Types Of Elements Research Articles

Zol & fai: large-scale targeted detection and evolutionary investigation of gene clusters.

Many universally and conditionally important genes are genomically aggregated within clusters. Here, we introduce fai and zol, which together enable large-scale comparative analysis of different types of gene clusters and mobile-genetic elements (MGEs), such as biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) or viruses. Fundamentally, they overcome a current bottleneck to reliably perform comprehensive orthology inference at large scale across broad taxonomic contexts and thousands of genomes. First, fai allows the identification of orthologous instances of a query gene cluster of interest amongst a database of target genomes. Subsequently, zol enables reliable, context-specific inference of ortholog groups for individual protein-encoding genes across gene cluster instances. In addition, zol performs functional annotation and computes a variety of evolutionary statistics for each inferred ortholog group. Importantly, in comparison to tools for visual exploration of homologous relationships between gene clusters, zol can scale to thousands of gene cluster instances and produce detailed reports that are easy to digest. To showcase fai and zol, we apply them for: (i) longitudinal tracking of a virus in metagenomes, (ii) discovering novel population-level genetic insights of two common BGCs in the fungal species Aspergillus flavus, and (iii) uncovering large-scale evolutionary trends of a virulence-associated gene cluster across thousands of genomes from a diverse bacterial genus.

Impact of wall roughness elements type and height on heat transfer inside a cavity

AbstractThis work investigates the effect of two wall roughness types, triangular and circular, on convection and radiation heat transfer in a small space. The ANSYS Fluent is used to do thermal and dynamic modeling; the left wall is warmer than the right one. The upper and lower walls are adiabatic. The Nusselt numbers are compared in all cases and for two Rayleigh values, which change based on the cavity's characteristic length. The results show temperature contours and Nusselt curves. It was observed that the roughness had a strong effect on the air's thermal behavior inside the cavity, where the Nusselt decreased in both roughness cases, especially at small heights. However, the largest decrease is in the triangular case and for angles less than 90°. For 72°, Nusselt is 13.32 and 6% less than smooth and circular cases respectively.

Tracking the Variations in Trace and Heavy Elements in Smoking Products Marketed in Oman and Egypt: Risk Assessment After Implementation of Constraining Protocols.

Tobacco smoking is becoming one of the major worldwide concerns regarding environmental pollution as well as health threats. In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the Framework Convention On Tobacco Control (FCTC), which outlined protocols for controlling tobacco products. Oman was one of the leading countries to follow these protocols; however, Egypt has only followed these protocols recently in 2020. One of the main challenges in tobacco product control is the variation in their trace element's types and amounts from country to country owing to differences in agriculture techniques and used chemical additives. Smoking releases different toxic metal ions found in them into the air, and hence, analyzing trace amounts of metals in tobacco smoking products is becoming more critical. The proposed research aims to evaluate the current levels of 11 heavy metals (namely, As, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Be, Ba, Mn, Ni, Fe, and Hg) in 22 tobacco products available in Egypt and Oman using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and a direct mercury analyzer. Although some elements such as Be, Co, and Cd were absent, the positive detection of As and Pb and the levels of Ba, Cr, and Ni are still alarming, especially for heavy smokers. The obtained results were then statistically related to previously published data in 2017 to explore the effectiveness of implementing the FCTC protocols within the Egyptian market. The outcomes suggested a positive impact of FCTC protocol implementation in Egypt, besides the lower levels of elemental content for Omani products compared to the Egyptian market.

A GFDM based computational model for the analysis of tunnels under gravitational loadings

Based on an impedance relation, a new computational model is developed for the analysis of tunnels under gravitational loading. The shape of tunnel is arbitrary. The impedance matrix, representing the soil resistance, is evaluated through integration of the equations of elasticity by generalized finite difference method (GFDM). The rigidity matrix of tunnel ring is constructed by using two types of elements: plate and shell elements. The equations of these elements are evaluated through integration of the equations of higher order plate and shell theories again by GFDM. These element equations accommodate not only axial and bending deformations, but, also shear deformations in the ring. In the study, the rotational joint deformation is simulated through the use of rotational spring model and the slippage is considered by modifying the impedance matrix so that the tangential soil resistance force between the ring and soil medium vanishes. Some numerical results are presented, in nondimensional forms, for circular and square tunnels where the following three cases are considered for circular tunnels: a) the soil medium is infinite, the change in σv (vertical (in situ) compressional stress) in the vicinity of tunnel is disregarded b) the soil medium is infinite, the change in σv is taken into account c) the soil medium is halfspace (HS). In connection with the case of (a), a comparison is presented for the ring flexibility curves of radial displacement and section forces of circular ring with those reported in literature. In view of the interpretations of the results and comparisons, we think, the proposed model may be used reliably in the analysis of tunnels.

