Types Of Forgiveness Research Articles

Spiritual Intelligence as a Mediator between Personality and Emotional and Decisional Forgiveness in Polish Adults

Forgiveness is a constructive method of dealing with interpersonal incidents. It is determined by many factors, including personality and spirituality. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationships between the Big Five personality traits, spiritual intelligence, and emotional and decisional forgiveness in a real situation. The study involved 396 Polish participants aged from 18 to 79. Four tools were used: the Abridged Big Five-Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C), the Emotional Forgiveness Scale (EFS), the Decision to Forgive Scale (DTFS), and the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24). The results demonstrated that personality traits positively correlated with aspects of spiritual intelligence and two types of forgiveness. Personal meaning production (PMP) and transcendental awareness (TA) mediated the relationship between personality and forgiveness, especially when accompanied by taking the decision to forgive. The ability to find meaning and deeper insight into difficult interpersonal incidents was found to be a possible way of linking personality with the forgiveness of others.

Resilience, Hope, And Forgiveness Among College Students

This study aimed to explore the relationship between resilience, hope, and forgiveness and the difference between forgiveness and hope regarding sex. The result of this study with a mixed method research design precisely sequential explanatory through follow-up is to create a model that will better understand the variables being explored from a Filipino perspective. The participants of this study included 250 college students from a university and were selected through nonprobability sampling, specifically quota sampling for the quantitative part of the study, and 15 college students to answer the interview. The study used a mixed method design, specifically sequential explanatory through follow-up design. There were three instruments used in the study, namely: Herth Hope Index, Heartland Forgiveness Scale, and Wagnild and Young's Resilience Scale, and validated interview questions. The results suggest a significant relationship between hope and resilience, but there is no significant relationship between hope and forgiveness. Additionally, when compared based on sex, it was found that there is no significant difference between forgiveness and hope. In terms of thematic analysis, themes formed out of the participants' experiences in life about resilience include positivity, adaptability towards circumstances, and toughening. In terms of perception of hope by the participants, faith, desire and possibility were the themes formed. Based on the participants' responses, two types of forgiveness have been formed, which include decisional and emotional forgiveness. As a person becomes more hopeful in his or her, he or she can also be resilient in facing adversities in life. Hope can be a source of resilience. However, it is not at all times that hope can influence the likelihood of forgiving people who have offended someone. There can be other factors that can make people forgive. Hope and forgiveness do not differ in terms of sex.

Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın Yordayıcıları: Çocukluk Çağı Travma Yaşantıları ve Affetme

Psychological resilience enables the person to come out of this situation in a strong way without being harmed after traumatic events. In our study, the relationship between experiencing childhood traumas, types of forgiveness and psychological resilience was examined. In addition, it was also investigated how childhood traumatic experiences and types of forgiveness (forgiving oneself, forgiving the situation, forgiving others) predict psychological resilience. In this study, which was conducted with the relational screening model, the relationships between the dependent variable “Psychological Resilience” and the independent variables “Childhood Traumas” and “Forgiveness” were examined by multiple linear regression analysis Enter method. Data were collected from a total of 366 participants, 236 of whom were women (64.5%) and 130 (35.5%) were men, living in the province of Istanbul. The Personal Information Form, Childhood Trauma Scale [CTS], Adult Resilience Scale [PDS] and Heartland Forgiveness Scale [HAS] were applied to the individuals in the sample. In the study, the relationships between the variables mentioned first were examined, the relationship was determined, and according to the results of the multiple linear regression analysis, it was determined that childhood traumas, self-forgiveness and forgiveness of the situation predicted psychological resilience, while forgiveness of others had no predictive effect. In the study, it was concluded that childhood trauma experiences negatively predicted psychological resilience, while self-forgiveness and forgiving the situation variables predicted it positively. It is thought that it is very important to study self-forgiveness, especially when working with childhood traumas in psychological trauma-based interventions and psychotherapy processes.

