Floor Type Research Articles

Prevalence and risk factors of diarrhea among children less than five years of age in the rural suburbs of Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia; Robust Poisson Regression Analysis.

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of under-five mortality in Ethiopia. Information on the prevalence and the impacting factors of diarrhea in the rural suburbs of Dire Dawa is inadequate. This study was aimed at determining risk factors of diarrhea among children less than five years of age in the rural suburbs of Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 02 May 2018, to 31 May 2018. The required 1146 children for this study were selected from the rural suburbs of Dire Dawa using multi-stage sampling. Both bi-variable and multivariable Robust Poisson regressions were used for identifying the risk factors. Explanatory variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered as independently associated with diarrhea. The prevalence of diarrhea among the children was 23% (95% CI: 20.7 - 25.4). The type of house floor (aPR [adjusted prevalence ratio] = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.84 - 0.95) and sharing latrine with neighbours (aPR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.26) were the significant factors associated with childhood diarrhea. Earthen house floor and shared use of latrine were the risk factors associated with childhood diarrhea. Hence, improving the house floor condition and construction of private latrine together with health education are recommended.

The Treatment for Type II First Branchial Cleft Anomalies With Abnormalities Lateral to the Tympanic Membrane.

The present study aimed to introduce the surgical method for addressing type II first branchial cleft anomalies (FBCAs) in patients with visible abnormalities lateral to the tympanic membrane. Retrospective analysis. Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2016 to January 2020. We performed a retrospective analysis of data from patients with type II FBCAs with visible abnormalities lateral to the tympanic membrane. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging, (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and otoscopy examinations before surgery. Data regarding the patient's age, location of the opening, side affected, MRI/CT results, otoscopy findings, the relationship between the lesion and the external auditory canal (EAC), complications, and surgical procedure were recorded. 15 patients with type II FBCAs (Work's classification) were included in our study. There were 3 different types of visible abnormalities lateral to the tympanic membrane: white masses (Type A), a fibrous band between the tympanic membrane and the EAC floor (Type B), and defects in the inferior wall of the EAC (Type C). Types A and C demonstrated internal fistulas of the FBCA. The roots of the FBCA in all 3 types were deep. Endoscopy was required for complete exposure of the fistula, especially for Types A and C. Some type II FBCAs patients had visible abnormalities lateral to the tympanic membrane. Otoscope was recommended for routine examination. For these kinds of patients, combined endoscopy during surgery was helpful for reducing the recurrence rate. Level 3.

Determinant of ARI Incident in Toddlers in The Working Area of Tomia Health Center Wakatobi Regency

Infections in the upper respiratory tract are the cause of under-five mortality and are also a crucial health problem in Indonesia, the main cause in the Tomia Health Center area which every year has increased, namely in 2018 the prevalence of toddler ARI cases by 9,4%, in 2019 by 12,8% while in 2020 increased to 17,0%. The motivation behind the review is to discover the determinant of ARI events in toddlers in the Working Area of Tomia Health Center Wakatobi Regency. This kind of examination is an insightful study with a Cross-Sectional Study plan. The review populace was all moms who had toddlers in the Tomia Health Center Work Area as numerous as 705 people with a sample number of 88 toddlers taken proportionally random sampling. The analysis method uses the Chi-Square test. The results of the study with Chi-Square test showed that the ventilation variables of the house obtained values (X2calculated= 27.381 and = 0.581), occupancy density (X2count= 27.929 and = 0.586) air pollution in the house (X2count= 22,863 and = 0.533) and floor type (X2count= 19.939 and = 0.499). The conclusion pf this study that there is a relationship between home ventilation, occupancy density, air contamination in the house and the kind of floor with the rate of ARI in toddlers in the Tomia Health Center Work Area. It is recommended to the Tomia Health Center to further improve counselling related to the importance of a health-qualified home environment.