Triple-Band MIMO Antenna for 5 G Terminals

In this work, a triple-band, four-element antenna is designed for fifth-generation (5 G) terminals operating in LTE band 42 (3.4–3.6 GHz), LTE band 43 (3.6–3.8 GHz), and the new 5 G radio band (4.8–5.0 GHz). The proposed antenna array consists of two different types of antenna elements: a T-shaped element, which is connected to the feed line, and a C-shaped element, which is used to divide the bandwidth. The overall size of the proposed antenna element is only 10.5 mm × 5 mm. The multiantenna system has four antennas and is built on a 0.5-mm-thick Rogers 4003C substrate. The results for this antenna show a 10 dB measured bandwidth of 650 MHz at the center frequency of 3.6 GHz and 230 MHz at 4.9 GHz, a gain of more than 4 dBi, an isolation of more than 14 dB, and an overall radiation efficiency of more than 82%.

Characterization of nanostructure of naturally occurring disordered sp2 carbon by impedance spectroscopy

We analyzed main structural models of sp2 carbon with a structure similar to glassy carbon from the point of view of impedance spectroscopy in the range from hertz frequencies to 15 MHz. We used samples of natural carbon (shungites, anthraxolites) with a structure and properties close to synthetic glassy carbon. The impedance spectroscopy results were compared to high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images, which revealed a complex nanoscale structure including stacks of misoriented graphene layers, multilayer ribbons, and closed fullerene-like structures. The high locality of the HRTEM method often does not allow identifying the predominant nano-sized structure if two or more types of structural elements are observed in one sample. Using impedance spectroscopy, we found samples with an inductive type of resistance indicating predominant extended and tortuous elements (ribbons, fibrils), as well as samples with a capacitive type of resistance with a significant predominance of nano-sized stacks of graphene layers with impurities/dielectric gaps and micropores.

Finite Element Investigation of the Ultimate Capacity of FRP Strengthening Soffit Curved Girders

In recent decades, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has been increasingly used to reinforce curved reinforced concrete girders. The main objective of this research is to study the effect of curvature on the performance of curved reinforced concrete (RC) girders reinforced with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). Five models with a length of 6 m and different degrees of curvature (1,2,3,4,5) mm/m were used, each with dimensions similar to the models used in cross-sectional area and effective extension similar to those of the source model. The modeling was in Ansys software and the girders were simulated to obtain the load deflection with respect to the mid span, failure load and failure pattern, in order to understand the effect of variable curvature on the performance of this type of structural element, it was applied under one central load from the middle of the girder length until failure. It was observed that the curvature pitch of 5 mm/m reduced the load-bearing capacity of the c RC curved girders by 7.33%.

Data-Driven Evolutionary Design of Multienzyme-like Nanozymes.

Multienzyme-like nanozymes are nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-like activities and are the focus of nanozyme research owing to their ability to facilitate cascaded reactions, leverage synergistic effects, and exhibit environmentally responsive selectivity. However, multienzyme-like nanozymes exhibit varying enzyme-like activities under different conditions, making them difficult to precisely regulate according to the design requirements. Moreover, individual enzyme-like activity in a multienzyme-like activity may accelerate, compete, or antagonize each other, rendering the overall activity a complex interplay of these factors rather than a simple sum of single enzyme-like activity. A theoretically guided strategy is highly desired to accelerate the design of multienzyme-like nanozymes. Herein, nanozyme information was collected from 4159 publications to build a nanozyme database covering element type, element ratio, chemical valence, shape, pH, etc. Based on the clustering correlation coefficients of the nanozyme information, the material features in distinct nanozyme classifications were reorganized to generate compositional factors for multienzyme-like nanozymes. Moreover, advanced methods were developed, including the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics method for analyzing the surface adsorption and binding energies of substrates, transition states, and products in the reaction pathways, along with machine learning algorithms to identify the optimal reaction pathway, to aid the evolutionary design of multienzyme-like nanozymes. This approach culminated in creating CuMnCo7O12, a highly active multienzyme-like nanozyme. This process is named the genetic-like evolutionary design of nanozymes because it resembles biological genetic evolution in nature and offers a feasible protocol and theoretical foundation for constructing multienzyme-like nanozymes.

