Type Of Feedback Information Research Articles

An exploratory field study of students’ memory for written feedback comments

ABSTRACT Feedback information can be a powerful influence on learning, yet there is currently insufficient understanding of the cognitive mechanisms responsible for these effects. In this exploratory study, students (N = 279) received teacher feedback on a practice exam paper, and a few days later we assessed the amount and type of feedback information they successfully remembered. Overall, students performed relatively poorly, recalling on average just 25% of the coded feedback comments they had received. We found that students were more likely to remember critique comments over praise, and more likely to recall critique that was process-focused rather than task-focused. In contrast with recent laboratory studies, though, we found minimal evidence of a memory advantage for evaluative critique over directive critique. We call for greater understanding and measurement of learners’ cognitive processing of feedback information, as a means to develop more robust scientific accounts of how and when feedback is impactful.

Steady-state performance and dynamic performance of heterogeneous platoons under a connected environment

Under the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) environment, the steady-state performance and the dynamic performance are both crucial for the traffic system. This paper proposes an in-depth methodology to provide some insights into the comprehensive changes of steady-state performance and dynamic performance of a heterogeneous platoon, which contains human-driven vehicles (HDVs) and connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). To further understand the impacts of various feedback information, an improved full velocity difference model that incorporates multiple feedback communicating information is developed. Based on the transfer function, the stability and steady-state error are proposed to characterize the steady-state performance, while the degree of fluctuation and duration of fluctuation are used to measure the dynamic performance. On the one hand, a key finding is that there are inconsistencies in steady-state and dynamic performance under particular feedback information. The acceleration or spacing feedback information can enhance the steady-state performance while degrading the dynamic performance. The speed difference feedback information yields the opposite result. On the other hand, it is discovered that compared to several types of feedback information, combining just one type of information is enough to boost the platoon performance. When the number of CAVs is considerable, combining two types of information will considerably increase the duration time. Therefore it is important to find the key feedback information for the platoon performance. The main purpose of this paper is to present a methodology of platoon performance analysis instead of discussing the various traffic scenarios. As a result, while certain results may alter in some specific scenarios, the proposed methodology and core contribution remain applicable to various traffic scenarios.

The 2 × 2 standards and standpoints measure of EFL teachers’ achievement goals: Model revision and relations with affective and behavioral outcomes

This study aimed to develop and validate a 2 × 2 Standpoints and Standards measure of EFL (English as a foreign language) teachers’ achievement goals. To this end, 441 teachers were first involved in scale development and validation phase. In the second phase, responses by 194 teachers were used to examine the predictive utility of achievement goals with respect to some correlates such as type of feedback information and emotional exhaustion. Phase 1 results supported validity and reliability of the scale for measuring EFL teachers’ achievement goals. In phase 2, structural equation modeling showed positive patterns for original mastery approach goals, though these goals positively predicted self-validation information. Original mastery avoidance goals also positively associated with emotional exhaustion. Moreover, the results showed negative patterns for original performance goals. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Sinyal Elektrik untuk Memperkaya Pengendalian Robot Jarak Jauh

A remote control operator enables a robot to perform in a hazard or area which can not be reached by humans. To control the robot, several researchers have equipped a robot with a system which can give others types of feedback information, besides of visual feedback from the robot. One of the feedback types is haptic feedback. The aim of this feedback is to make the operator become immersed with the robot. The existing researchers are using electro-mechanics system. However, these systems are complex, bulky, and hence prevent a seamless embodiment between an operator’s body. The objective of this research is to develop a haptic feedback system combined with stereo vision feedback which compact, versatile and easy to fit. This system is tested to accomplish the task using mobile robot and robot arm. The result shows that this system can help the operator to control robot better .

I Don't Want to Miss a Thing - Learning Dynamics and Effects of Feedback Type and Monetary Incentive in a Paired Associate Deterministic Learning Task.

Effective functioning in a complex environment requires adjusting of behavior according to changing situational demands. To do so, organisms must learn new, more adaptive behaviors by extracting the necessary information from externally provided feedback. Not surprisingly, feedback-guided learning has been extensively studied using multiple research paradigms. The purpose of the present study was to test the newly designed Paired Associate Deterministic Learning task (PADL), in which participants were presented with either positive or negative deterministic feedback. Moreover, we manipulated the level of motivation in the learning process by comparing blocks with strictly cognitive, informative feedback to blocks where participants were additionally motivated by anticipated monetary reward or loss. Our results proved the PADL to be a useful tool not only for studying the learning process in a deterministic environment, but also, due to the varying task conditions, for assessing differences in learning patterns. Particularly, we show that the learning process itself is influenced by manipulating both the type of feedback information and the motivational significance associated with the expected monetary reward.