GAMBARAN PENYEBAB KELUARGA BERISIKO STUNTING DI KABUPATEN BOJONEGORO

The high stunting rate in Indonesia encourages the Government to make efforts to accelerate stunting reduction. One of the efforts is by assisting universities to the local government in Bojonegoro District. The purpose of this activity is to find out the factors that cause families to be at risk of stunting in Bojonegoro District. The research method used is analytic observational with a cross-sectional design. The data source for this research is secondary data in the form of PK21 Bojonegoro Regency obtained from the East Java BKKBN. The statistical analysis used was the Paired Sample T Test with α = 0.05. The results show that the type of house floor used is ceramic/granite/marble, the most used drinking water source is bottled/refill water and the most used defecation facility is a septic tank. But behind it all, there are still families who have not used a good type of floor, healthy drinking water sources and standardized defecation facilities. The conclusion of this research is that there are still families at risk of stunting in Bojonegoro District based on the parameters of the widest house floor type, drinking water sources and defecation facilities. This research is expected to contribute to the acceleration of stunting reduction in Bojonegoro District.

Web-Based Geographic Information System of Livable House in Kandolo Village

A livable house is abbreviated as the feasibility of a residential house which can be measured from 2 aspects, namely the physical quality of the house and the quality of house facilities. The physical quality of the residential house is measured by 3 variables, namely the type of roof, the type of wall, and the type of floor, while the quality of the housing facilities is measured by 2 variables, namely the source of lighting and the availability of toilet facilities. In this study, the authors use the prototype method using data analysis and system design. This web-based geographic information system for livable houses in Kandolo Village aims to assist in the data collection process for livable houses in Kandolo Village. The results of this study 257 house data have been entered, of which 247 houses are suitable for livable on, 6 houses that are less suitable for livable on, and 4 houses that are not suitable for livable on. For visitors, this system functions to select houses that are livable by looking at several registered pins, then the system will take the resident data detail page. Then in the detail section of citizen data, there will be some resident data, photos of houses, and routes to their destination. From the application trial results, the author conducted a black box test with 11 test class items and respondent tests for direct users at the Kandolo Village Office where the features are used to well and are accepted among the community.

Effects of Swimming Pool Conditions and Floor Types on White Roman Geese’s Physical Condition Scores and Behaviors in an Indoor Rearing System

Biosecurity problems, including the continual risk of avian influenza spread by wild birds, have severely affected traditional free-range waterfowl production systems. Regulations and techniques for indoor goose production require more considerations for animal welfare. This study investigated the effects of swimming pool conditions and different floor types on the physical condition scores and behaviors of indoor-reared White Roman geese. A total of 48 male and 48 female White Roman geese reared from the age of 15 to 84 days were randomly allocated to pens with or without a swimming pool and with either mud or perforated plastic floors. Providing a swimming pool improved geese's eye and feather cleanliness and breast blister scores at the age of 84 days. Compared with geese reared on a mud floor, those reared on a perforated plastic floor had better feather cleanliness and higher breast blister scores at the age of 56 and 84 days. Providing a swimming pool to indoor-reared geese may reduce the proportion of abnormal behaviors, such as injurious feather pecking, by increasing water-related behaviors. This study suggests a more appropriate environment design for better balancing commercial goose production with animal welfare in an indoor rearing system.

Evaluation of an Accelerometer-Based Device for Testing the Softness of Bedding Materials Used for Livestock.

Lying is a high priority behavior for dairy cows. As the quality of cubicles can influence their lying time, the interest in finding objective methods to assess the quality of floors has increased substantially over recent decades. This study aimed to evaluate a technical device for measuring elastic properties of floors for the application to bedding materials for cows. Ten different floor types were used: horse manure, recycled manure solids, bark mulch, sand, sawdust, and three different rubber mats. Horse manure and bark mulch were additionally tested with chopped straw as a top layer. Two devices of the same kind and two examiners were available for performing comparative measurements. Regression analyses and an ANOVA were conducted to compare the devices, examiners, and different surfaces. Most of the floors differed significantly from each other. Sawdust was the softest material, followed by sand and recycled manure solids. The agreement between the devices (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) &gt; 0.99, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rS) = 0.99) and examiners (CCC = 0.99, rS = 0.99) was almost perfect. These findings indicate that this device can be used as a new method for assessing the softness of bedding materials for dairy cows objectively.

