Types Of Ethnic Groups Research Articles

Epidemiology and demographic risk factors for myopia in Ghana: a 5-year retrospective study

PurposeTo explore the epidemiology and demographic risk factors for myopia among a clinical sample.MethodsIn a hospital-based retrospective study, eligible subjects were grouped into either myopia or non-myopia. Demographic data, including age, sex, occupation, area of residence, region of residence, and ethnicity, were analysed. Other clinical information analysed included the degree of myopia and intervention provided for the myopia.ResultsOverall, the medical records of 15807 patients were retrieved between January 2015 and December 2019, with 50.9% being males. The mean ± SD age of the patients was 42.81 ± 18.99 years. A total of 44.4% of the patients were myopic. Age, type of ethnic group, occupation, and area of residence were associated with myopia. Demographic risk factors for myopia included occupations such as professionals (OR: 2.93; 95% CI 2.44–3.52), technicians and associated workers (OR: 6.71; 95% CI 5.15–8.74), service workers (OR: 11.74; 95% CI 9.62–14.33), skilled agriculture and fishery (OR: 1.88; 95% CI 1.41–2.50), craft workers (OR: 3.41; 95% CI 2.75–4.25), armed forces (OR: 10.26; 95% CI 7.54–13.97), students (OR: 3.49; 95% CI 2.76–4.42), the unemployed (OR: 6.64; 95% CI 5.44–8.11), as well as Ewe (OR: 1.46; 95% CI 1.17–1.82) and Ga-Adangbe (OR: 1.28; 95% CI 1.05–1.54) ethnicities.ConclusionEwe and Ga-Adangbe ethnicities, and specific occupations are risk factors for myopia.

AN ANALYSIS ON CODE-SWITCHING AND MIXING AMONG ENGLISH LEARNERS OF GAYONESE-SPEAKING STUDENTS

This research tries to find out types and their dominance of code-switching and code-mixing among EFL students with Gayonese backgrounds. This research also looks at whether a certain type of ethnic group is affluent to a specific type of code-switching and mixing. The employed method is a qualitative study, in which this study manages to identify a social phenomenon in a certain community. The data is obtained from the 13 participants in their conversations. Instruments used are observation, recording, transcribing to identify code-switching, and mixing. The result of this study shows that the participants, who are all entitled to Gayonese identity, employed all kinds of code-switching and mixing, which were extra-sentential, inter-sentential, and intra-sentential. All types of code-switching and mixing are apparent in all sets of conversations. Along with some previous research, this study affirms that there is little evidence that a certain type of ethnicity employs a certain dominant form of code-switching and mixing. There appear all types of code-switching and mixing, without one dominant type, is found in all sets of conversations. Thus, code-switching and mixing were believed to assist the learners to deliver them through to be completely understood and meaningful in the communication.

Ideology and utopia: the national state structure of the USSR (presented on the example of the North Caucasus territories)

The model of the national-state and territorial structure of the USSR was implemented in strict accordance with the Marxist-Leninist theory of socioeconomic formations. According to this theory, every society goes through several stages of development: the primitive system, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and communism. This is a naturally progressive process. Based on the works of Engels, Soviet scientists created a theory of the development of ethnic communities. Each formation had to correspond to a certain type of ethnic group. Guided by the "right of nations to self-determination," each nation was to receive its own statehood. This model existed before the collapse of the USSR. Since the 1980s it began to crumble, various ethnic groups, or rather their elites, were dissatisfied with their status. The autonomous regions of the North Caucasus began to transform into republics. The republics wanted to get the status of an ally. Administrative transformations did not improve the economy and living standards but on the contrary, led to increased bureaucratic growth. However, National Societies believed that the key was to appoint “their own” (a person with whom they had an established relationship and understanding) boss. Different peoples within the same autonomy often clashed. At the end of the twentieth-century tensions grew in the North Caucasus. It became obvious that the formation of territorial units along ethnic lines did not justify itself, however, this structure is preserved at the present time due to the fear of destabilization of the situation.