Relationships between guilt and forgiveness in university students

Aim: Guilt is defined as a self-conscious emotion generated from negative attributions of own behaviors. It is observed that people with guilt are less forgiving. There are different types of forgiveness. Guilt is expected to have a stronger effect on self-forgiveness than forgiving others and situations. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between guilt and different types of forgiveness in a group of university students.Methods: This research is in the correlational survey model. Research data was collected from 604 university students from Turkey in 2018. After confirming that the assumptions were adequately met, the relationships were examined through Pearson correlations and path (linear regression) analyses.Results: All variables were significantly correlated at the 0.01 statistical significance level. It was seen that the feeling of guilt predicted forgiveness and all sub-dimensions of forgiveness at a statistically significant level (p<0.01) but in the opposite direction. Thus, guilt strongly and adversely predicts forgiveness.Conclusion: Forgiveness is an important protective factor in increasing psychological resilience. Guilt stands out as an important risk factor for forgiveness. The most striking finding is that self-forgiveness is lower in individuals with a high sense of guilt. For this reason; as people’s sense of guilt decreases, it will be easier for them to forgive themselves. It is recommended that people who have difficulty in forgiving express their feelings of guilt as their other emotions in psychotherapy and psychological counseling sessions to help them relax and support their emotion regulation skills.

The Interplay between Divine, Victim, and Self-forgiveness: The Relationship between Three Types of Forgiveness and Psychological Outcomes

It is conceivable that one’s level of self-forgiveness is likely to be influenced by the extent to which one feels forgiven by God. Also, self-forgiveness, especially when the self-offense involves wronging another, is likely to be influenced by the extent to which one feels forgiven by the victim. Therefore, this study was aimed at simultaneously examining the interplay between divine, victim, and self-forgiveness as well as their effects on psychological outcomes. In Study 1, we examined the relative strength of divine and victim forgiveness as predictors of self-forgiveness and found that divine and victim forgiveness predicted self-forgiveness independently from each other. In Study 2, we examined the unique effects of three types of forgiveness on psychological outcomes and found that while all three types of forgiveness are associated with each other, after controlling for the other two types of forgiveness, self-forgiveness alone predicted anger, anxiety, and depression. A further analysis showed that self-forgiveness mediated the relationship between divine and victim forgiveness and psychological outcomes. In other words, divine and victim forgiveness contribute to self-forgiveness, which in turn lead to better psychological outcomes.

No type of forgiveness is an island: divine forgiveness, self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness

ABSTRACT Different types of forgiveness tend to be studied independently of each other. This study therefore investigated the interplay among divine forgiveness, self-forgiveness, and interpersonal forgiveness. Using two samples of 348 and 449 participants, we examined the relations among the three types of forgiveness and showed that they were positively correlated with each other. Divine forgiveness did not act as a third variable accounting for the relationship between self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness. However, divine forgiveness was shown to play a moderating role in the relationship between the two earthly types of forgiveness. Specifically, controlling for religiosity and impression management, divine forgiveness moderated their relationship in that self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness were more highly related to each other as levels of perceived divine forgiveness increased. The unique features of divine forgiveness that might account for its moderating role in the self-interpersonal forgiveness association are identified and avenues for further research are outlined.

Spiritually Motivated Self-Forgiveness and Divine Forgiveness, and Subsequent Health and Well-Being Among Middle-Aged Female Nurses: An Outcome-Wide Longitudinal Approach.