Making a virtue of necessity once again: assessing the effect of temporary labor on lean practices in highly routinized environments

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how temporary labor moderates the relation between two well-known lean initiatives (process flow and process quality) and line productivity. This paper focuses on high-volume, low-variety (HVLV) shop floors, where work experience may not be as relevant as expected and extrinsic motivation of the temporary workforce could become a key driver of individual performance. Design/methodology/approach The authors follow an insider econometrics approach based on panel microdata (1,793 observations) from nine lines over two years in a Spanish manufacturing plant. The authors selected this setting for two reasons: Spain has traditionally had one of the highest levels of temporary employment in the world, so it perfectly represents labor market trends in OECD countries. Simultaneously, the authors also searched for a type of shop floor that could be representative of one of the most common manufacturing environments: a shop floor with highly repetitive and low-complexity work tasks. Findings The results of this paper suggest that in HVLV environments, temporary labor could contribute up to a 1.4% improvement in line productivity, provided there is a strong lean implementation. Otherwise, the use of temporary labor could undermine the positive effects of both process flow and process quality on plant productivity. Originality/value External incentives derived from high levels of unemployment, coupled with manufacturing’s increasing automation and specialization, may be minimizing the weaknesses traditionally associated with temporary workers in lean environments. By contrast, those shop floors lacking lean standards face serious productivity consequences from adjusting to global trends by using temporary work.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF HOUSE AND SANITATION WITH LEPROSY CASE IN PATIENTS AT SUMBERGLAGAH MOJOKERTO HOSPITAL

Introduction: The prevalence of leprosy in 2017 in Indonesia shows 6.08 / 100,000 new cases of leprosy and 86.12% of which are multi-bacillary types. Determinants of leprosy events include the condition of residence. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between physical condition of house and sanitary facilities with the occurrence of leprosy. Methods: This study uses analytical observational research with a case-control study to analyze the relationship between the physical condition of the house and sanitary facilities and the incidence of leprosy in patients of Sumberglagah Hospital, Mojokerto. The sample size was 38, including 19 cases and 19 controls with simple random sampling. Research variables include individual characteristics, the physical conditions of the home, and sanitary facilities were analyzed using chi-square tests. Result : The results showed there was a significant relationship between physical conditions of house such as the ceiling, the type of floor, humidity, and density of the bedroom (p &lt; α) with leprosy cases. Meanwhile, sanitary facilities do not show a significant relationship with leprosy cases. Conclusion: Efforts to prevent leprosy can be done through education to the public to maintain physical condition of the house according to prevailing requirements, especially the presence of ceilings, type of floor of the house made of materials that are easy to clean, comfortable humidity, and bedrooms not used by more than two people.

Determinants Of The Incidence Of Acute Respiratory Infections (Ari) In Toddlers In The Working Area Of The Health Centers Simpang Pandan, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency In 2022

Disease (acute respiratory infection) Ari is one type of Environmental-based infectious diseases. In Indonesia, cases of Ari always ranks first cause of infant mortality and the prevalence of Ari disease in Jambi province amounted to 3.2% and in Tanjung Jabung Timur amounted to 4.44%. ISPA in East Tanjung Jabung regency is a disease trend every year. In general, the risk factors for ARI are physical environmental factors, host/host factors, agent factors and social environmental factors. The type of research used is quantitative research with cross sectional design. This study aims to find the relationship between the variable occupancy density, floor type, wall type, ceiling of the house, lighting, smoking family members, maternal knowledge with the incidence of ARI in toddlers. The population in this study were toddlers in the Working Area of the Simpang Pandan Health Center and the sample of this study was 103. Sampling technique in this study using Stratified Random Sampling technique. How data collection is done by interviews, observations, and measurements using tools. The results showed that there is a relationship between : occupancy density (P - value=0.003 and PR = 1.976), floor type (p= 0.014 and PR = 1.874), wall type (p=0.020 and PR = 1.852) lighting (p=0.018 and PR = 1.790), smoking family members (p= 0.020 and PR = 1.852 ) and maternal knowledge (P-value=0.035 and PR = 1.678) with acute respiratory infections in toddlers. While the variables that are not related to the incidence of ARI in this study is the variable ceiling of the House (p-value = 0.968 and PR = 1.080). It is recommended that family members do not smoke in the house, pay attention to the residential density of the House, home lighting, and the type of floor in the House.

