal increased throughout the task and correlated positively with perceived negativity. Perceived negativity and the amplitudes of the middle (N2/P3) and later (LPP) latency ERP components increased with increasing stimuli negativity. Emotion regulation modulated perceived negativity and the amplitudes of very late ERP components (parietal and frontal LPP). Moreover, IUD-users showed a higher negative amplitude of the frontal N2 in comparison to all three other groups, with the most consistent differences during up-regulation. Finally, testosterone correlated positively with the N2 peak in IUD-users and NCL women. Overall, our findings suggest that IUD-use and testosterone might be related to altered preconscious processing during the emotion regulation task requiring attention to the stimulus. The study underscores the need for additional research into how different hormonal contraceptives are linked to socio-emotional functioning.

Weight Change at 12 Months among Hormonal Contraceptive Users at Nur Sejahtera Clinics of National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN): A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Weight gain was among the most common side effects that caused women to discontinue using hormonal contraception. However, previous literature had reported inconsistent findings of the association between hormonal contraception and weight change. This study aimed to determine the impact of hormonal contraceptive use on weight gain and factors associated with weight gain among the hormonal contraceptive users. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in four Nur Sejahtera Clinics using universal sampling method between September to November 2021. This study recruited women that had been using the hormonal contraception continuously for at least 12 months and had their weight measure at baseline and 12 months. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristic of the participant, weight measurement at baseline and 12 months and the type of hormonal contraception used were retrieved from the records. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with &gt;5% weight gain. Results: A total of 366 samples were recruited. About one-third (33.6%) of hormonal contraceptive users had their weight gain more than 5% from their baseline weight. The risk factor for weight gain more than 5% were women with aged less than 40 years (AOR=2.09; 95% CI:1.26,3.45) and Etonogestrel (ENG) implant user (AOR = 7.91; 95% CI:2.69,23.24). Conclusion: One third of the hormonal contraception users had their weight gain greater than 5%. Lifestyle intervention to prevent weight gain could be targeted at high-risk users who are less than 40 years old and those on ENG implant.

Risk Factors for Hypertension in Women of Childbearing Age

Hypertension can be triggered by a secondary cause, namely the use of hormonal contraceptives. Hormonal contraceptives contain the hormones estrogen and progesterone, resulting in a hormonal imbalance that leads to hypertension. This research aims to know the relationship between the duration of use and the type of hormonal contraceptives that can be associated with the incidence of hypertension. In Indonesia, the most common use of contraception is hormonal contraception (85.7%), including 139,342 injections (56.8%), 64,569 pills (26.3%), and 14,901 implants (6%). It is known that 216 out of 766 (28.19%) women of childbearing age who use hormonal contraceptives in the Telaga Dewa Health Center working area suffer from hypertension. Cross-sectional research design with a sample of 369 women of childbearing age. The type of hormonal contraception used, age, and blood pressure were obtained by secondary means from the midwife's register book. At the same time, primary door-to-door accepted length of use, education, employment, and number of children. It was found that the size of the use of hormonal contraceptives &gt;5 years significantly related to the incidence of hypertension (p-value 0.000) with OR 2.685. The result will show how the relation of duration use and type of hormonal contraceptives can be associated with the incidence of hypertension. However, all types of hormonal contraceptives were not significantly related to the incidence of hypertension (p-value 0.223). The conclusion of the research is that age, occupation, education, parity, and use of hormonal contraception can be causes of hypertension in women of childbearing age.

EFFECT OF HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION ON OBESITY IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA

Hormonal contraception can stimulate the appetite control center in the hypothalamus, so that acceptors eat more than usual. The use of hormonal contraception in women of childbearing age can lead to weight gain which can lead to obesity. Obesity in women of childbearing age will increase the risk of developing diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and preeclampsia during pregnancy. To see the effect of hormonal contraception on the incidence of obesity in women of childbearing age. The design of this study used descriptive analytic with a cross sectional study approach. The sample in the study were 840 women of childbearing age (15-49 years) who used hormonal contraception (DMPA). Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the independent factors associated with the incidence of obesity in women of childbearing age using 95% Odds Ratio (OR) and Confidence Interval (CI). P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data analysis explained that age, type of hormonal contraception, and duration of contraception use were risk factors for obesity in women of childbearing age. Age &gt; 35 years (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 0.361-6.807; P 0.548), type of hormonal contraception (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.322-2.461; P &lt;0.001), duration of contraceptive use (OR: 4.9; 95% CI: 3.513-6.851; P &lt;0.001). The type of contraception and the duration of use of hormonal contraception are potential factors for the occurrence of obesity in women of childbearing age. The results of this study help the government to tackle obesity rates.

