Types Of Gender-based Violence Research Articles

Prevalence and patterns of gender-based violence among adolescent girls fetching water in Peri-Urban Settings of Kinshasa, DR Congo

ABSTRACT In water-scarcity contexts, girls fetching water are exposed to gender-based violence (GBV), for which prevalence, types, and forms were unknown in the Peri-Urban Settings of Kinshasa. A cross-sectional study using multi-stage random sampling technique to select 684 adolescent girls was conducted to assess the extent of water scarcity and GBV affecting adolescent girls while fetching water. Findings indicate that 98.2% of adolescent girls were dealing with water shortage; 99.9% experienced at least one type of GBV, of which 97.1, 95.5, and 44.9% experienced sexual, psychological, and physical violence, respectively. Moral violence was more frequent at water points; physical violence in the household, while sexual violence was prevalent on the water route. Adolescent girls' age, weekly involvement in water collection, and distance were found to be the main factors associated with GBV, whereas reducing the number of daily round-trips, the distance travelled, and time devoted to water collection were found to be mitigating factors limiting GBV experience among adolescent girls. Policies promoting the at-home provision of water and community awareness-raising interventions will mitigate the GBV incidence.

Understanding Domestic Violence Among Older Women in Ukraine: A Secondary Analysis Using Gender-Based Violence Screening Data.

This secondary descriptive analysis sought to understand Gender-Based Violence (GBV), with a focus on Domestic Violence (DV), among older women in Ukraine's conflict setting. Analysis was conducted on a subsample of 150 women aged 60+ from GBV-Information Management System intake data of 12,480 GBV survivors. Fisher's exact tests were used to compare differences in GBV incidents among women who experienced DV compared to other types of GBV. Using United Nations humanitarian and aging frameworks, qualitative analysis was completed following two rounds of coding. Sixty percent of women aged ≥60 experienced DV. Local women were more likely to experience DV versus displaced women (85.6% vs. 48.3%, p < .001). Six core themes emerged: experiencing versus witnessing violence, intergenerational conflict, livelihoods, alcohol, humiliation, and neglect. Deeper understanding of DV among older women in humanitarian settings is needed, strengthening a call to action to prioritize protection against, and prevention of, GBV more broadly among this marginalized group.

Qualitative perspectives on COVID-19, interpersonal violence, and interventions to improve well-being from adolescent girls and young women in Kisumu, Kenya.

Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) face a high burden of gender-based violence (GBV) worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated policies led to global increases in GBV, decreased access to resources, and disruptions of pathways to care. We aimed to understand the effects of COVID-19 on AGYW affected by GBV in Kisumu, Kenya, as well as to identify possible interventions to mitigate those effects. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with AGYW aged 15-25 with a history of exposure to GBV. AGYW were split into age-matched groups; aged 15-19 for younger groups and 19-25 for older groups. Discussions focused on how COVID-19 affected experiences of GBV, access to care services, economic and social outcomes, and opportunities for interventions to mitigate negative impacts of COVID-19 and violence. Five FGDs with 46 AGYW were completed in June-September 2021. AGYW described increases in all types of GBV, particularly sexual abuse and intimate partner violence. Early marriage and subsistence transactional sex also increased. AGYW described violence as both a cause and effect of poor economic, social and health consequences related to the pandemic. Notably, AGYW emphasized stress, lack of mental health support and increased substance use as risk factors for violence, and discussed the deleterious mental health effects of violence-particularly in the wake of disruption of mental health services. COVID-19 disrupted referrals to violence-related services, and reduced access to both medical services and psychosocial services. AGYW believed that interventions focused on improving mental health as well as economic empowerment would be the most feasible and acceptable in mitigating the negative effects of COVID-19 and related exacerbations in violence. AGYW reported increases in almost all forms of GBV during the pandemic, with related exacerbation in mental health. Concurrently, AGYW endorsed decreased access to care services. As there is no evidence that violence and mental health challenges will quickly resolve, there is an urgent need to identify and implement interventions to mitigate these negative effects.

Gender-based violence among healthcare students: Prevalence, description and associated factors.

