Types Of Fabrics Research Articles

Analysis of Liquid Sweat Transport in Underwear Combined with Multilayer Fabric Assemblies for Firefighter Outfits.

A firefighter's outfit consists of several layers with distinct properties and functions. These layers serve as barriers against external hazards but also impede the transport of sweat generated by the human body. As a result, sweat vapor often fails to transfer effectively from the body through the firefighter's protective clothing (FPC) to the environment. This can lead to sweat condensation on the firefighter's skin, causing discomfort. To enhance the physiological comfort of firefighters during firefighting and other rescue operations, it is essential to consider the transport of condensed sweat within the multilayer textile system comprising both the underwear and the FPC. In this study, 16 assembly variants were tested, combining four types of knitted fabrics for underwear with four types of multilayer textile sets designed for FPC. The liquid moisture transport properties of these assemblies were evaluated using the Moisture Management Tester (MMT290), an innovative instrument manufactured by SDL Atlas. The results demonstrated that the knitted fabrics effectively transport liquid sweat, whereas in the case of multilayer textile sets for FPC, liquid sweat transport is primarily confined to the inner layer adjacent to the skin. Furthermore, the findings indicate that by selecting an appropriate combination of knitted fabric for underwear and the inner layer of the FPC, it is possible to optimize liquid moisture transport in a firefighter's outfit.

Pattern Guided UV Recovery for Realistic Video Garment Texturing.

The fast growth of E-Commerce creates a global market worth USD 821 billion for online fashion shopping. What unique about fashion presentation is that, the same design can usually be offered with different cloths textures. However, only real video capturing or manual per-frame editing can be used for virtual showcase on the same design with different textures, both of which are heavily labor intensive. In this paper, we present a pattern-based approach for UV and shading recovery from a captured real video so that the garment's texture can be replaced automatically. The core of our approach is a per-pixel UV regression module via blended-weight multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) driven by the detected discrete correspondences from the cloth pattern. We propose a novel loss on the Jacobian of the UV mapping to create pleasant seams around the folding areas and the boundary of occluded regions while avoiding UV distortion. We also adopts the temporal constraint to ensure consistency and accuracy in UV prediction across adjacent frames. We show that our approach is robust to a variety type of clothes, in the wild illuminations and with challenging motions. We show plausible texture replacement results in our experiment, in which the folding and overlapping of the garment can be greatly preserved. We also show clear qualitative and quantitative improvement compared to the baselines as well. With the one-click setup, we look forward to our approach contributing to the growth of fashion E-commerce.

Enhancing heat and moisture transfer of porous fabrics using arrayed opposed jets: Experimental and numerical investigations

Achieving rapid fabric drying and ensuring a uniform distribution of surface temperature and moisture is essential for the post-processing stage in printing and dyeing. Although jet technology is commonly used to enhance heat transfer processes, the mechanism of heat and moisture transfer using array opposed jet for fabric drying is still unclear. This paper proposes that using opposed jet to enhance the drying process for four different fabric structural types, the influence of jet Reynolds number and excess temperature on the change of fabric moisture content was analyzed using experimental methods, then by defining the fabric as a porous medium containing two-phase components, the flow characteristics and temperature field distribution of the opposed jet were obtained using numerical methods. The results indicated that the four different structural types of fabrics exhibited similar heat-moisture transfer characteristics under the air supply mode of the opposed jet. Furthermore, the critical evaporation temperature of fabrics with hygroscopic properties was higher than that of non-hygroscopic fabrics. When the Reynolds number increased from 649.4 to 2165.3 and the excess temperature increased from 40 ℃ to 70 ℃, the drying time was shortened by a maximum of 56.2 % and 25.5 %, respectively. Under the impact of the array opposed jet, the thermal boundary layer on the fabric surface was thinned, and the local Nusselt number presented different peaks along the length direction of the impinging surface. Within the range of operating conditions considered, at a jet wind speed of 4.5 m/s and an excess temperature of 70 ℃, the maximum surface drying rate of the fabric was achieved. The relative deviations of heat flux and mass flux on the impact surface are all within 10 %. This study provides a theoretical basis for the structural design and drying mechanism exploration of fabric drying equipment.