Creating an in-home display: Experimental evidence and guidelines for design

In-home electricity displays (IHDs) are digital devices that can give near-real-time information about electricity usage in the home. These devices have the potential to provide the kind of personalized feedback necessary to effect behavioral change among residential consumers. However, for consumers to be able to act on the information provided on IHDs, they must first be able to understand it. We present an approach to in-home display design that uses research on customer preferences to determine which features to experimentally examine for customer comprehension. Additionally, we compare these preferences against experimental data to determine whether people have insight into what information best works for an increased understanding of energy saving. Using a computer-based simulated IHD, we find that the types of feedback information that consumers prefer (appliance-specific and dollar-feedback) are not as effective for learning about appliance energy use as the less-preferred aggregated kWh feedback. Moreover, it appears that a simpler more generalized format of information provision has the potential to be more effective than a personalized IHD. We discuss how consumer preferences and experimental tests can jointly be used to inform the design of feedback technologies.

A limited feedback scheme based on spatially correlated channels for coordinated multipoint systems

High spectral efficiency can be achieved in the downlink of multi-antenna coordinated multi-point systems provided that the multiuser interference is appropriately managed at the transmitter side. For this sake, downlink channel information needs to be sent back by the users, thus reducing the rate available at the uplink channel. The amount and type of feedback information required has been extensively studied and many limited feedback schemes have been proposed lately. A common pattern to all of them is that achieving low rates of feedback information is possible at the cost of increasing complexity at the user side and, sometimes, assuming that some statistics of the channel are known. In this article, we propose a simple and versatile limited feedback scheme that exploits the spatial correlation at each multi-antenna base station (BS) without requiring any previous statistical information of the channel and without adding significant computational complexity. It is based on the separate quantization of the channel impulse response modulus and phase and it shows better mean square error performance than the standard scheme based on quantization of real and imaginary parts. In order to evaluate the performance of the downlink regarding multiuser interference management, different precoding techniques at the BSs, such as zero-forcing (ZF), Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) and lattice reduction Tomlinson- Harashima precoding (LRTHP), have been evaluated. Simulations results show that LRTHP and THP present a higher robustness than ZF precoding against channel quantization errors but at the cost of a higher complexity at the BS. Regarding sum-capacity and bit error rate performances, our versatile scheme achieves better results than the standard one in the medium and high SNR regime, that is, in the region where quantization errors are dominant against noise, for the same feedback cost measured in bits per user.

Control Strategies and Feedback Information in Mobile Robot Teleoperation

In this paper several control strategies and feedback information for teleoperation of a mobile robot are described and analyzed. Main objective is to verify the role of different types of feedback information and command strategies. Three control strategies which combined position-speed and position-position control modes are analyzed. Position-speed and position-position command strategies are used for mobile robot teleoperation. In position-speed strategy, desired speed of a mobile robot is defined by a master manipulators position. In position-position command strategy, robots position is controlled by position of master device. Hybrid command strategy, combining position-speed and position-position strategy, is introduced. Three types of feedback are provided to human-operator. Described human-robot teleoperation interfaces were tested by performing experiments. First, unilateral teleoperation was studied. Experiments with position-speed, position-position and hybrid command strategies were evaluated. Second, bilateral teleoperation of a mobile robot was studied using two types of force feedback: force feedback related to obstacle range information, and force feedback including information about the state of the robot. For experiments with bilateral teleoperation different command strategies were applied. The role of visual and sound feedback was verified also. Navigation time and positioning accuracy were measured during experiments. For each type of human-robot interaction interface advantages and disadvantages, and possible applications were described.

Goal orientations and the seeking of different types of feedback information

Based on the goal orientation model of feedback‐seeking behaviour, goal orientations are proposed to influence employees in the type of information they seek from knowledgeable others in the work environment. As hypothesized, a survey conducted among 170 medical residents of a Dutch university hospital showed that a learning‐approach goal orientation had a positive relationship with the seeking of self‐improvement information and a negative relationship with the seeking of self‐validation information. In contrast, a performance‐approach goal orientation was negatively related to the seeking of self‐improvement information, while a performance‐avoidance goal orientation was positively related to the seeking of self‐validation information. Unexpectedly, a performance‐avoidance goal orientation was also found to be positively related to the seeking of self‐improvement information.

Feedback Information and Contributions to Not-for-Profit Enterprises: Experimental Investigations and Implications for Large-Scale Fund-Raising

Not-for-profit enterprises often rely on donors for operating funds. Through fund-raising campaigns, individual donations are solicited, and the successes of fund-raising campaigns depend on various features of the campaign. In this article, the authors use experimental methods to investigate the effects of different types of feedback information during fund-raising campaigns. The basic setting is a linear public good. The major finding is that the nature of information has an impact on individual (and total) contributions and that these effects are systematic. The “optimal” campaign includes information on the relative sizes of received contributions and also offers a suggested level of contributions.