The aims of the current study were 1) to provide the prevalence of five types of gender-based violence (GBV) among male and female healthcare students; 2) to describe perpetrators' status, where the GBV occurred, and psychological and behavioural impacts of the GBV; and 3) to identify factors associated with GBV. A cross-sectional study was conducted among voluntary healthcare students in France. Health Campus at Rouen and nursing schools in Normandy, France. Volunteer healthcare students of 18 years and over. Five types of GBV were recorded: GBV1: damage to a person's image due to a sexual connotation on social networks, GBV2: sexist remarks and behaviour, GBV3: comments with sexual connotations, GBV4: sexual assaults and GBV5: rape or attempted rape. Perpetrators' status, where the GBV occurred, psychological and behavioural impacts of GBV were also recorded. One thousand one hundred and fifty-two students were included. The mean age was 20.8 years (SD = 2.26), 82.6% of students were women (0.4% non-binary). Since the beginning of their healthcare study, 41.2% of students CI 95% [39.7-42.6] were victim of at least one type of GBV: 15.8% among men CI 95% [13.2-18.4] and 46.0% CI 95% [44.4-47.6] among women (p < 0.001). The perpetrators were student peers, regardless of the type of GBV, healthcare workers for the GB2 and GBV3, and patients except for GBV5. The main consequences of GBV on health was psychological and eating related. After multivariate analysis, being a woman, LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bi, Trans, Queer and other), a nurse, a physiotherapist student, having a job, living with roommates and year of study were risk factors for GBV. GBV is so common at healthcare universities and could have such severe consequences for students that more work is needed to generate a culture change and ensure safe learning environments.

What Is Justice? Perspectives of Victims-Survivors of Gender-Based Violence.

This article explores "how do victims-survivors of gender-based violence (GBV) experience and perceive justice?" based on interviews with 251 victims-survivors with experience of different types of GBV and criminal, civil, and family justice systems. Victims-survivors were found to have multiple perceptions of justice, related to different points in their journey following abuse and regarding individual, community, and societal responses. Perceptions relate to accountability; fairness in outcome and process; protection from future harm; recognition; agency; empowerment; affective justice; reparation; and social transformation. Current understandings of justice in legislative and policy approaches reproduce the "justice gap" by failing to take account of how survivors themselves understand and demand justice.

Evidence generation for sustained impact in the response to gender-based violence: lessons from the SRHR Africa Trust Zimbabwe.

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive problem in Zimbabwe, affecting women and girls. The types of GBV that are prevalent in Zimbabwe include sexual violence, intimate partner violence, and child marriage. The issue of evidence generation remains crucial in developing interventions that are tailor-made for GBV response. In an attempt to build pathways for the strengthening of GBV programming and to influence policy change, the Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) Africa Trust (SAT) Zimbabwe conducted a secondary data review of GBV cases recorded in 2018 and 2019 in collaboration with the Zimbabwe Republic Police (Victim Friendly Unit) to understand the incidence of and the driving factors underlying GBV in Zimbabwe, including context-specific information with regard to sexual violence and an overview of perpetrator types. The study proffered recommendations that focus on the importance of improving GBV reporting and programming in Zimbabwe. The study establishes that the driving factors for physical violence include poverty, infidelity, and alcohol and drug abuse, while sexual violence is perpetrated by intimate partners and close relatives, among other driving factors.

War-related sexual and gender-based violence in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: a community-based study

IntroductionSexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) during armed conflicts has serious ramifications with women and girls disproportionally affected. The impact of the conflict that erupted in November 2020 in Tigray on...