Late-stage Deccan eruption from multiple shallow magma chambers through vertical flow along fissures: Insights from magnetic fabric analysis of the Pachmarhi dyke swarm

The Pachmarhi dyke swarm, located in the eastern part of the Narmada-Satpura-Tapi dykes belonging to the Deccan Continental Flood Basalt, are studied using the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) technique. This research aims to determine the direction and sense of magma flow within the dykes, providing insights into the depth, number, and location of magma chambers, as well as the geodynamics of their plumbing system. Petrography and rock magnetism analyses revealed a mixture of high- and low-titanium magnetite particles, predominantly of pseudo-single domain nature (with a smaller proportion of multi-domain dominated) grains are primary remanence carriers. We identified four distinct types of magnetic fabric (I-IV) within the Pachmarhi dykes. The K1-axis being parallel to the dyke plane, and the intersection of the imbrication angle of magnetic foliation (for oblate fabric) and magnetic lineation (for prolate fabric) was used to discern the direction of magma flow. This analysis revealed multiple trends of magma flow, ranging from vertical/sub-vertical to inclined. The flow fabric provides valuable information about the presence of multiple shallow sub-crustal magma chambers. This interpretation aligns with prior independent gravity and 3-D density modelling studies, which indicates the presence of dense mafic magma bodies at depths of 4 to 8 km along the Narmada-Tapi intraplate rift zone. These findings are similar to those observed in the Nandurbar-Dhule dyke swarms in the western region of the Narmada-Satpura-Tapi dykes. Consequently, we can infer that the emplacement of dykes in the Pachmarhi region of the Narmada-Son-Lineament, which likely served as feeders for the late-stage Deccan volcanism, was primarily facilitated by a “polycentric flow” mechanism. In this process, magma was injected vertically from multiple shallow magma chambers through crustal fissures, potentially feeding into the late-stage Deccan flow units, such as the Ambenali or Mahabaleshwar Formations.

Urban Sustainability Through the Lens of Urban Fabric Typologies: A Case Study of Cuenca, Ecuador

Understanding the relationship between urban fabrics and sustainability is essential for addressing contemporary urban challenges, as urban fabrics provide critical morphological and socio-economic data that enhance our understanding of the performance and spatial variability of urban systems. This study focuses on Cuenca, spatially divided into a 150 m radius hexagonal grid with 30 sustainability indicators and 18 urban fabric typologies. Using spatial, statistical, and visual analysis, relationships and patterns between sustainability indicators and urban fabric types are explored. The results reveal significant variation in sustainability across different fabric types, with built environment indicators playing a central role. There is marked spatial heterogeneity: inner-core areas exhibit higher sustainability, fringe areas lag behind, and transitional zones are also identified. Spatial clustering reveals that fabric types are homogeneous in terms of sustainability at both the high and low extremes but heterogeneous in mid-range sustainability areas. This quantitative analysis of Cuenca’s urban fabric typologies highlights substantial differences in sustainability and distinct spatial patterns, offering valuable insights for evidence-based urban planning. The open-source data and tools provided facilitate customisation and replication in other urban contexts.

Cross-Cultural Innovative Ski Wear Design from the Perspective of Cultural Symbol Translation

This article delves into the application of Morris' semiotics in innovative clothing design, specifically focusing on constructing a model for the translation and regeneration of cultural symbols in ski wear. By meticulously examining the semantics, syntactics, and pragmatics of cultural symbols, it derives essential styling elements, structural components, and functional attributes for the design. Notably, the study also highlights the gap in research regarding the fusion of local elements into foreign-introduced products, such as ski wear. By exploring the current research status and development trends of cultural symbol theory within the context of innovative ski wear design, this study not only expands the scope of ideas for personalized innovative design of ski wear products but also discusses the potential for extending these conclusions to other types of clothing, thereby contributing to a broader understanding of innovative design practices across the apparel industry.

The Effect of Modifiers on the Strength and Impact Toughness of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics

This study utilized epoxy resin, three types of fabric (carbon fiber, glass fiber, and Kevlar), and two plasticizers – tricresyl phosphate (TCP) and oleic acid (OA) – to enhance the impact toughness of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP). The polymer matrix used in the experiments was a hot-cured epoxy compound "Etal Inject-T" consisting of two components: A – epoxy resin and B – hardener, in a mass ratio of 100:49.9. For the fabrication of CFRP plates, both manual and vacuum molding techniques were employed. Combined reinforcement of carbon fiber was achieved using one of two types of fabrics: Ortex 360 glass fiber or Kevlar. Accordingly, two compositions were prepared for the experiments: carbon fiber/glass fiber and carbon fiber/Kevlar. Layer stacking in each composition was performed at ratios of 10:10 and 14:6, consisting of 20 layers in total. The greatest strengthening effect for CFRP in the case of carbon fiber/glass fiber was observed with a layer ratio of 14:6 and matrix modification using 10% TCP plasticizer. The strength of the CFRP increased from 425 to 451 MPa, and the impact toughness (α) improved from 192 to 280 kJ/m². A key feature of this technology is the achievement of high-performance dual-purpose CFRP. This enables the reduction of CFRP structures in aerospace applications by 3 to 5 times, while simultaneously enhancing resistance to impact loads.