Off-axis bifocal metalens for displacement measurement

Metasurface is a new type of micro-optical element developed in recent years. It can intelligently modulate electromagnetic waves by adjusting the geometrical parameters and arrangement of dielectric structures. In this paper, a bifocal metalens based on modulation of propagation phase was designed for the potential application in displacement measurement. The phase of the bifocal lens is designed by the optical holography-like method, which is verified by the scalar diffraction theory. We designed a square aperture lens with a side length of 200 μm to realize two focal spots with focal lengths of 900 and 1100 μm. The two focal spots aren’t on one optical axis. The polarization insensitive TiO2 cylinders are chosen as structure units. Four structures with different radius were selected to achieve the four phase steps. We fabricated the designed bifocal metalens using electron beam lithography and atomic layer deposition techniques, and measured the light intensity in the areas near the two foci in the direction of the longitudinal axis. The differential signal was calculated, from which we obtained a linear interval. It demonstrates the ability of bifocal differential measurement to be applied to displacement measurement. Because the metasurfaces production process is semiconductor compatible, the bifocal lens is easy to integrate and can be used for miniaturized displacement measurements, micro-resonators, acceleration measurements, and so on.

Higher-order thin layer method as an efficient forward model for calculating dispersion curves of surface and Lamb waves in layered media

The thin layer method (TLM) is an effective semi-discrete numerical tool for analyzing wave motion in stratified media. The TLM can calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for both propagating and decaying waves, which is essential to simulate waves near the source. The eigenvectors are particularly useful in various applications, such as estimating modal contributions, calculating synthetic seismograms, determining Green’s function, analyzing site response, and solving wave amplification problems in earthquake engineering, to name a few. In practice, most engineering applications use linear element-based TLM. However, the overall performance of TLM depends upon the type of element and the number of thin layers. The linear element TLM requires relatively thin sub-layers to obtain an accurate solution, making it computationally expensive and time-consuming. This study explores the potential of using non-linear higher-order TLM (HTLM) for forward modeling. The mathematical framework of TLM is used to formulate the generalized HTLM in determining the multimodal dispersion curve of Rayleigh, Love, and Lamb waves. The convergence and computational efficiency of different orders of HTLM have been investigated on a diverse set of published soil profiles and plate-like structures. Since non-linear interpolation functions better capture the change in displacement and stress between the layers, the findings reveal that the HTLM consistently outperforms the linear element TLM in terms of accuracy. Furthermore, the computational efficiency of different order HTLM is analyzed by comparing the total degrees of freedom and CPU time. Remarkably, higher-order HTLMs exhibit improved accuracy without increasing the computational burden, making them an attractive option for practical applications such as global search-based inversion and full spectrum inversions where fast and economical forward modeling is essential. Therefore, the HTLM will become helpful in seismic wavefield modeling, dynamic soil characterization, non-destructive evaluation methods, wave propagation analysis through waveguides, seismic site response analysis, etc.

Comparative study on fatigue evaluation of suspenders by introducing actual vehicle trajectory data