Forms of gender-based violence in the conditions of armed conflict (martial law)

The problem of gender-based violence in the conditions of armed conflict (martial law) in Ukraine is urgent and important. It has been stressed that the definition “gender-based violence” is used in international law, Ukrainian legislation and in scientific researches. Simultaneously this term is being applied in description of any harmful effect caused against human’s will and is based on socially determined differences between men and women. Whereas men and boys can be victims of certain types of gender-based violence (in particular sexual), usually such violence is directed against women and girls. After consideration of scientists’ approaches concerning determination of forms (types) of gender-based violence it has been noted that they allow to establish that only certain ones emphasizes on their commission during armed conflicts (namely violence during war, conflict and post-conflict situations). Provisions of international humanitarian law are not being taken into account as well.With regard to the provisions of international humanitarian law based on international legal acts in the fields of human rights protection and protection of the victims of armed conflicts a classification of gender-based violence in the conditions of armed conflict (martial law) has been suggested as follows: 1) on the type of the conflict – international and non-international; 2) on the person of the victim – against women, men and children; 3) on the status of the victim – civil population and prisoners of war; 4) on the type of violence – physical (violence against life and health, namely all types of homicide, mutilation, abuse and torture; hostage taking; conviction and application of punishment without prior court decision made by a proper established court which provides judicial guarantees recognized by civilized nations as necessary); sexual (rape; threats and attempts of any type of rape or any other sexual assaults; genital mutilation; sexual slavery; sexual torture; forced prostitution; forced pregnancy; forced sterilization and forced abortion; forced nudity, forced to contemplate sexual acts; sexual violence and other acts of sexual nature); psychological (insult to human dignity, in particular offensive and humiliating treatment); economic (deprivation of housing, food, clothes, other property, money or documents).

Social punishment by the distribution of aggressive TikTok videos against women in a traditional society

PurposeOnline violence has been rampant in the past decade, intensifying the victims’ suffering owing to its rapid dissemination to vast audiences. This study aims to focus on online gender-based violence directed against young Bedouin women who have left their male-dominated home territory for academic studies. This study examined how the backlash against these students, intended to stop changes in traditional gender roles, is reflected in offensive TikTok videos.Design/methodology/approachThis research is based on a qualitative-thematic analysis of 77 questionnaires and 30 semistructured in-depth interviews with first-year female Bedouin students aged 18–21 years.FindingsThe backlash was widespread, with young Bedouin men using offensive videos as “proof” that women have violated codes of honor and morality. The videos exhibited four types of gender-based violence: claims of immoral behavior, aggressive captions that take the footage out of context, allegations of immodest clothing and digital photo editing that produced fabricated results. Examining participants' reactions to the videos, this study revealed two patterns of response: passive acceptance of the situation and an active approach that included reaching out to powerful Bedouin men for solutions.Originality/valueThis research enriches the literature on online gender-based violence, particularly against women in traditional societies, and suggests practical steps: developing online media literacy in traditional societies, adopting a proactive approach and nurturing social self-competence in women who have been victims of online gender-based violence.

Coping strategies among women exposed to Gender-Based violence in Turkey.

To understand coping strategies used by women experiencing gender-based violence and living in Turkey. Coping is a cognitive and behavioural strategy that individuals develop to manage stress, generally categorized as emotion-focused or problem-focused coping. Women exposed to gender-based violence develop various coping strategies to manage stress and its adverse mental and physical health effects. Qualitative study using the phenomenological approach. Data were collected in Turkey by using the snowball technique (n=17) between September 2019 and September 2020. The Clinical Ethnographic Narrative Interview is the source of the qualitative data for this study. Data were coded manually and utilized the RADAR technique. Seventeen women aged 25-40 were included in this analysis. Women stated that they were exposed to more than one type of gender-based violence according to their lived experiences. Analysis of the nature of coping strategies revealed five main themes. The themes were self-competence, separation from others/isolation, getting professional help, having faith and social support. Breaking the silence and listening to gender-based violence experiences from survivors' voices contribute significantly to literature. There was a dearth of research on Turkish women's gender-based violence survivors; the research intended to address that gap. The participants highlighted that they would like to receive more attention and felt relief in sharing their experiences. The Clinical Ethnographic Narrative Interview is a great tool to explore narratives of gender-based violence and coping skills of women. The study explored coping strategies of Turkish women's gender-based violence survivors. The participants indicated their emotion-focused and problem-solving coping strategies and shared their stories. This study will enhance efforts to concentrate on gender-based violence among Turkish women and inspire other researchers, practitioners and policymakers to change and provide more opportunities for the benefit and well-being of these women.