Hormonal contraception and risk for cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in young women: a scoping review of the evidence.

Women are significantly more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) than men. Suggestions to explain the sex differences in dementia incidence have included the influence of sex hormones with little attention paid to date as to the effect of hormonal contraception on brain health. The aim of this scoping review is to evaluate the current evidence base for associations between hormonal contraceptive use by women and non-binary people in early adulthood and brain health outcomes. A literature search was conducted using EMBASE, Medline and Google Scholar, using the keywords "hormonal contraception" OR "contraception" OR "contraceptive" AND "Alzheimer*" OR "Brain Health" OR "Dementia". Eleven papers were identified for inclusion in the narrative synthesis. Studies recruited participants from the UK, USA, China, South Korea and Indonesia. Studies included data from women who were post-menopausal with retrospective data collection, with only one study contemporaneously collecting data from participants during the period of hormonal contraceptive use. Studies reported associations between hormonal contraceptive use and a lower risk of ADRD, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), better cognition and larger grey matter volume. Some studies reported stronger associations with longer duration of hormonal contraceptive use, however, results were inconsistent. Four studies reported no significant associations between hormonal contraceptive use and measures of brain health, including brain age on MRI scans and risk of AD diagnosis. Further research is needed on young adults taking hormonal contraceptives, on different types of hormonal contraceptives (other than oral) and to explore intersections between sex, gender, race and ethnicity. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MVX63, identifier: OSF.io: 10.17605/OSF.IO/MVX63.

The Association Between Progestin Generation in Hormonal Contraceptives and Sociosexuality

Hormones are important for regulating women’s sexuality. Many women take hormonal contraceptives (HCs) which add synthetic hormones to women’s endocrine systems and disrupt the links between gonadal hormones and sexuality. Further, there are different types of HCs which may act differently. Whereas past research has combined all women using different types of HCs into a single comparison group, the present research explores how different methods of administration and different progestin generations may differentially affect women’s sociosexuality(SOI). 1024 female participants from 3 samples reported SOI using the revised sociosexuality inventory, HC status, method of administration, length of use, brand, and cycle information in an online survey. Results indicate that compared to women who were not using HCs, women who were using HCs containing 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation progestins reported more unrestricted SOI attitudes. However only 2nd and 3rd generation progestin users had more unrestricted SOI attitudes than women not on HCs in the pre-luteal phases of their cycle (when sexual interest is naturally heightened). Lastly, evidence suggests that women return to ovulatory cycles after a year of using the hormonal IUD. We tested for time effects between pill using groups and IUD using groups and found an interaction such that longer duration of use on the IUD was associated with more unrestricted SOl attitudes, while oral contraceptive users did not differ in SOI independent of time using the method. Results highlight the need to understand the psychobiological processes affected by different variations of HCs.

Hubungan Jenis Dan Lama Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Hormonal Terhadap Gangguan Menstruasi Pada Wanita Usia Subur Di Klinik Pratama Vina Kecamatan Medan Baru Kota Medan Tahun 2023