Obturator hernia cause of ileus – modern diagnosis and surgical approach

Introduction: The obturator hernia (OH), which is considered relatively rare, is actually the most common of all hernias types of the pelvic floor. It represents 0.073% of all external hernias. Frequency is greater in older women between the 7th and 9th decades. The male: female ratio is 1:6. It mainly presents with symptoms of small bowel obstruction and accounts for 0.2-1.6% of all causes of ileus. Other concomitant complaints are pain in the thigh radiating to the knee (a symptom of Howship-Romberg) or swelling in the inguinal region with abdominal pain. Case Report: We present an 83 -year -old woman who was admitted to the Surgery department of the Military Medical Academy – Sofia with complaints of abdominal pain, vomiting and stop of defecation for several days. From the tests done, ileus of small intestinal origin was established. The diagnosis of incarcerated, obturator hernia was made after a contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis. The patient underwent emergency surgery, during which the incarcerated, small intestinal loop was released, retrograde debarasage of the small intestine and plastic of the obturator channel with its own tissues was done. Conclusions: Small bowel obstruction caused by incarceration in obturator hernia is one of the rare causes of intestinal obstruction in surgery, but on the other hand is a common manifestation in this type of hernia and one of the main causes of its detection. The combination of operative technique for the treatment of ileus condition and the plastic of the obturator channel produces good postoperative results.

Measuring property flood resilience (PFR) in UK homes

PurposeDespite the present focus on improving the resilience of homes to flooding in UK flood risk management policy and strategy, a general measurement framework for determining levels of flood resilience in UK homes does not exist. In light of this, the aim of this study was to develop a means to evaluate the levels of resilience in flood-prone homes from the perspective of homeowners'.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative research methodology was employed, with empirical data obtained through a postal survey of homeowners who had experienced flooding. The responses received were then analysed using a combination of statistical techniques including agreement/reliability tests and multiple regression to develop a model of flood resilience.FindingsA predictive model was developed that allows the resilience of a property to be quantified and measured as perceived by homeowners. The findings indicate that the main factors found to influence the level of flood resilience were: property type (PT), presence of cellar/basement (C/B), property wall type (PWT), property ground floor type (PGFT), kitchen unit type (KU), flood experience (FE), flood source (FS) and flood risk level (FRL).Practical implicationsThe resulting model provides unique insights into resilience levels to the benefit of a range of stakeholders including policy makers (such as Defra/Environment Agency), Local Authority flood teams, property professionals, housing associations and homeowners. As a result, homeowners will be in a better position to determine which interventions should be prioritised to ensure better flood protection.Originality/valueThis is the first study of its kind to have rigorously quantified the level of flood resilience for individual homes. This study has quantified the effectiveness of individual resilience measures to derive the first reliable means to measure the overall levels of resilience at the individual property level. This is regarded as a significant contribution to the study of flood risk management through the quantification of resilience within individual UK homes, enabling the prioritisation of interventions and the overall monitoring of resilience.

Radon levels and indoor air quality after application of thermal retrofit measures-a case study.