Suspenders play a crucial role in transmitting loads from the bridge deck to the main cable in a suspension bridge. They are susceptible to fatigue due to repeated dynamic loads, particularly traffic loads. Traffic Load Models (TLMs), typically created using Monte–Carlo simulation and Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) data, are employed to evaluate this fatigue. However, these models often overlook practical vehicle trajectories and spatio-temporal distribution, which compromises the precision of fatigue assessments. In this study, we introduce a novel 2D Intelligent Driver Model (2D-IDM) that incorporates actual vehicle trajectories, with a particular focus on transverse vehicle movement. This enhancement aims to improve the fidelity of existing TLMs. To provide a clear, qualitative, and quantitative understanding of the effects of fatigue evaluation with or without actual trajectory characteristics, we have structured this paper as a comparative study. We compare our proposed model, denoted as TLM S-3, with two observation-based models (O-1 and O-2) and two simulation-based models (S-1 and S-2). We conducted an experimental case study on a long-span suspension bridge, where the actual traffic load trajectory was obtained using a WIM-Vision integrated system. To calculate fatigue damage considering both longitudinal and transverse directions, we established a multi-scale Finite Element Model (FEM) using solid element types to simulate the bridge girder. This model can generate the stress influence surface of the bridge and has been verified in both static and dynamic aspects. Our detailed comparative analysis demonstrates the consistency of the proposed 2D-IDM with the actual measured traffic load trajectories. This indicates that our approach can enhance the fidelity and precision of fatigue evaluations for bridge suspenders.

Free and forced vibration analysis over meshes with tangled (non-convex) elements

Tangled (non-convex) elements, i.e. elements with negative Jacobian determinant, can lead to erroneous results in the standard finite element method (FEM). Constructing tangle-free, well-structured meshes for complex geometries is often impossible. Hence there is a need to explore analysis methods that can directly handle such tangled meshes.In this paper, we propose the isoparametric tangled finite element method (i-TFEM) for free and forced vibration problems over tangled meshes. By employing piece-wise invertible mapping, a variational formulation is derived, leading to a simple modification of the standard FEM stiffness and mass matrices with the incorporation of additional compatibility constraints. Moreover, i-TFEM reduces to standard FEM for non-tangled (regular) meshes. The proposed method is implemented for three types of elements: 4-node quadrilateral, 9-node quadrilateral, and 8-node hexahedral elements. The numerical results demonstrate that i-TFEM is able to consistently handle general tangled (non-convex) elements, enabling convenient meshing for complex geometries.

Folk Elements Compilation in Chinese Textbooks for Thai Elementary Schools

Background and Aim: Folk customs are an important part of culture, studying Chinese folk culture not only enhances Chinese learners’ language proficiency but also promotes their cultural exchange and fosters cross-cultural understanding. This research focuses on the folk elements in Chinese textbooks for Thai elementary schools, aiming to analyze the compilation of folk elements in terms of quantity, proportion, content, and difficulty level. Materials and Methods: A combination of literature review, comparative analysis, and interview methods is employed in this article to analyze the folk elements in six representative sets of Chinese teaching materials used in Thai elementary schools. Results: It was found that 1) The six representative sets of Chinese textbooks for Thai primary schools have rich and diverse folk elements, totaling over 4500. 2) Material folk elements are the most prominent, accounting for about 40.1%. They are followed by linguistic folk elements, comprising about 33.1%. Social folk elements comprise approximately 20.8%, while spiritual folk elements are the least represented, making up about 6.0%. 3) The folk elements are related to various social life topics and the associated Chinese vocabularies and expressions. 4) The difficulty levels of folk elements can be divided into elementary, intermediate, and advanced. Among them, elementary-level elements constitute the majority, comprising about 82.8%. Conclusion: Most of the representative Chinese textbooks in Thai primary schools have various types of folk elements. These folk elements may help Thai children grasp elementary Chinese vocabulary, social rules, and customs, and cultivate their awareness and ability for cross-cultural communication.

Study on the evolution characteristics of molecular surface active sites of low-rank coal in low-temperature oxidation stage