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017 contraceptive use has increased in many parts of the world, especially in Asia and Latin America and is lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, users of modern contraception have increased significantly from 35% in 1970 to 63% in 2017. The 2019 Indonesia Health Profile data shows that most active family planning participants choose injections and pills as contraceptives and are even very dominant (more than 80 %) compared to other methods; inject (63.7%), Pill (17.0%), Implant (7.4%), IUD/IUD (7.4%), Condom (1.2%), MOW (Women's Operative Method) (2 .7%), MOP (Male Operative Method) (0.5%). (RI Ministry of Health, 2020). The side effect of hormonal contraception is disruption of menstruation. The main side effects of DMPA (Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate) contraception and implants are menstrual disorders in the form of amenorrhea, spotting, changes in cycles, frequency, length of menstruation and amount of blood loss. The side effects of a contraceptive method are a factor that needs to be considered in determining the decision to continue using the contraceptive method (Hartanto, 2013). The type of research used in this research is analytic with a cross sectional approach. Cross sectional is a research approach that emphasizes the time of measurement/observation of independent variable data and depends only once at a time. The research sampling technique is total sampling. This research will be conducted at the Pratama Vina Clinic, Medan Baru District, Medan City in 2023. The results of the chi-squere test d. There is a significant relationship between the type of hormonal contraception and menstrual disorders in women of childbearing age at the Pratama Vina Clinic, Medan Baru District, Medan City, in 2023 (p= 0.013) and there is a significant relationship between the length of use of hormonal contraception and menstrual disorders in women of childbearing age at the Pratama Vina Clinic, Medan Baru District, Medan City in 2023 (p=0.031).

Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception.

Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception.

Combined and progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk: A UK nested case-control study and meta-analysis.

Current or recent use of combined oral contraceptives (containing oestrogen+progestagen) has been associated with a small increase in breast cancer risk. Progestagen-only contraceptive use is increasing, but information on associated risks is limited. We aimed to assess breast cancer risk associated with current or recent use of different types of hormonal contraceptives in premenopausal women, with particular emphasis on progestagen-only preparations. Hormonal contraceptive prescriptions recorded prospectively in a UK primary care database (Clinical Practice Research Datalink [CPRD]) were compared in a nested case-control study for 9,498 women aged <50 years with incident invasive breast cancer diagnosed in 1996 to 2017, and for 18,171 closely matched controls. On average, 7.3 (standard deviation [SD] 4.6) years of clinical records were available for each case and their matched controls prior to the date of diagnosis. Conditional logistic regression yielded odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of breast cancer by the hormonal contraceptive type last prescribed, controlled for age, GP practice, body mass index, number of recorded births, time since last birth, and alcohol intake. MEDLINE and Embase were searched for observational studies published between 01 January 1995 and 01 November 2022 that reported on the association between current or recent progestagen-only contraceptive use and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Fixed effects meta-analyses combined the CPRD results with previously published results from 12 observational studies for progestagen-only preparations. Overall, 44% (4,195/9,498) of women with breast cancer and 39% (7,092/18,171) of matched controls had a hormonal contraceptive prescription an average of 3.1 (SD 3.7) years before breast cancer diagnosis (or equivalent date for controls). About half the prescriptions were for progestagen-only preparations. Breast cancer ORs were similarly and significantly raised if the last hormonal contraceptive prescription was for oral combined, oral progestagen-only, injected progestagen, or progestagen-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs): ORs = 1.23 (95% CI [1.14 to 1.32]; p < 0.001), 1.26 (95% CI [1.16 to 1.37]; p < 0.001), 1.25 (95% CI [1.07 to 1.45]; p = 0.004), and 1.32 (95% CI [1.17 to 1.49]; p < 0.001), respectively. Our meta-analyses yielded significantly raised relative risks (RRs) for current or recent use of progestagen-only contraceptives: oral = 1.29 (95% CI [1.21 to 1.37]; heterogeneity χ25 = 6.7; p = 0.2), injected = 1.18 (95% CI [1.07 to 1.30]; heterogeneity χ28 = 22.5; p = 0.004), implanted = 1.28 (95% CI [1.08 to 1.51]; heterogeneity χ23 = 7.3; p = 0.06), and IUDs = 1.21 (95% CI [1.14 to 1.28]; heterogeneity χ24 = 7.9; p = 0.1). When the CPRD results were combined with those from previous published findings (which included women from a wider age range), the resulting 15-year absolute excess risk associated with 5 years use of oral combined or progestagen-only contraceptives in high-income countries was estimated at: 8 per 100,000 users from age 16 to 20 years and 265 per 100,000 users from age 35 to 39 years. The main limitation of the study design was that, due to the nature of the CPRD data and most other prescription databases, information on contraceptive use was recorded during a defined period only, with information before entry into the database generally being unavailable. This means that although our findings provide evidence about the short-term associations between hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk, they do not provide information regarding longer-term associations, or the impact of total duration of contraceptive use on breast cancer risk. This study provides important new evidence that current or recent use of progestagen-only contraceptives is associated with a slight increase in breast cancer risk, which does not appear to vary by mode of delivery, and is similar in magnitude to that associated with combined hormonal contraceptives. Given that the underlying risk of breast cancer increases with advancing age, the absolute excess risk associated with use of either type of oral contraceptive is estimated to be smaller in women who use it at younger rather than at older ages. Such risks need be balanced against the benefits of using contraceptives during the childbearing years.

Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception: a Cochrane systematic review

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic events. Individuals with COVID-19 using hormonal contraception could be at additional risk for thromboembolism, but evidence is sparse.MethodsWe...

Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception.

Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception.

Thin endometrial lining: is it more prevalent in patients utilizing preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disease (PGT-M) and related to prior hormonal contraceptive use?

Is a thin endometrial lining before ovulation triggering more prevalent in patients utilizing preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disease (PGT-M) compared to the regular IVF/ICSI population and is this associated with prior hormonal contraceptive use? Thin (<8 mm) endometrial lining is more prevalent in PGT-M patients compared to the regular IVF/ICSI population and is associated with both longer prior hormonal contraceptive use and a shorter cessation interval of hormonal contraceptives before IVF/ICSI treatment. Thin endometrial lining has been associated with lower pregnancy rates in IVF/ICSI cycles and increased chances of miscarriage and low birth weight. Endometrial thinning and atrophy occur during hormonal contraceptive use. Patients utilizing PGT-M typically use hormonal contraceptives up until treatment to avoid the risk of conception of a genetically affected child. Whether this could negatively affect endometrial thickness achieved during subsequent IVF/ICSI cycles is not known. A retrospective case control study was performed, including all PGT-M patients attending the University Medical Centre Groningen (cases), between 2009 and 2018. The control group consisted of two non-PGT IVF/ICSI patients for each PGT-M patient, matched for age and treatment period. First cycles of 122 PGT-M patients and 240 controls were included. Cessation interval of hormonal contraceptives was categorized as late cessation (cessation <1 year prior to treatment) or early cessation (>1 year prior to treatment). Endometrial thickness was routinely measured on the day of hCG triggering or 1 day prior. The prevalence of an endometrial lining <8 mm was compared between PGT-M patients and controls. Hormonal contraceptive use (both duration and cessation interval) was compared between both groups. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for thin endometrial lining. In addition, cycle and pregnancy outcomes were compared within control/PGT-M groups between patients with endometrial lining > or <8 mm. Thin endometrial lining on the day of hCG triggering was found significantly more often in the PGT-M group, compared to controls: 32% vs 11% (mean difference 21.0%, 95% CI: 11.7, 30.3%). As expected, more patients in the PGT-M group ceased their hormonal contraception late (<1 year): 64% vs 2% in the control group (mean difference 61.9%, 95% CI: 53.0, 70.8%). Average duration of hormonal contraceptive use was 10.6 years in the PGT-M group vs 9.3 years in controls (mean difference 1.3 years, 95% CI: 0.2, 2.3 years). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified late cessation (OR: 6.0, 95% CI: 1.9-19.2) and duration of prior hormonal contraceptive use (OR per year increase 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2) as significant independent risk factors for a thin endometrial lining. In relation to outcome, we found a statistically significant increase in miscarriage rate in PGT-M patients with an endometrial lining <8 mm compared to those with an endometrial lining >8 mm (20.0% vs 1.7%, mean difference 18.3%, 95% CI: 2.3, 34.3%). A trend towards lower birth weight and gestation- and gender-adjusted birth weight (z-score) was also found in this group. No statistically significant differences were detected in pregnancy rate, live birth rate, or incidence of preterm delivery or SGA. Within the control group, no statistically significant differences were found in outcomes between patients with an endometrial lining <8 compared to an endometrial lining >8 mm. The study is retrospective. Various types of hormonal contraceptives were reported which possibly exert different effects on the endometrial lining. In relation to pregnancy outcome measures, numbers were very limited; therefore, no firm conclusions should be drawn. This study provides further insight into the role of prior hormonal contraceptive use as a possible contributor to the occurrence of thin endometrial lining during ART treatment. Future studies should provide more information on its clinical relevance, to determine whether PGT-M patients can be reassured, or should be counselled to stop hormonal contraceptive use and change to an alternative contraceptive method prior to PGT treatment. No specific funding was used and no conflicts of interests are declared. N/A.