Killing in the name of …? Types of ethnic groups and armed conflict

This paper asks whether certain types of ethnic groups are particularly likely to take part in armed conflict. Several theoretical arguments indicate that this should be the case, often highlighting religious and racial boundaries as being more conflict-prone than, for instance, linguistic boundaries. However, the potential effects of groups being mobilized around these different boundary markers remain largely untested. The paper helps to fill this gap by analyzing conflict propensity across types of ethnic groups in a global sample for the period 1946–2009. At odds with common perceptions, the results show that the probability of armed conflict onset is not affected by whether ethnic groups are mobilized around religious, linguistic, racial, or regional markers. The effect of political discrimination on armed conflict is also not conditioned by these different boundary markers. The paper thus lends support to an inclusive conception of ethnicity and suggests that we need to focus on the social and political context rather than the specific cultural content of ethnic boundaries if we want to identify the conflicts that are most likely to escalate and turn violent.

Association Analysis of the Polymorphism of Human Leukocyte Antigen-A, -B and -E Gene with Behcet's Disease in Japanese Cohort Using Sequencing-Based Typing Method

Behcet’s disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease and strongly associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene such as HLA-B and -A. To determine the association of the HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-E alleles with BD in Japanese cohort as well as other cohorts, we performed sequencing-based typing method in 382 BD cases and healthy controls. Then, we analyzed the association of these alleles with BD. Our results indicated that HLA-B*51 is strongly associated with BD in Japanese cohort (Allelic model’s P value and OR are 4.59x10-26 and 4.59, respectively. Dominant model’s P value and OR are 2.1x10-24 and 5.32, respectively), while HLA-A*26 is also significantly associated with BD (Allelic model’s P value and OR are 5.3x10-5 and 1.80, respectively. Dominant model’s P value and OR are 8.6x10-6 and 2.06, respectively.). HLA-E*01:01 was not observed to have any significant association with BD. We also obtained the available data sets of Chinese and Japanese genome sequence from public data base and then, analyzed each Linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure using SNPs in HLA-A, -B and –E region. The pattern of LD including HLA-E was different between two cohorts. Collectively, we suggested that HLA-B*51 and HLA-A*26 are associated with BD in Japanese cohort as well as another cohort and that HLA-E*01:01 is not associated with BD. Our data suggest that LD structure of the region including HLA-E depends on a type of ethnic group even among Asian ethnic group.

Women Autonomy, Nutritional and Immunization Status of their Children

This paper examines the impact of women’s autonomy on their children’s nutritional and immunization status. The main objectives of the paper are to see the women’s decision making power in different socio-economic conditions and how far different levels of decision making power influence their children’s nutritional health and immunization status. We have used third round of National Family Health Survey data and the sample size are based on 39,879 women, aged (15-49) years having their last children aged (0-59) months. Women’s autonomy has been assessed through the four aspects of decision making, namely on own health care, large household purchase, mobility to relatives’ house or other family members’ house and ability to spend husband’s money. Children’s nutritional health status has been assessed through ‘z’ score value of weight for age and height for age. Immunization status has been assessed through the criteria of one dose of BCG, 3 doses of DPT and Polio and one dose of measles taken within the 12-23 months. Socio-economic variables are type of residence, women’s educational and occupational status, type of ethnic group and wealth index of the family. The study reveals that the welfare of children depends on the consciousness and awareness of the mother. Awareness is directly related with the mothers white colored job and this job is dependent on women’s higher education. We can take welfare of children as an indicator of autonomy of mothers because autonomy of mothers has the highest effect on nutritional and immunization status of children.

External kin, economic disparity and minority ethnic group mobilization

What is the relationship between economic grievance and ethnopolitical conflict? Many theories on ethnic conflict posit a relationship between economic inequality and conflict, and many tend to agree that economic inequality between groups is one of the main causes of grievance and thereby political mobilization. This article engages existing literature on horizontal inequalities, but probes the violent consequences of a different type of economic inequality. In particular, we are interested in the type of ethnic group that has extensive external kin relations, and how in such conditions the economic disparity between the ethnic group and its external kin group condition the former’s grievance construction. We argue that, if the ethnic group’s external kin enjoys positive economic advantage over the ethnic group, then the latter is more likely to feel deprived and engage in violent political mobilization toward the current host state.