Objective and subjective evaluation of the use of protective clothing on the thermal strain and mental workload of nurses during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Nurses are among high-risk occupational groups during the outbreak of epidemics. Therefore, these people are required to use personal protective equipment (PPE). Previous studies have shown that the use of personal protective equipment can affect people's thermal strain and mental workload. The present study was conducted with the aim of objectively and subjectively evaluating the use of protective clothing on the thermal strain and mental workload of nurses during the covid-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study was divided into two groups with a sample size of 300 people who were selected by systematic random method. In the first group, 120 people were objectively evaluated (use of protective clothing). In the second group, 180 people only completed the questionnaire of mental workload, feeling of heat and sweating and other information related to the type of clothing and the duration of its use, etc. Measurements were done in August and September of 2021 and in the morning shift of hospitals. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 software and chi-square, independent T-test and linear regression tests. The average age and average working hours per month of the participants in the study were 33.51±7.88 years, 187.91±35.37 hours, respectively. The results showed that the predicted average vote (PMV) index and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD), moisture felt on the skin surface, the feeling of desirability and pleasantness of the temperature, the weight of sweat and the humidity inside the clothes between the two groups of people using insulated clothes There is a significant difference between medicine and dressing (P < 0.05). There was a significant relationship between mental workload and type of clothing, average working hours per month. The use of medical isolation clothes causes a high heat load on nurses and can increase their mental workload. On the other hand, people using normal gowns suffer from a high mental workload due to the fear of disease due to the uncertainty of high-level protection. In addition, medical isolation clothes increase the humidity of the skin due to their impermeability, which causes skin complications.

Implementation of a Mobile-Based Laundry Order Management System at Barack Laundry in Sleman

Barack Laundry is a laundry service business operating in Trini Sleman, a district in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Laundry is an important household necessity, and many people are looking for trustworthy laundry service. Customer demand for laundry services continues to increase along with increasingly busy lifestyles. Although Barack Laundry's services continue to grow, there are still some problems faced by customers in the Trini Sleman area. One of the main problems is the lack of accessibility of information regarding service schedules, laundry status, and estimated costs. It is necessary to develop a mobile-based Barack Laundry application in Trini Sleman to overcome the problems that exist in Barack Laundry. The purpose of designing this mobile-based Barack Laundry application is to facilitate laundry management and customers so as to increase efficiency in the clothing ordering process. Apps can also extend the reach of laundry services to make them more accessible to customers. Features available on the app include a selection of clothing types and services with options such as washing, ironing, and both. The app also provides detailed booking information, scheduling of pick-up and drop-off times, and the option of online payment methods. The user-centered design method is used in this research by focusing on user needs. Kotlin programming language and MySQL database are also used in the process of developing this application. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the mobile-based Barack Laundry application in Trini Sleman has successfully designed and implemented a mobile-based application for laundry ordering services in the region. This application has been carried out a black box testing process that has been carried out as many as 19 scenarios, with the final test results reaching 100%.

Comparison of mechanical and flammability properties of thermoplastic and thermoset matrix glass fibre woven fabric composites

This study aims to examine the mechanical and burning properties of composites made from twill (0°/0° and 0°/90° orientations) and plain fabrics using hybrid yarns produced by combining glass and polypropylene yarns with interwoven and intermingled methods. The properties of interwoven and intermingled hybrid fabric composites were compared with thermoset composites. Each composite (56% glass fibre content) plate is produced by combining eight fabrics with the same parameters using the press moulding technique. The effects of yarn and fabric weaving types on the results were examined in detail. When the results are examined, the breakage of glass fibres in intermingled hybrid yarns negatively affects the strength results. Therefore, composites made with intermingled hybrid yarn types and plain weave types of fabric had the lowest tensile strength value (132 MPa). The composite of twill woven fabrics produced with interwoven yarns arranged in 0°/0° orientation had the highest tensile strength of 315 MPa, and these results were very close to those of thermoset composites. Although the 0°/90° oriented twill composite showed a 2.3 times lower tensile strength value than the 0°/0° oriented twill composite, it had a 7.7 times higher value when bending strength values were taken into account. The main reason for this is that glass fibres contribute to the warp and weft directions. It has been observed that the composite consisting of plain fabrics woven with commingled hybrid yarns had the highest impact resistance. Additionally, when the combustion results were examined, it was concluded that the type of yarn and fabric weaving affected the burning rate. The slower combustion of hybrid commingled yarn composites resulted from fibreglass breakage during yarn production. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing composite materials for specific applications, considering factors such as weaving pattern, fibre orientation, and mechanical performance.