Association Between Hormonal Contraceptives and Cervical Neoplasia in Local Population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Background: Hormonal contraception and the risk of developing cervical cancer is a contentious topic. These debates may reduce the popularity of hormonal birth control. Objectives: The goal of this study is to assess the prevalence of Cervical Smear abnormalities among Peshawar's multiethnic population in relation to the usage of hormonal contraceptives. Methods: This was a Case Control Study conducted on the females visiting DHQ Teaching Hospital Swabi, RHSC (A) KTH, HMC, LRH and FWC’s in district Peshawar who were persistent long-term users for more than 5 years of any type of hormonal contraception. The study was conducted during the period from 1st August, 2021 to 30th January, 2022. We made two groups, one who had never used any method of contraception and the other persistent users of hormonal contraception. After approval from ethical committee and an informed consent of the client, enrollment in the study was made. Results: A total of 300 patients were included in this study. 150 were cases whereas 150 were controls. Mean and SDs For Age 30+4.6 28+4.92. In the hormonal group, for type of contraceptives used, 98 (65.33%) patients used injectable, 40 (26.66%) patients used OCP whereas 12 (8%) patients used implants. As per frequencies and percentages for duration of use of contraceptives in the hormonal group, 120 (80%) were using different types of contraceptives for less than or equal to seven years whereas 30 (20%) were found using contraceptives for more than seven years As per frequencies and percentages for smear results in both groups, only 3 (2%) patients were found having atypical smear results who using injectable contraceptives for more than seven years however in the control group only 02 (1.33%) patient were having atypical smear results. Conclusion: Our research did not identify any correlation between using birth control and having an abnormal Pap smear. Additional prospective research is needed. Keywords: Pap smear, Abnormal, and Oral Contraceptive Pill (OCP).

Hormonal contraception and risk of breast cancer and breast cancer in situ among Swedish women 15-34 years of age: A nationwide register-based study.

SummaryBackgroundEvidence on a possible association between newer hormonal contraceptives (HC) and risk of breast cancer remains inconclusive, especially as concerns progestogen-only methods.MethodsIn this nationwide prospective cohort study, all Swedish women aged 15–34 at study start on January 1st 2005, or who turned 15 years during the study period, were followed until December 31st 2017. Using information from seven National Registers, we assessed the risk ratio of developing breast cancer and breast cancer in situ in relation to different HC using Poisson regression. We adjusted the analyses for several known confounders of breast cancer.FindingsThis cohort included 1.5 million women providing more than 14 million person-years. During the study period, 3842 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Compared with never users of any HC, we found no increased risk of developing breast cancer among current users of any combined HC, IRR 1.03 (0.91–1.16), whereas current users of progestogen-only methods had an increased risk of developing breast cancer, IRR 1.32 (1.20–1.45). Across all types of HC, the risk of developing breast cancer appeared to be highest the first five years of use (combined HC IRR 1.39 (1.14–1.69); progestogen-only methods IRR 1.74 (1.44–2.10). The risk disappeared ten years after the women stopped using HC. The absolute risk of breast cancer per 100,000 women-years was 22.4 for never users, 10.9 for current users of combined HC, and 29.8 for current users of progestogen-only methods.InterpretationCurrent use of progestogen-only methods is associated with a small increased risk of developing breast cancer, whereas we could only detect an increased risk among users of combined HC during the first five years of use. This may partly be explained by a selective prescription of progestogen-only methods to women with risk factors for breast cancer, like smoking or obesity. As the absolute risk of breast cancer was small, the many health benefits associated with HC must also be taken into account in contraceptive counselling.FundingThis study was funded by the Swedish Cancer Society and by the Uppsala County Council, the Faculty of Medicine at Uppsala University.