A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Feedback in Computer-Based Instruction

A quantitative research synthesis (meta-analysis) was conducted on the literature concerning the effects of feedback on learning from computer-based instruction (CBI). Despite the widespread acceptance of feedback in computerized instruction, empirical support for particular types of feedback information has been inconsistent and contradictory. Effect size calculations from twenty-two studies involving the administration of immediate achievement posttests resulted in a weighted mean effect size of .80. Also, a mean weighted effect size of .35 was obtained from nine studies involving delayed posttest administration. Feedback effects on learning and retention were found to vary with CBI typology, format of unit content and access to supplemental materials. Results indicate that the diagnostic and prescriptive management strategies of computer-based adaptive instructional systems provide the most effective feedback. The implementation of effective feedback in computerized instruction involves the computer's ability to verify the correctness of the learner's answer and the underlying causes of error.

Simulation of hierarchical control algorithms using a steady-state mathematical model of a vaporizer plant

This paper examines by simulation a number of hierarchical control techniques using a mathematical, steady-state, model of a laboratory pilot-scale vaporizer system divided into two subsystems. The techniques which have been investigated are the interaction prediction (direct) method, the interaction balance (price) method, and the method of integrated system optimization and parameter estimation (ISOPE). These methods have also been assessed with varius types of feedback information for the process.

False physiological feedback and emotion: Experimenter demand and salience effects

Four experiments examined the hypothesis that the Valins (1966) false physiological feedback effect with attractiveness ratings of slides is due to experimenter demand. Experiments 1 and 2 showed significant feedback effects with 5-sec feedback periods, previously reported by Barefoot and Straub (1971) to be too brief a time to search the slides for a cause of the apparent physiological arousal. Experiments 3 and 4 had 17 variations of instructions (emotional, nonemotional), stimuli (slides of people, scenic tourist slides), and type of feedback information (heart rate, eyeblink, or none). The typical false feedback effect was found under many conditions that did not seem to meet the presumptive attributional requirements for the effect. In Experiment 4, only subjects who said they were supposed to rate feedback slides higher showed the effect, regardless of instructions, stimuli, or type of feedback. The overall results are interpreted in terms of experimenter demand and stimulus salience effects.

Feedback motivation and reactions to personality interpretations that differ in favorability and accuracy.

Personality feedback based on participants' actual test scores was systematically varied in terms of accuracy and favorability and presented to subjects for the purpose of comparing reactions to the various types of feedback information. Responses to the self-relevant information were related to individual differences in the recipient's general level of desire for personal feedback. For most subjects, ratings of feedback accuracy showed stronger endorsement for positive over negative feedback, and for accurate over inaccurate feedback. Raters who exhibited high levels of desire for feedback, however, did not discriminate between favorable and unfavorable accurate feedback, or between accurate and inaccurate favorable feedback. The results are discussed in terms of (a) the reliability of personal endorsements for results derived from psychological testing devices and (b) potential for personal adjustment indicated by higher levels of desire for personal feedback.

The relevance of performance information to product quality

Information feedback on product performance is a potentially major source of initiative for design reviews and other quality improving changes. There are two sources of potential feedback information — internal from analysis of complaints, spares ordered, etc.; and external information reporting on the product from the end user. This paper reports on the sources of performance feedback information which exist in a multinational chemical company, and the type of feedback information which equipment manufacturers would like to receive and how they would use such information. It is concluded that if companies wish to see an improvement in the quality of supplied products, they should expend more effort in feeding back to the suppliers information on how their product(s) perform in practice.

A Descriptive Study of Information Evaluation

This paper reports a descriptive study relevant to one component of the information evaluation model-the evaluator's probability distribution over actions the decision maker might choose. Specifically, an experiment investigated the ability of information evaluators to acquire knowledge about a decision maker's model and to apply the acquired knowledge to the evaluator's own decision making. The evaluator's ability to acquire and apply decision-model knowledge was assessed over three simulated decision makers who differed in predictability, over three types of evaluators who differed in educational level, and over two types of feedback information that differed in specificity. The following section discusses two paradigms-the information evaluation model (e.g., Demski [1972]) and the lens model (e.g., Ashton [1974]) -that provide conceptual and methodological foundations for the study. That section is followed by a description of the experimental task, subjects, and hypotheses. Finally, the results are presented, and several implications for information evaluation and issues for further research are discussed.

The Effects of Daily Feedback on Residential Electricity Usage as a Function of Usage Level and Type of Feedback Information

The Effects of Daily Feedback on Residential Electricity Usage as a Function of Usage Level and Type of Feedback Information