Finding Justice in Cyberspace: The Wickedness of Online Gender-Based Violence (GBV)

Gender-Based Violence in Indonesia is generally divided into two categories; kekerasan berdasarkan ranah personal (GBV that takes place in a private setting) and kekerasan berdasarkan komunitas dan negara (GBV that takes place in a public setting). Aside from this, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light an equally concerning form of GBV, online GBV. While both have their complexities, there seems to be a jarring gap in how current policy handles offline and online. The objectives of this research are two-fold: (1) to examine online GBV within the context of Indonesia; (2) to explore the nexus between theory and practice regarding online GBV. We found that although both types of GBV are shrouded in hegemonic masculinity, the added layer of the online space makes online GBV more complex, making it a Wicked Problem. The concept of a Wicked Problem is often used to descibe issues with high complexity making it difficult to solve Though at the time of write UU TPKS had not been legalized, the 10 year strugle behind it shows the wickedness behind this issue. As UU TPKS has yet to be implemented, we suggest upscaling grassroot feminist or pro-gender organizations in effort to spread awareness and further combat online GBV.

ENORMITY AND PATTERNS OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE AT KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGE CAMPUSES

Purpose: To unravel the socio-demographic factors, assess knowledge, awareness and institutional factors that are associated with gender based violence at KMTC campuses.&#x0D; Methodology: A semi structured questionnaire was utilized to conduct a cross-sectional descriptive study of 302 participants, yielding to 300 responses.&#x0D; Findings: The study findings divulged that (81) 27% of 302 participants had experienced Gender Based Violence (GBV) at the institution and its community. Majority of the respondents were aged 31 years and above. The predictors of GBV at KMTC among staff with statistically significance were: Level of education (χ2 (df=4) =72.54, p=0.01), the type of GBV especially sexual and economic abuse (χ2 (df=4) =72.57, p=0.00), lack of GBV policy in place and lack of GBV recovery centres p=0.00 respectively. In conclusion level of education, the type of GBV, lack of GBV policy in place and lack of GBV recovery centres were pin pointed as the most imperative prognosticators that were associated with GBV.&#x0D; Unique contribution of theory, practice and policy: The study recommends KMTC as a government institution to strengthen the policies already in use about GBV at the college, to health educate its staff about GBV especially sexual and physical abuse via workshops and seminars, to set up GBV recovery centres in every region of Kenya in the respective major campuses and employ qualified staff who can be able to provide GBV services such as counselling, screening and treatment to its staff, students and community at large.

Sexual and gender harassment and use of psychotropic medication among Swedish workers: a prospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo estimate the prospective association between the exposure to three types of gender-based violence and harassment (GBVH) and psychotropic medication.MethodsInformation on three measures of workplace GBVH—sexual harassment (1) from superiors...

The scourge of gender-based violence (GBV) on women plaguing South Africa

Despite the existence of a constitutional legal framework, criminal sanctions to address violent behaviour by men are not enough. The killing of women by men has reached a disproportionate crescendo in South Africa. It is critical, that as a society we denounce the continuation of this trend and address the underlying causes of violent masculinity and physical abuse against women. Social norms, religious and traditional values, patriarchy, and gender relationships contribute to dominant notions of masculinity, which eventually undermine women's inalienable right of existence. Developing strategies to mitigate against intimate partner Gender-Based Violence is imperatively needed to curb these physical attacks on women. The purpose of this article is to highlight some forms and the causes of Gender-Based Violence, the impact of it, and with aim of finding lasting solutions to it. Some of the findings of the author are, first, religion has played a fundamental role to perpetuate gender-based Violence on women over time. Second, a clear understanding of different types of Gender-Based Violence is needed by both men and women in society before. Gender-Based Violence if not controlled and eliminated can lead to femicide as we have seen in South Africa in recent years. Third, more protective laws for women need to be properly implemented within our criminal justice process. Tougher and stiffer punishment for perpetrators of Gender-Based Violence is needed to curb the scourge of femicide, plaguing us in South Africa.