The comparative analysis of energy dissipation behaviour of woven and UD para-aramid fabrics

This research examines how impact energy spreads across para-aramid fabrics, comparing woven and unidirectional types, using 2-D Thin Plate Spline analysis. The experiment involved dropping a weighted hemisphere onto fabric samples and measuring their deformation across different layer counts. To assess how yarn orientation affects energy dispersion, panels with 0º/90º and 0º/90º/±45º configurations were tested. By analysing the fabric's shape changes under impact, the study revealed patterns of energy propagation. Calculations of bending energy and expansion factors provided insights into this behaviour. The findings indicate that unidirectional fabrics outperform woven structures in distributing impact energy across their surface. Moreover, incorporating ±45º fibre reinforcements in both fabric types enhances energy dispersion and mitigates impact effects.

Application of low modulus CFRP fabric for steel beams strengthening: Experimental and design validation

This paper presents experimental results of steel beams strengthened with low-density and low-modulus CFRP fabrics, with the objective of, (i) checking the capability of the fabric type CFRP in strengthening; (ii) assessing and understanding the failure modes for design improvement; and (iii) validating the design methods for the practical application. A total of eighteen full-scale 2.5-meter-long beams strengthened with CFRP were tested. The governing failure modes of the CFRP-strengthened steel beams were debonding, rupture, and wrinkling. The experimental moment capacities were compared with the design predictions using the limit state suggested in the ACI guideline and two new design limit states. The comparison of design predictions indicated that the use of the limit state suggested in the ACI guideline unconservatively predicted the design moment capacity while the two new design limit states were conservative. Further, it is evidently assessed that the low modulus CFRP fabric can be used for the strength upgrade of the steel beams. A detailed design example is presented for the CFRP-strengthened steel beam using different limit states for a better understanding of the readers.

Implementation of the Prototype Method in Design E-Commerce New World Distro Store

Distro is a place to sell clothes that is currently favored by many people. Both children and adults. This distribution itself has various types of clothing for children and adults. New World distribution provides various types of clothing such as shirts, pants, jackets, hoodies, and others. The transaction process on distros is still done manually by coming directly to the store, for that it would be better if the distro had a website as a place to sell and promote. Researchers will use the Prototype method as a development method that will be used when designing and building applications, while the research method that will be used is a descriptive method through a qualitative approach. Researchers collected data through direct observation, interviews and literature study. The design tools in this study will use the Unified Modeling Language (UML), namely, use case diagrams, class diagrams, and activity diagrams.

Thermal preference and pleasantness of a students’ population in a coastal urban area during summer

In thermal comfort research, two main domains are identified: objective and subjective. This study focusses on the latter, examining various aspects of preference, sensation, and pleasantness. It also clearly distinguishes each concept and sets the groundwork for their standardised use in urban planning and urban climate studies. Additionally, this study emphasises the often-overlooked geographical perspective, aiming to address previous gaps in this research area. Environmental conditions were found to be the main determinants influencing pedestrians' thermal sensation, preference, and pleasure. Key factors include air temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed, which exhibit strong correlations with pleasure responses. Additionally, urban density, clothing type and colour, shading, sex, and weather type significantly impact thermal sensation and reported pleasantness. It was observed that people who overdressed for the season, wore dark or warmer clothes, experienced air temperature and solar radiation more intensely. Similarly, those in high-density urban areas, without shade, or when weak continental wind conditions were observed, reported stronger thermal sensations. Women generally sensed air temperature and solar radiation as more intense compared to men. These factors influence thermal pleasantness, varying in importance, spatial distribution, and statistical relationship. Higher wind speeds, particularly from an Atlantic direction, were found to enhance thermal pleasantness by balancing conditions and reducing thermal sensation votes for air temperature and solar radiation. Green areas also increased thermal pleasantness by lowering air temperature and solar radiation sensations and promoting a sense of happiness among pedestrians.