Compared with other coal types of coal, low - metamorphic coal contains numerous active sites, making it susceptible to spontaneous combustion and posing significant risks during production, transportation, and storage. To further reveal the evolution characteristics and laws of low-rank coal's active sites during the process of low-temperature oxidation of coal (LTOC), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) experiments were used to determine the basic structural parameters such as the valence state of non-carbon features, types of carbon elements in coal macromolecules, and structure and quantity of functional groups. Combined with molecular modelling software (GaussView 6.0) and macromolecular calculation software (Grimme-XTB), macromolecular models of coal at different temperature points were constructed, and the surface energy field distribution was calculated. The number and energy change information of chemical and physical adsorption sites of low-rank coal during heating were obtained. The results show that during the LTOC, the chemical adsorption sites such as aliphatic hydrocarbons (-CH3/-CH2) have higher reactivity and can be converted into oxygen-containing functional groups (-CHO, –OH, –COOH); the number of physical adsorption sites increased first and then decreased, and reached the maximum at 50 °C. Coal exhibited a higher affinity for O2 at this temperature. The peroxide (-C-O-O-H) undergoes thermal decomposition, leading to H2O and weight loss of coal. The –CO and –COO structures undergo decarboxylation to generate CO, CO2, and other gases. This study comprehensively revealed the evolution of active sites through two key coal oxygen processes, physical and chemical adsorption, based on the gradual temperature elevation of low-rank coal. This holds immense significance for improving and enriching the understanding of the mechanism of coal spontaneous combustion(CSC), preparing more targeted CSC inhibition, and formulating efficient fire prevention and extinguishing measures.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Liriodendron chinense Hsf Gene Family under Abiotic Stress and Characterization of the LcHsfA2a Gene.

Heat shock factors (Hsfs) play a crucial role in plant defense processes. However, the distribution and functional characteristics of Hsf genes in the relict plant Liriodendron chinense are still unclear. In this study, a total of 19 LcHsfs were identified and divided into three separate subgroups, comprising 10 LcHsfA, 7 LcHsfB, and 2 LcHsfC genes, respectively, based on their phylogenetic tree and the presence/absence of conserved protein domains. Whole-genome duplication and segmental duplication led to an expansion of the LhHsf gene family. The promoters of LcHsf genes are enriched for different types of cis-acting elements, including hormone responsive and abiotic-stress-responsive elements. The expression of LcHsfA3, LcHsfA4b, LcHsfA5, LcHsfB1b, and LcHsfB2b increased significantly as a result of both cold and drought treatments. LcHsfA2a, LcHsfA2b, and LcHsfA7 act as important genes whose expression levels correlate strongly with the expression of the LcHsp70, LcHsp110, and LcAPX genes under heat stress. In addition, we found that transiently transformed 35S:LcHsfA2a seedlings showed significantly lower levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after heat stress and showed a stronger thermotolerance. This study sheds light on the possible functions of LcHsf genes under abiotic stress and identifies potentially useful genes to target for molecular breeding, in order to develop more stress-resistant varieties.

Finite Element Modeling of Rigid-Flex Printed-Circuit-Board Origami Robotics Subjected to Large-Scale Deformations

Rigid-flex printed circuit board (PCB) robotics have been investigated for exploring planetary terrain currently inaccessible to traditional aluminum body rovers. To push the technology to flight readiness, there must be rigorous methodologies for modeling these structures. This paper presents a modeling methodology for rigid-flex PCB robots subjected to large deformations, failure criteria for each component of the robot (PCB, Nomex hinges, flex cable), validation with drop testing of the rigid-flex PCB robot Pop-Up Flat Folding Explorer Robot (PUFFER), and an application of the method to assess survivability under lunar impact scenarios. A numerically stable and computationally efficient model of rigid-flex PCB robotics was permitted by using a combination of pre-existing element types and a hyperelastic material model for the flexible hinges.

Enantioselective synthesis of a two-fold inherently chiral molecular nanographene

AbstractThe introduction and precise control of stereogenic elements in chemical structures is typically a challenging task. Most asymmetric methods require the presence of a heteroatom in the starting substrates acting as an anchor point for the successful transfer of chiral information. For this reason, compounds comprising only carbon atoms, such as optically active molecular nanographenes, are usually obtained as racemates, and isolated by chiral chromatographic separation. Here, we report an enantioselective strategy that uses three stereocontrolled synthetic steps to introduce and extend three different types of stereogenic elements, namely central, axial and helicoidal chirality, into a polycyclic aromatic structure. Thus, two chiral nanographene layers are covalently connected through a chiral triindane core. The final stereocontrolled graphitization Scholl reaction affords the formation of chiral nanographene units with remarkable enantiomeric excesses, high stereochemical stability and good chiroptical properties.