Gender-based violence and suicidal ideation among Indian women from slums: An examination of direct and indirect effects of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms.

India accounts for 36.6% of suicide-related deaths among women worldwide. One social determinant of suicide in India is gender-based violence (GBV), and it disproportionately affects women from poorer socioeconomic classes. Although Indian women from slums are at high risk of GBV, the direct and indirect relationships between types of GBV and suicidal ideation (SI) for Indian women remain unexplored. This study examined: (a) the direct associations between types of GBV and SI and (b) indirect associations between GBV and risk for SI through depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Trauma-exposed Indian women were recruited (N = 112); 98 completed a trauma screen, PHQ-9, GAD-7, and PCL-5 in Hindi. Traumatic events were categorized as GBV overlapping with Criterion A trauma (CA-GBV), emotional/economic GBV without Criterion A (E-GBV), and Criterion A without GBV (CA). The relation between trauma types and SI was examined through the indirect role of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Logistic regression analyses revealed that CA-GBV was associated with higher odds of SI than other trauma types. This relationship was explained through the indirect role of depression symptom severity after accounting for other trauma types, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Results align with research showing that CA-GBV is particularly pernicious and affects SI. While anxiety and PTSD symptoms are related to CA-GBV, results suggest the relative importance of depression severity in the relation between CA-GBV and SI. Screening for SI among GBV survivors and treating depression symptoms may reduce the risk of suicide. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Study On Types Of Gender-Based Violence Against Female Health Extension Workers: The Case Of Paweworeda, Benishangulgumuz Regional State

Gender-based violence is a widely practiced violence that often targets women and because of this unlawful act woman are placed in subordinated position across the world. Gender-based violence are visible in all kind of formal professions where women are involved. Likewise, women involved in health profession are victim of gender-based violence. Among the different health professions, health extension work is the one where gender-based violence is practiced. However, little has known so far about the gender-based violence aspect of health extension workers especially in Ethiopia. Taking in to account of this knowledge gap, this study is trying to explore the types of gender-based violence against health extension workers at Pawe woreda. To achieve the proposed objective, qualitative research approach with case study design was employed. The interviewees and the focus group discussants were selected by using purposive sampling technique whereas the key informants were selected by using availability sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed by applying thematic data analysis technique. The study found out that psychological, physical, sexual and economic violence as the types of gender-based violence that perpetrated against health extension workers. Finally, conclusion and future direction for intervention were highlighted in line with the major findings of the study.

Factors Associated with Gender-Based Violence Perpetration by Male High School Students in Eastern Ethiopia.

Gender-based violence (GBV) perpetration is a severe problem among youths in schools and the community at large. As most studies focused on adults, this study aimed to investigate factors associated with GBV by male high school students in eastern Ethiopia. An institutional based cross-sectional survey was conducted with 1,109 male students aged 15-24 years in eastern Ethiopia in December 2018 using self-administered WHO Multi-Country Study on Women's Health and Life Events and UN Multi-Country study on perpetration. Poisson regression model was used to determine the prevalence ratio. Multivariable analysis showed that having girlfriend, chewing khat, drinking alcohol, watching pornography and being sexually active increased the prevalence of perpetrating any type of GBV (emotional, physical, sexual, and overall GBV) by young male in the last 12 months. Compared to those who did not smoke tobacco, smokers had an prevalence of perpetrating emotional violence (adj. PrR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.03-1.44) and any type of GBV (adj. PrR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.00-1.31). Young males who had a mother who had completed Grade 9-12 (adj. PrR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.59-0.96) had a 25% lower prevalence of perpetrating emotional violence compared to male students who had an illiterate mother. Young males who had used illicit drugs, smoked shisha (adj. PrR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.10-1.77), and were married (adj. PrR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.15-3.12) had a higher prevalence of perpetrating sexual violence compared to young males who hadn't used smoked shisha and were not married, respectively. Young males who had discussed reproductive health with their family (adj. PrR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.03-1.24) and who chewed khat (adj. PrR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.02-1.55) had a higher prevalence of perpetrating any GBV compared to young men who hadn't discussed reproductive health with their parents and who hadn't chewed khat, respectively. Any type of GBV (emotional, sexual, or physical violence) was significantly associated with several individual and relationship factors. Effective prevention and intervention programs should be focused on education of the influence of pornography, prevention of substance use and interventions for those in romantic relationships could all assist in reducing GBV.