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of thermal retrofit on radon levels in workrooms, and to determine whether the radon concentration in the building changes after the application of retrofit measures. In the first survey, digital Airthings Corentium Home radon detector was used for 1-month radon measurements during the heating season 2018/19. The daily averaged radon concentrations varied from 37 to 573Bq/m3 for 10 selected workrooms, while hourly averaged radon measurements showed extreme variations from 6 to 1603Bq/m3 due to radon fluctuations. In second survey, passive radon technique based on charcoal canister test kit was conducted in all basement workrooms in spring 2021. The averaged radon concentrations grouped according to flooring type in workrooms were 327Bq/m3 for parquet, 227Bq/m3 for ceramic tiles, 146Bq/m3 for vinyl flooring and 71Bq/m3 for laminate. Besides thermal insulation and airtight windows, noticeable differences in indoor radon concentration within the renovated building are primarily caused by different types of flooring. It includes various types of insulation from the ground/concrete slab: laminate, parquet (wood blocks), vinyl flooring, and ceramic tiles. Detailed analysis point out that laminate is more efficient way for radon protection than other types of flooring. An efficient ventilation system should be installed to avoid increasing occupational radon exposure and to provide healthy and comfortable indoor environment.

Impact of Cash Transfer on Poverty Reduction in Lindi District, Tanzania

Cash Transfers (CT) as a strategy for poverty reduction acquired prominence in Latin America but spread later to the rest of the developing world including Tanzania. Government through its umbrella institution, Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF) introduced what has become the largest CT for poor households in the country since 2010 to date. Although there is growing evidence on the impact of CT on poverty reduction, results are contextual. Thus, the paper examined the causal effect of CT on poverty reduction in Lindi District, Tanzania. Specifically, the study assessed the impact of CT on households’ overall wealth, housing conditions, use of basic services, productive and non-productive assets. The study employed Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to estimate the effects of CT on households by matching recipients and non-recipients’ households using Nearest Neighbor, Radius caliper and Mahalanobis matching techniques. Sample size constituted 398 respondents, split into equal number of recipients and non-recipients’ households. Five Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and 13 Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) were conducted. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. Findings indicated that CT to poor households by itself is not enough to significantly reduce extreme poverty. However, the results indicated significant effect of CT on five poverty indicators which are type of floor, sanitation facilities, livestock, mobile phone and chair. The study recommends to government adoption of multi-intervention programs directed on key living standard indicators such as productive assets to transform the quality of low-income households.

Effect of concrete slats versus rubber-covered slats on the performance, behaviour, hoof health, cleanliness of finishing beef steers and performance, cleanliness and hoof health of weanling cattle

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of concrete slats (CS) and rubber covered slats (RM) on (i) animal performance, behaviour, hoof wear, dirt scores, physiological response and carcass traits of ‘finishing’ beef steers (Experiment 1), and (ii) performance, hoof health and dirt scores of suckler-bred weanling cattle undergoing a ‘backgrounding’ period (Experiment 2). Finishing steers (n = 140, 597 kg, SD 28.0; 643 days old, SD 20.7) were blocked by live-weight, breed and age, and randomly allocated to pens of four and assigned to treatment for 120 days (d); (i) CS (n = 17 pens) or (ii) RM (n = 18 pens) at a space allowance of 2.89 m2 per animal. Finishing steers accommodated on RM had greater (P < 0.05) average daily live-weight gain (ADG) (1.15 v. 0.98 kg (SEM; 0.03)), carcass weight (414 v. 403 kg) and superior feed conversion ratio (FCR) (10.6 vs. 12.4 kg DMI/ kg live-weight gain (SEM; 0.15)) compared to those on CS. Additionally steers on RM lay down for longer, had more frequent getting up and lying down movements, lying and standing bouts (P < 0.05). Steers housed on RM had an increase in sharpness in the toe angle of the right front medial claw (P < 0.05) and left hind lateral claw (P < 0.001) and no hoof lesions were reported on either floor type. There was a floor × time (P < 0.05) interaction for dirt scores, whereby no differences existed between treatments from d 0 to 56 but from d 56 until slaughter steers housed on RM were dirtier than those on CS. Suckler-bred weanling cattle (n = 200, 315 kg, SD 18.8; 262 days old, SD 22.2) were blocked by breed, sex, age, weight and diet, and randomly allocated to pens of five assigned to one of 2 treatments for 84 d; (i) CS (n = 20 pens) or (ii) RM (n = 20 pens) at a space allowance of 2.5 m2 per animal. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of floor type on dry matter intake (DMI), ADG, FCR, cleanliness of these “backgrounding” weanling cattle and no reported incidences of hoof lesions on either floor type. In conclusion, under the conditions of these experiments, finishing steers accommodated on RM had enhanced growth and feed efficiency, exhibited lying behaviour indicative of improved comfort compared to steers on CS, and body cleanliness was reduced on the RM at slaughter; however, growth, feed efficiency, cleanliness scores and hoof health of weanling cattle were not affected by the addition of RM to CS.