Background: Interest in the relationship between forgiveness and health is steadily growing across disciplines within the research community. While there are multiple forms of forgiveness, past research has focused principally on studying forgiveness of others, whereas longitudinal evidence on the associations between other forms of forgiveness and health remains scarce.Methods: Using longitudinal data from the Nurses’ Health Study II (from the 2008 Trauma Exposure and Post-traumatic Stress Supplementary Survey to 2015 questionnaire wave), this study employed an outcome-wide analytic approach to prospectively examine the association between two forms of religiously or spiritually motivated forgiveness, namely, self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness, and a wide array of subsequent psychosocial well-being, mental health, health behavior, and physical health outcomes among middle-aged female nurses (N = 54,703 for self-forgiveness; N = 51,661 for divine forgiveness). All models controlled for sociodemographic factors, prior religious service attendance, and prior values of all outcome variables wherever data were available. Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple testing.Results: Self-forgiveness was strongly associated with greater psychosocial well-being (e.g., for top vs. bottom level of self-forgiveness, β = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.25 for positive affect) and lower psychological distress (e.g., β = −0.21, 95% CI: −0.23, −0.18 for depressive symptoms). To a lesser extent, divine forgiveness was also associated with higher levels of psychological well-being and lower psychological distress. For both forgiveness types, there was little evidence of association with physical health or health behavior outcomes, though possible marginal evidence for an association of self-forgiveness with increased mortality.Discussion: This study provides novel evidence that religiously or spiritually motivated self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness are both positively related to several indicators of psychosocial well-being and inversely associated with psychological distress outcomes, whereas the associations with physical health and health behaviors are less clear. Further longitudinal investigation of the dynamics between these types of forgiveness and health and well-being is warranted.

Comparing Compassionate Love and Empathy as Predictors of Transgression-General and Transgression-Specific Forgiveness

For Christians, forgiveness is exhibiting Christlike love even when it seems impossible for the amount pain that the other has caused in the forgiver. However, empirical studies on the relationships between other-focused love and forgiveness are scarce. In this study, we explored the relationships between other-focused love, empathy, and forgiveness among Christian college students. Using the data from 263 students from a large private Christian university in Central Virginia, bivariate correlations between two types of forgiveness, compassionate love, and empathy were computed, and the contribution of demographic variables, compassionate love, and empathy to the prediction of transgression-general and transgression-specific forgiveness was examined using three-block multiple regression analyses. Compassionate love had significant positive associations with both transgression-general and transgression-specific forgiveness, and compassionate love predicted both types of forgiveness after controlling for age, gender, and empathy.

Forgiveness and Health Outcomes in Cancer Survivorship: A Scoping Review.

Religious and spiritual beliefs including forgiveness are an important aspect of cancer survivorship; however, the relationship between forgiveness and health is not well understood. The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping review that examines and maps the current research regarding relationships between forgiveness and health outcomes in individuals with cancer. We searched 5 electronic databases using key search terms related to forgiveness and cancer. Using a scoping review framework, we synthesized the existing literature regarding forgiveness and health among individuals with cancer and examined forgiveness as a process for coping with cancer. We located 277 articles for review; 24 met inclusion criteria. Forgiveness in interpersonal relationships emerged more often as forgiveness coping than other types of forgiveness. Most studies reported a positive association between forgiveness and mental health. Fewer studies were available regarding relationships between forgiveness and physical health, and findings were mixed. Forgiveness in interpersonal relationships is a spiritual concern for individuals with cancer. Addressing forgiveness needs may promote mental health in cancer survivors. More empirical evidence is needed to understand the role of forgiveness in physical health in individuals with cancer. Acknowledging forgiveness beliefs is a psychosocial-spiritual intervention that nurses can provide to support mental health in individuals with cancer. The potential role of forgiveness in physical health for individuals with cancer requires further study.

Self-Esteem Moderates the Effect of Compromising Thinking on Forgiveness Among Chinese Early Adolescents.

Forgiveness contributes to positive social relationships, which is critical for individual development, particularly for early adolescents. Most previous studies focused on the unique roles of cognitive factors (e.g., compromising thinking) and personality traits (e.g., self-esteem) in the process of developing forgiveness. However, sporadic research has examined their interactive effect on forgiveness from an integrated perspective. Given that forgiveness has been categorized into decisional and emotional forgiveness, this study aimed to examine the effects of compromising thinking on two types of forgiveness, and the moderating effects of self-esteem on the association between compromising thinking and forgiveness among early adolescents. A total of 1,009 Chinese primary and secondary school students (50.4% males; M age = 11.75, SD = 1.27) were recruited to complete three self-reported questionnaires. The results showed that compromising thinking predicted decisional forgiveness but not emotional forgiveness. Furthermore, self-esteem was identified to moderate the conditional effects of compromising thinking on decisional and emotional forgiveness. These findings advance a better understanding of the construct and mechanism of forgiveness, which can provide insights for targeted forgiveness interventions among early adolescents, such as compromising thinking instructions and self-esteem enhancement programs.