GAMBARAN PENGGUNAAN KB HORMONAL DENGAN SIKLUS MENSTRUASI DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS GAMBIRSARI SURAKARTA

Introduction: Hormonal contraception is a type of contraception that contains estrogen and progestron hormones and a combination of both. Types of hormonal contraception consist of pills, injections, implants and one of the side effects of using hormonal contraception is a disruption of the menstrual cycle. Objective: to describe the use of hormonal birth control with the menstrual cycle in the working area of ​​the Surakarta Gambirsari Health Center. Method: Type of quantitative descriptive research. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. The instrument used is a checklist. Results: based on the results of the 3-month injection univariate KB test as many as 95 (26.2%) experienced a change in elongated menstrual cycle&gt; 35 days by 70 (35.5%), implantable family planning with respondents 83 (22.9%) experiencing prolonged menstrual cycles &gt; 35 days 66 (33.3%), 1 month injection KB with respondents 93 (25.6%) also experienced changes in the normal menstrual cycle 23-35 days 52 (39.1%), birth control pills with 92 respondents (25, 3%) the majority experienced a normal menstrual cycle of 23-35 days as many as 62 (66.0%). Conclusion: Most family planning acceptors have normal menstrual cycles. 1 month injection KB acceptors have the majority of normal menstrual cycles. Actors with 3 months injection KB are mostly long menstrual cycles. Most implantable KB acceptors have a long menstrual cycle.&#x0D; Key Words: Hormonal, KB, Menstrual Cycle

Use of hormonal contraception and attempted suicide: a nested case-control study

IntroductionIn Finland more than 40% of fertile aged women used some type of hormonal contraception (HC) in the period 2010-2013. A proportion of women using HC complains of side effects, including mood symptoms. The relationship between the use of HC and the risk of attempted suicide (AS) is still a matter of debate.ObjectivesTo assess the association of the use of HC with the risk of AS during 2017-2019.MethodsData were retrieved from the Prescription Centre, Care Register of Health Care, Register of Primary Health Care Visits and Statistics Finland. A total of 587 823 women, aged 15-49 years, using and not using HC in 2017 were analysed in the initial incidence study. All incident AS cases during 2018-2019, and their 4:1 age-matched controls (1 174 346 person-years) were analysed in a nested case-control setting via conditional logistic regression models.ResultsAltogether 818 AS cases occurred during the follow-up (incidence rate: 0.70/1000 person-years, 95% CI 0.65–0.75), with an IRR of HC vs. no-HC use of 0.73 (0.63–0.83). Current use (in the 180 days before the event) of estradiol- or ethinylestradiol-containing HC was associated with a lower risk of AS (0.53, 0.33–0.87; 0.49, 0.37–0.64, respectively) compared to non-use of HC. After controlling for covariates (marital and socioeconomic status, education level, use of psychotropic medications), only current use of HC containing ethinylestradiol remained significant (0.39, 0.23–0.65).ConclusionsA lower risk of AS is associated with the use of HC, and specifically of ethinylestradiol-containing HC.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

The association between hormonal contraceptive use and smoking, negative affect, and cessation attempts in college females

Exogenous and endogenous female hormones influence nicotine use and cessation, potentially through mechanisms such as anxiety and negative affect. In the present study, college females using all types of hormonal contraceptives (HC) were compared to those not using HC to determine the potential influence on current smoking, negative affect, and current and past cessation attempts. Differences between progestin-only and combination HC were also examined. Of the 1,431 participants, 53.2% (n = 761) reported current HC use, and 12.3% (n = 176) of participants endorsed current smoking. Women currently using HC were significantly more likely to smoke (13.5%; n = 103) compared to women not using HC (10.9%; n = 73), p = .04. There was a significant main effect of HC use being associated with lower anxiety levels (p = .005), as well as a significant HC use by smoking status interaction, such that women who smoke using HC reported the lowest levels of anxiety among participants (p = .01). Participants using HC were more likely to be making a current attempt to quit smoking than those not using HC (p = .04) and were more likely to have made past quit attempts (p = .04). No significant differences were observed across women using progestin-only, combined estrogen and progestin, and women not using HC. These findings provide evidence that exogenous hormones may be an advantageous treatment target and that they warrant additional study.