A Systematic Review of AI-Driven Prediction of Fabric Properties and Handfeel

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the textile industry by improving the prediction of fabric properties and handfeel, which are essential for assessing textile quality and performance. However, the practical application and translation of AI-predicted results into real-world textile production remain unclear, posing challenges for widespread adoption. This paper systematically reviews AI-driven techniques for predicting these characteristics by focusing on model mechanisms, dataset diversity, and prediction accuracy. Among 899 papers initially identified, 39 were selected for in-depth analysis through both bibliometric and content analysis. The review categorizes and evaluates various AI approaches, including machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid models, across different types of fabric. Despite significant advances, challenges remain, such as ensuring model generalization and managing complex fabric behavior. Future research should focus on developing more robust models, integrating sustainability, and refining feature extraction techniques. This review highlights the critical gaps in the literature and provides practical insights to enhance AI-driven prediction of fabric properties, thus guiding future textile innovations.

Evaluation of alternative joining methods in softshell fabric types

Parameters such as high performance, durability and comfort are very important in protective and sports clothing produced to increase the technical or functional properties of clothing products, as well as aesthetic and decorative features. Fabrics that provide comfort to the user by regulating body temperature, protect against harsh weather conditions, and are waterproof and windproof, as well as breathable, are used for these purposes. One of the most important fabrics with these features is the fabric called ‘softshell’. Softshell is a fabric specially created to release moisture and regulate body temperature. Therefore, the outer layer of the softshell is not waterproof, but water-repellent, ensuring that it remains dry and protective while a person is wearing it. Creating a three-dimensional product from a two-dimensional fabric with these features is achieved through the sewing process. As traditional methods are used in the sewing process, an alternative joining method called ‘ultrasonic joining’ can also be used. While alternative joining methods provide joining without sewing thread, these methods do not create holes in the fabric surfaces since there is no sewing needle. Joining processes with thermal, laser and ultrasound energy are based on the principle of melting, fusing and cooling the joined surfaces. In this study, it was aimed to analyze the change in the physical properties of different softshell fabrics as a result of joining them with classical and innovative sewing/joining methods. In this context, lockstitch, lockstitch &amp; tape welding, ultrasonic welding, and ultrasonic welding &amp; tape welding are applied to the softshell, ripstop softshell and Lycra softshell fabrics used in the market. The thickness, air permeability, seam strength and elongation at break properties of the bonded fabrics were examined. Within the scope of this study, obtaining successful results in softshell fabric types, which is one of the bulky fabrics, contributes to the idea that the usage area of ultrasonic welding will expand day by day.

Textiles from the Ust-Voikary Hillfort Site (Based on Materials from 2012–2016 Excavations)

The article describes 366 samples of clothing (some of them attributable), collected in 2012–2016 from cultural layers of the 15th to middle 18th centuries at the Ust-Voikary hillfort site in the subarctic zone of Western Siberia. We provide technological characteristics: size, state of preservation, color, properties of threads and fibers, interlacing system, technological errors, cut, and traces of repair. Both animal and plant fibers are present, and plain and twill weaving are attested. Ethnographic and zoological data provide information on the textile technologies used by residents of the polar zone of Western Siberia, and allow us to compare them with those known from other sites. We conclude that types of textiles for clothing remained virtually the same from the 15th to the 18th centuries. Fabrics, mostly woolen, were imported.