Effects of Flooring Types on Growth Performance, Behaviour and Health of Dairy Calves

In this study, perforated rubber mats (PRM), concrete floor bedded with long wheat straw (CLS and concrete floor bedded with wheat straw (CS) were compared as flooring types for dairy calves. Growth, feed efficiency ratio, gains in body measurements, some behavioural activities as well as faecal scores, bedding scores and calf’s cleanliness scores of the dairy calves were evaluated for 6 months. Overall growth rate differed significantly due to types of floor, and total weight gains of the dairy calves in PRM group was 7.0% and 16.0% higher than those of calves in CLS and CS groups respectively. However, differences with regard to the amount of dry matter of milk, concentrate as well as total dry matter of the feeds consumed per kg of weight gain during pre-weaning and post-weaning periods among the PRM, CS and CLS groups were not statistically significant. When, gains in linear body measurements were evaluated, total gains in height at withers, body length, chest depth and heart girth of the calves in PRM group were superior to those in CLS and CS groups. The calves in PRM group had high growth rate along with high percentage of time spent for lying behaviour which is one the most significant activities among the behaviours of the calves. The calves kept on PRM group exhibited 52.6% and 45.5% higher percentage of time spent for lying behaviour than those in CS and CLS groups respectively. Data regarding the bedding scores and calf's cleanliness scores also revealed that the PRM flooring was the cleanest and driest one compared to the other flooring types, and the calves in the PRM group were cleaner than those in CLS and CS groups. Calves in PRM group exhibited significantly (P&lt;0.01) lover faecal consistency scores than those in CLS and CS groups. In conclusion, based upon growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, behavioural parameters as well as the bedding scores, calf's cleanliness scores and faecal consistency scores, PRM is preferable to CLS and CS floorings for individual dairy calves' pens.

Factors affecting the family development index in Indonesia: a cross-sectional survey in Aceh, a region with a 30 year armed conflict experience

Background: Family development index needs to be measured to ensure that the government has made optimal efforts to provide happiness to the families and to develop strategies in family development in a region with unique conditions. The objective of this study was to assess the family development index and its associated determinants in Aceh province, a region implementing Syariah Law in Indonesia with 30 years of armed conflict experience. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in all regencies in Aceh. The study was a part of the Indonesian National Population and Family Planning Board project. The survey included one individual from each household that was selected randomly. Family development index was measured using a questionnaire consisting of 15 questions. The plausible determinants were collected and assessed through a face-to-face interview. The family development index was dichotomized using 85% cut-off into good and poor. A two-step logistic regression was used to determine the associated determinants. Results: A total of 10,000 households were included in the final analysis. 86.6% had a good family development index, with the highest in Sabang (97.6%) and the lowest index in Aceh Singkil (76.6%), respectively. A multivariate analysis indicated that the regency, marital status, educational qualification, ownership of health insurance, ownership of childbirth certificate, quality of the house (the type of floor, the source of electricity, the source of drinking water and the type of toilet facility) were associated with the family development index. Conclusion: Despite Aceh being one of the less developed provinces in Indonesia with long armed conflict experience, our data suggest that the family development index is relatively high and the index is influenced both by economic and non-economic determinants. To further improve the family development index, it is critical to develop both economic and non-economic components in the region and in the country.