Archival representations of immigration and ethnicity in North American history: from the ethnicization of archives to the archivization of ethnicity

This article traces the representations of ethnicity and immigration in mainstream American and Canadian archives since the 1950s. It identifies three main periods of evolution of these ethnic archives: the era prior to the civil rights movement, the 1960–1980s and the 1990s and beyond. Relying on an understanding of archival collections as social constructions anchored in specific historical contexts, the article considers the various political, economic, social and technological factors that affected ethnic archives over time, especially as they relate to changing scholarly and popular conceptions of ethnicity in North America. It pays particular attention to the impact of historical scholarship in fields related to immigration and ethnicity and of postmodernist archival theories that challenge the traditional view of archives as evidence of the past. It suggests that the relationship between ethnic archives and their historical context is dialectical: not only are they affected by the context in which they are developed and managed, but they also have an impact on that context as they favor certain conceptions of ethnicity and types of ethnic groups at the expense of others. Both curators and users of archival materials should therefore pay closer attention to the history of the processes that went into the construction of these archives to avoid falling victims to the illusion of ethnic authenticity.

The Myth of Cultural Communion: Civilizations, Nations, and Ethnic Groups

This paper describes and critiques the partitioning of people into discrete groups whose social action is supposed to be determined by group-unique, shared, coherent, and enduring and subjective culture. Specifically, it argues that the claims that civilizations, nations, and various types of ethnic groups are each constituted by such culture rely on arguments and suppositions which are theoretically and empirically untenable.

Approaches to ethnic conflict resolution: paradigms and principles

In the past few decades, the consciousness of the ubiquity of ethnic conflicts and of ethnic diversity has significantly increased. There has been, however, an inability to foresee, adequately explain and resolve ethnic conflicts. This inability is attributed to the preconceived frameworks and paradigms through which the ethnic phenomenon has been understood. Three types of such preconceptions are singled out: the preconception of ethnic groups as pre-modern, the self-conception of the majority group in society as non-ethnic and the often-assumed “command” character of the mandate carried out by appointed administrators dealing with minority ethnic groups. These preconceptions have contributed to ineffectiveness of efforts at interethnic conflict resolution in as much as they have excluded the principle of identity recognition, regarded here as a basic metaprinciple of interethnic relations. Techniques of ethnic conflict resolution, such as that of negotiation, can work effectively only when they are governed by this metaprinciple. In this regard, the effectiveness depends also on participation of the state in interethnic conflict resolution, particularly by means of policies of identity recognition. Application of the metaprinciples, however, requires not only an understanding of the circumstances of each particular situation of conflict, but as well, an understanding of the nature of ethnicity, types of ethnic groups, the nature of ethnic identity, the nature of the process of ethnic identity construction and change. Understanding of the nature of nationalism and types of nationalisms is a case in point. Full understanding of the broader nature of the phenomenon of ethnicity is a prerequisite for development of an attitude that would lead to an effective negotiation process between conflicting ethnic groups.

Middleman Minority Concept: Its Explanatory Value in the Case of the Japanese in California Agriculture

The concept of the “middleman minority” has been employed in the social sciences to deal with minority groups whose historical experience, although marked by discrimination, is not characterized by continuous, extreme subordinate status. The explanatory value of this concept is challenged, however, when one examines the historical experience of one of its primary empirical examples, Japanese Americans in agriculture. In this case, one of the most important requirements of the theory—that the group occupies a middle-rank position in the stratification system and functions as “middleman” in the movement of goods and services—is not met. Furthermore, we suggest that the more parsimonious concept of “petite bourgeoisie,” combined with an emphasis on the common cultural/social organizational resources found in these groups, allows us to understand better the social-psychological consequences of involvement in small-scale businesses. Such an approach provides insights into the way economic activities influence the character of persons and their communities in certain types of ethnic groups.