Divine, interpersonal and self-forgiveness: Independently related to depressive symptoms?

ABSTRACT Interpersonal forgiveness, self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness have all been related to depressive symptoms. But does each type of forgiveness account for unique variance in depression? Two studies examine this question. Study 1 (n = 574) showed that each form of forgiveness was related to concurrent depressive symptoms independently of the other two. The magnitude of the association was highest for self-forgiveness, followed by interpersonal forgiveness and then divine forgiveness. Study 2 (n = 446) provides a conceptual replication and extension of Study 1. Although all three types of forgiveness again accounted for unique variance in concurrent depressive symptoms, only interpersonal and self-forgiveness predicted depressive symptoms 10 weeks later. To help understand these findings the features of each type of forgiveness are re-examined. Several limitations of the studies and paths for future research are outlined.

“Mere” Christian Forgiveness: An Ecumenical Christian Conceptualization of Forgiveness through the Lens of Stress-And-Coping Theory

Forgiveness is a central theme within the Christian faith, yet Christian traditions sometimes vary in how they understand and approach the forgiveness process. Nevertheless, in this paper, we present an ecumenical model of Christian forgiveness that highlights the essential components that are shared across most Christian traditions. Importantly, rather than using a theological lens to develop and describe this model, we have primarily used a psychological lens. Specifically, we have adopted stress-and-coping theory as the psychological framework for understanding a Christian conceptualization of forgiveness. We identify four types of forgiveness (divine forgiveness, self-forgiveness, person-to-person forgiveness, and organizational–societal forgiveness) and describe a Christian conceptualization of each one, filtered through the psychological perspective of stress-and-coping theory.

"Opening a Door to a New Life": The Role of Forgiveness in Healing From Moral Injury.

For military veterans struggling with moral injury, forgiveness can become both an animating concern and a potential path to healing. In this perspective piece, we draw on our clinical work and research findings to examine why forgiveness matters to veterans who feel guilt and shame about their actions in war, what type of forgiveness is attainable and meaningful, and what role clinicians can play in facilitating forgiveness. We conclude by reflecting on the potential, as well as the limits and tensions, of forgiveness work in the context of military moral injury.

宽恕类型及其影响因素的研究述评

宽恕类型及其影响因素的研究述评

Two Cheers for Forgiveness (and Even Fewer for Revenge)

In this paper I critically discuss what has come to be known as the consensus or standard view of interpersonal forgiveness noting some of the paradoxes it appears to generate, how its conceptual resources seem unable to help illuminate several other varieties of forgiveness that are either themselves instances of interpersonal forgiving or at least types of forgiveness that a theory of interpersonal forgiveness should be able to shed some light upon. In the final section I offer some remarks on the nature of revenge, which has recently come to be seen by some philosophers as a morally acceptable alternative to forgiving wrongdoers, note some of the puzzles to which it gives rise, and conclude that while both types of responses to wrongdoers remain morally complex, there is good reason to think that forgiveness is the morally more appropriate response to having been wronged.

I Forgive You, but You Must Die: Murder Victim Family Members, the Death Penalty, and Restorative Justice

Previous studies have noted that in some capital cases, victim family members express forgiveness of the offender, empathy for his family, or for his adverse life experiences—but still support the execution. This article attempts to explain the phenomenon by identifying three types of forgiveness and the motives for them, and it explores the applicability of reparative dialogues between murder survivors and offenders. Empirical evidence comes from 52 interviews and/or open-ended questionnaires with survivors whose capital cases ended in an execution in Texas or Virginia. Most of the 52 survivors witnessed the execution, supported the death penalty, and rejected remorse when it was expressed by the offender. Yet some of them forgave the offender, empathized with the offender or his family, or were ambivalent about the death penalty, despite supporting the execution—the “forgive but die” sentiment. This subset of survivors—forgivers and empathizers—who are the most amenable to mediation dialogues are the focus of this study.