LGBTI Sexualities and intersectional research

We examine testimonies pertaining to the integration of a gender perspective beyond the dichotomy man-woman into practices of affective-sexual adult learning and education (ALE). We are interested in inclusive practices able to expand voices from specific vulnerable groups against discriminations and multiple oppressions among the aged when belonging to LGBTI Communities. The framework is based on post-feminist contributions, to allow for a democratic understanding of gender equality as well as to integrate population sectors suffering from different types of gender-based violence, such as non-heterosexual, trans and intersex people. The narrative literature review method was chosen, and international scientific search engines and databases were consulted to find literature in Portuguese, Spanish and English. A total of 25 educational interventions were selected for analysis. To discuss the data, we resorted to Barragán’s (1996) theoretical models. The results show a small number of internationally documented experiences on affective-sexual education with the elderly and adults

Factors associated with experiencing sexual violence among female gender-based violence survivors in conflict-afflicted eastern Ukraine

BackgroundSince 2014, over 1.6 million people have been forcibly displaced by the conflict in eastern Ukraine. In 2014, 8% of reproductive-aged women in Ukraine had ever experienced sexual violence, compared to 5% in 2007. This increase was driven by non-domestic sexual violence. Our study examined characteristics of women in eastern Ukraine receiving psychosocial services following sexual violence compared to survivors of other forms of gender-based violence.MethodsIntake data collected between February 2016 and June 2017 by psychosocial service providers in five conflict-affected areas of Ukraine from women, aged 15–49, (N = 8525), was analyzed. Descriptive analysis and covariate adjusted logistic and negative binomial regressions were used to identify socioeconomic, incident and access to services factors associated with having experienced sexual violence compared to other forms of violence.ResultsAmong this sample of survivors receiving psychosocial services, 2.6% (n = 220) reported experiencing sexual violence. A majority of sexual violence acts reported were committed by non-domestic perpetrators (61.4%); followed by intimate partners (25.9%). Almost half of sexual violence cases occurred at home (49.1%). Experiencing sexual violence was positively associated with being younger, single and internally displaced, and negatively with engaging in unpaid labor, such as childcare. Women who experienced sexual violence delayed seeking care by 4 days compared to other gender-based violence survivors. Sexual violence survivors were less likely than physical violence survivors to have reported the incident prior to receiving care (adjusted odds ratio = 0.39; 95% confidence interval = 0.28–0.54).ConclusionsNon-domestic and intimate partner sexual violence were both prevalent in our sample. Compared to survivors disclosing other types of gender-based violence, sexual violence survivors appear to face unique barriers to reporting and accessing timely care. Prevention and outreach programs tailored to the specific vulnerabilities, such as displacement status, and needs of sexual violence survivors in conflict settings are urgently needed.

Protection against Sexual Violence in the Colombian Legal Framework: Obstacles and Consequences for Women Victims.

Sexual violence is a type of gender-based violence (GBV), as it is one of the different types of violence that is exerted against women. Sexual violence infringes fundamental human rights, and denies women’s dignity and self-determination, personal development, and well-being. Despite international treaties and a regulatory framework that legally protects Colombian women against sexual violence, it is necessary to know the effectiveness of this regulatory framework in Colombia. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to examine criminal legislation on crimes of sexual violence in Colombia with a dual purpose: first, to analyze procedural guarantees for women victims of sexual violence; second, to determine obstacles for victims of sexual violence in accordance with the legal framework. We used a legal interpretation method to perform an analysis and interpret the law. The results found that, although sexual violence is considered a type of crime, procedural guarantees are not effective as victims encounter serious obstacles with negative consequences, such as the violation of fundamental human rights.