The attrition, physical and insecticidal durability of two dual active ingredient nets (Interceptor® G2 and Royal Guard®) in Benin, West Africa: results from a durability study embedded in a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Studies evaluating the attrition, physical and insecticidal durability of dual active ingredient (AI) insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are essential for makingprogrammatic decisions regarding their deployment. We performed a prospective study embedded in a cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) to evaluate the attrition, fabric integrity and insecticidal durability of Interceptor® G2 (alpha-cypermethrin-chlorfenapyr) and Royal Guard® (alpha-cypermethrin-pyriproxyfen), compared to Interceptor® (alpha-cypermethrin) in Benin. A total of 2428 study nets in 1093 randomly selected households in five clusters per arm of the cRCT were monitored for ITN attrition and fabric integrity every 6-12months post-distribution. Householders were further surveyed to investigate non-study net use and their preference for ITN fabric types used in the study nets. A second cohort of 120 nets per ITN type were withdrawn every 12months and assessed for chemical content and insecticidal activity in laboratory bioassays. Alpha-cypermethrin bioefficacy was investigated using the susceptible Anopheles gambiae Kisumu strain, and chlorfenapyr and pyriproxyfen bioefficacy were investigated using the pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles coluzzii Akron strain. Net pieces were tested in WHO cone bioassays and tunnel tests for alpha-cypermethrin and in tunnel tests for chlorfenapyr; pyriproxyfen activity was assessed in cone bioassays as the reduction in fertility of blood-fed survivors using ovary dissection. Bioefficacy was expressed as the proportion of ITNs passing predetermined WHO criteria, namely knock-down ≥ 95% or 24/72h mortality ≥ 80% or reduction in fertility ≥ 50%. Overall ITN survivorship was 52% at 24months and fell to 15% at 36months. Median ITN survival time was lower with Royal Guard® relative to Interceptor® [1.6 vs 2.3years; hazard ratio (HR) 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36-1.66; p < 0.001] and Interceptor® G2 (1.6 vs 2.1years; HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.20-1.47; p < 0.001). Householders overwhelmingly preferred polyester nets over polyethylene nets (96%), and more Royal Guard® nets were replaced with spare polyester nets from previous campaigns. All Royal Guard® nets passed efficacy criteria for alpha-cypermethrin at all time points (100%) while ITN pass rates after 24months had fallen to < 40% for pyriproxyfen and chlorfenapyr. The chemical content analysis showed a higher loss rate of the non-pyrethroid insecticides relative to the pyrethroids in each dual ingredient AI ITN; 74% vs 47% for Royal Guard® and 85% vs 63% for Interceptor® G2 at 36months. The median ITN survival time for Interceptor® G2 (2.1years) and Royal Guard® (1.6years) in Benin is substantially lower than 3years. Royal Guard® nets were discarded more quickly by householders, partly due to their low preference for polyethylene nets. The insecticidal activity of the non-pyrethroid insecticides in both dual AI ITNs was short-lived compared to alpha-cypermethrin. The results corroborate the findings from the cRCT conducted in Benin.

Characterization of Silver Conductive Ink Screen-Printed Textile Circuits: Effects of Substrate, Mesh Density, and Overprinting

This study explores the intricate interaction between the properties of textile substrates and screen-printing parameters in shaping fabric circuits using silver conductive ink. Via analyzing key variables such as fabric type, mesh density, and the number of overprinted layers, the research revealed how the porous structure, large surface area, and fiber morphology of textile substrates influence ink absorption, ultimately enhancing the electrical connectivity of the printed circuits. Notably, the hydrophilic cotton staple fibers fabric effectively absorbed the conductive ink into the fabric substrate, demonstrating superior electrical performance compared with the hydrophobic polyester filament fabric after three overprinting, unlike the results observed after a single print. As mesh density decreased and the number of prints increased, the electrical resistance of the circuit gradually reduced, but ink bleeding on the fabric surface became more pronounced. Cotton fabric, via absorbing the ink deeply, exhibited less surface bleeding, while polyester fabric showed more noticeable ink spreading. These findings provide valuable insights for improving screen printing technology for textile circuits and contribute to the development of advanced fabric circuits that enhance the functionality of smart wearable technology.

A modified multi-node human thermoregulation model with improved sweating response to simulate human physiological behaviours in warm and hot environments

The present research developed a modified multi-node thermoregulation model derived from the renowned Tanabe and JOS series models (JOS-2 and JOS-3). The JOS-3 model's predictions showed an abrupt spike in mean skin temperature, contradicting the findings from experiments. The JOS-3 model's sweating mechanism exhibits an inconsistency, and the sweating mechanism is not triggered promptly and accurately, leading to a sudden rise in skin temperature. This disparity significantly impacts the ability of the model to precisely replicate thermoregulatory responses under various climatic conditions and levels of physical activity. The proposed modified thermoregulation model extends the JOS-3 model by modifying the set-point temperature and sweating signals. The performance of the developed modified thermoregulation model is thoroughly analyzed under various conditions involving different environmental conditions, activity levels, and clothing types. The proposed model eliminates abrupt rise in the mean skin temperature and improves its prediction accuracy, notably reducing mean skin temperature RMSE in hot-humid conditions (0.66 °C vs. 0.85 °C) compared to the JOS-3 model. In hot-dry settings, improvements are significant, reducing the mean skin temperature and core temperature RMSE (0.48 °C vs. 0.06 °C and 0.05 °C vs. 0.02 °C, respectively). Overall, the modified thermoregulation model offers a reliable and accurate solution to analyze human physiological conditions for a wide range of practical problems.