New Science of Forgiveness: An Interview with Prof. Everett Worthington, Jr.

is decisional forgiveness, which is making a behavioral intention statement—that is, saying to myself, “This is how I intend to act next time I see the person”—not to get revenge but instead to treat the person as a valued and valuable person. But we can make a sincere decision to forgive and stick by it for the rest of our lives and still feel resentful and angry when we think about how someone offended or hurt us. So, there must be a second type of forgiveness, which I call emotional forgiveness. This is replacing negative unforgiving emotions with positive other-oriented emotions, like empathy, sympathy, compassion or love for the person

Effects of Conceptualizations of Forgiveness on Specific and Dispositional Forgiveness

This paper analyzes how a sample of the general population conceptualizes forgiveness, how these beliefs relate to forgivenes s and how the results can be used to draw implications for mental health counselors. 147 adults from general population participated in the study. A unilateral concept of forgiveness shows a positive and significant relation with all the types of forgiveness except self-forgiveness, whereas a bilateral understanding of forgiveness, to require the repentance of the offender, the belief in unforgivable offenses and believing that not everybody has the right to forgive any offense lead to decrements in the level of forgiveness.

True and hollow forgiveness, forgiveness motives, and conflict resolution

PurposeThe main aim of this study is to explore the motivational process behind two types of forgiveness – i.e. true and hollow forgiveness. It is predicted that victims who engage in true forgiving behavior will have stronger relationship‐oriented motives than either those who engage in hollow forgiving behavior or those who do not engage in forgiving behavior. Furthermore, the authors seek to explore the relationship between true and hollow forgiveness and conflict resolution strategy.Design/methodology/approachIn Study 1, participants were asked to recall personal experiences of being harmed, and they rated the events in terms of forgiveness, motives of forgiveness, resolutions strategies, and satisfaction with outcome. In Study 2, participants were presented with scenarios depicting individuals who were victimized, and were asked to read the scenarios, imagining themselves as the victim. Following this forgiveness, motives of forgiveness, resolution strategies, and satisfaction with outcome were measured.FindingsConsistent with the predictions, participants classified as being true forgivers were motivated by relationship‐oriented motives. These individuals preferred a collaborative conflict resolution strategy, and tended to be satisfied with the outcome of the conflict. In contrast, participants classified as being hollow forgivers were motivated by self‐oriented reasons, and they preferred avoidance as a conflict resolution strategy. In addition, these individuals were less satisfied with the outcome of the conflict than were the true forgivers.Originality/valueThese findings suggest that perceptions of the conflict resolution process depend on the type of forgiveness.

The role of personality characteristics and service failure severity in consumer forgiveness and service outcomes

This study investigates how consumer personality characteristics of religiosity, spirituality, and emotional intelligence and the severity of service failure affect emotional and decisional forgiveness as a response to service failure. Further, the study explores the relationships between these two forms of forgiveness and service outcomes, including the intention to switch the service provider and spread negative word of mouth. Findings reveal that consumer religiosity has a strong and positive effect on both types of forgiveness. However, contrary to expectations, consumer spirituality has a negative relationship with decisional and no relationship with emotional forgiveness. While consumers' perceived severity of service failure is negatively related to both types of forgiveness, the findings also suggest that emotional intelligence exerts a significant moderating influence on the relationship between service failure severity and emotional forgiveness, whereas its moderating effect on decisional forgiveness does not appear to be significant. Results demonstrate the asymmetric effects of perceived severity of service failure and the two types of forgiveness on negative service outcomes. These findings contribute to the understanding on the role of consumers' implicit personality characteristics in interpretation of service failure incidents.