Comparison of Main Characteristics of Food Insecurity Using Classification Tree and Random Forest

Since the emerging of big data era, the information and data are grown rapidly. It requires us to have ability to extract the knowledge and information that consisted in this explosion of the data. One of way that can be used for this purpose is by using machine learning method. One of purpose of machine learning implementation is to conduct classification analysis and to identify variable importance that contribute in the research. It’s conducted the comparative study between two machine learning classification methods named classification tree and random forest method. This study is implemented on Indonesian Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) 2020 in Aceh Province. The purpose of the study is to identify the optimum method between both and to identify the characteristics of food insecure household. The optimum method obtained by comparing the AUC value. The results obtained is random forest outperformed classification tree with the AUC value of random forest method is 0,718 and classification tree method is 0,668. The rank of variable importance of the optimum method is the type of cooking fuel used in the household, the area of house floor, education level of head of household, number of savers in a household, and the type of house floor.

ANALISIS PERILAKU KELUARGA BALITA DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH TERHADAP KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI INDONESIA: LITERATURE REVIEW TAHUN 2012-2021

ABSTRACTPneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that adversely affects the lungs caused by viruses, bacteria or fungi, where pneumonia accounts for 15 percent of under-five deaths in the world and resulted in 808,694 children dying in 2017 (WHO, 2019). The purpose of this study was to analyze family behavior and the condition of the physical home environment with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Indonesia. The method in this study is a literature review. The data sources in this study came from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Pubmed then sorted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and obtained 28 research articles.The results of the analysis of several studies show that smoking habits of family members (83.3%), use of mosquito coils (50%), house occupancy density (72.7%), and type of house floor (50%) are associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. . It is hoped that the puskesmas can make efforts to control the risk of pneumonia in toddlers by conducting periodic counseling about the dangers of smoking to toddlers and how to overcome them, as well as relating to factors that affect the physical condition of the home environment, especially in the density of residential houses with a house building area that should be sufficient. for the occupants in it.Keywords: Pneumonia Incidence, Literature Review, Family behavior, Home Physical Environment Condition.ANALISIS PERILAKU KELUARGA BALITA DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH TERHADAP KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI INDONESIA: LITERATURE REVIEW TAHUN 2012-2021

Let's talk about straw: the effect of information provision on consumers' attitudes towards pig husbandry systems

PurposeThe type of flooring in stalls is an important factor that shapes consumers' overall perception of animal husbandry. Although slatted and straw floors have benefits and drawbacks, consumers strongly prefer slatted over straw floors in pig husbandry. The present study investigates whether information provision can depolarise consumers' implicit and explicit attitudes towards both floor types to enable a more realistic evaluation of pig husbandry systems. Furthermore, this study examines the effectiveness of information depending on different frames and consumers' personality traits.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental laboratory study with 185 German consumers was conducted to investigate the effect of information on implicit and explicit attitudes towards different flooring types. Participants received information on straw and slatted floors in a cognitive or affective frame or about a control topic. Furthermore, it was analysed whether certain consumer groups respond differently to the cognitive or affective frame.FindingsThe results demonstrated that information provision is a successful tool for depolarising consumers' implicit and explicit attitudes regarding straw and slatted floors. Although consumers continued to prefer straw floors after receiving information, the magnitude of this preference considerably decreased. Mediation analysis illustrated that implicit and explicit attitudes are highly interconnected. The study found no evidence that the personality traits of consumers moderated the effectiveness of the cognitive or affective frame.Originality/valueThe study proposes that information provision can be a potential avenue for increasing the societal acceptance of conventional methods in pig husbandry and provides recommendations for communicating conditions related to animal husbandry. Furthermore, through the inclusion of an implicit measure, this study overcomes biases of other studies in an agricultural context which usually rely only on explicit measures.