Phage-plasmids promote recombination and emergence of phages and plasmids

Phages and plasmids are regarded as distinct types of mobile genetic elements that drive bacterial evolution by horizontal gene transfer. However, the distinction between both types is blurred by the existence of elements known as prophage-plasmids or phage-plasmids, which transfer horizontally between cells as viruses and vertically within cellular lineages as plasmids. Here, we study gene flow between the three types of elements. We show that the gene repertoire of phage-plasmids overlaps with those of phages and plasmids. By tracking recent recombination events, we find that phage-plasmids exchange genes more frequently with plasmids than with phages, and that direct gene exchange between plasmids and phages is less frequent in comparison. The results suggest that phage-plasmids can mediate gene flow between plasmids and phages, including exchange of mobile element core functions, defense systems, and antibiotic resistance. Moreover, a combination of gene transfer and gene inactivation may result in the conversion of elements. For example, gene loss turns P1-like phage-plasmids into integrative prophages or into plasmids (that are no longer phages). Remarkably, some of the latter have acquired conjugation-related functions to became mobilisable by conjugation. Thus, our work indicates that phage-plasmids can play a key role in the transfer of genes across mobile elements within their hosts, and can act as intermediates in the conversion of one type of element into another.

Genome-wide identification of U-box gene family and expression analysis in response to saline-alkali stress in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv).

E3 ubiquitin ligases are central modifiers of plant signaling pathways that regulate protein function, localization, degradation, and other biological processes by linking ubiquitin to target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases include proteins with the U-box domain. However, there has been no report about the foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv) U-box gene family (SiPUB) to date. To explore the function of SiPUBs, this study performed genome-wide identification of SiPUBs and expression analysis of them in response to saline-alkali stress. A total of 70 SiPUBs were identified, which were unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes. Phylogenetic and conserved motif analysis demonstrated that SiPUBs could be clustered into six subfamilies (I-VI), and most SiPUBs were closely related to the homologues in rice. Twenty-eight types of cis-acting elements were identified in SiPUBs, most of which contained many light-responsive elements and plant hormone-responsive elements. Foxtail millet had 19, 78, 85, 18, and 89 collinear U-box gene pairs with Arabidopsis, rice, sorghum, tomato, and maize, respectively. Tissue specific expression analysis revealed great variations in SiPUB expression among different tissues, and most SiPUBs were relatively highly expressed in roots, indicating that SiPUBs may play important roles in root development or other growth and development processes of foxtail millet. Furthermore, the responses of 15 SiPUBs to saline-alkali stress were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that saline-alkali stress led to significantly differential expression of these 15 SiPUBs, and SiPUB20/48/70 may play important roles in the response mechanism against saline-alkali stress. Overall, this study provides important information for further exploration of the biological function of U-box genes.

RNA m6A modification regulates L1 retrotransposons in human spermatogonial stem cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo

The maintenance of genome integrity in the germline is crucial for mammalian development. Long interspersed element type 1 (LINE-1, L1) is a mobile genetic element that makes up about 17% of the human genome and poses a threat to genome integrity. N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) plays an essential role in regulating various biological processes. However, the function of m6A modification in L1 retrotransposons and human germline development remains largely unknown. Here we knocked out the m6A methyltransferase METTL3 or the m6A reader YTHDF2 in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and discovered that METTL3 and YTHDF2 are crucial for inducing human spermatogonial stem cells (hSSCs) from hESCs in vitro. The removal of METTL3 or YTHDF2 resulted in increased L1 retrotransposition and reduced the efficiency of SSC differentiation in vitro. Further analysis showed that YTHDF2 recognizes the METTL3-catalyzed m6A modification of L1 retrotransposons and degrades L1 mRNA through autophagy, thereby blocking L1 retrotransposition. Moreover, the study confirmed that m6A modification in human fetal germ cells promotes the degradation of L1 retrotransposon RNA, preventing the insertion of new L1 retrotransposons into the genome. Interestingly, L1 retrotransposon RNA was highly expressed while METTL3 was significantly downregulated in the seminal plasma of azoospermic patients with meiotic arrest compared to males with normal fertility. Additionally, we identified some potentially pathogenic variants in m6A-related genes in azoospermic men with meiotic arrest. In summary, our study suggests that m6A modification serves as a guardian of genome stability during human germline development and provides novel insights into the function and regulatory mechanisms of m6A modification in restricting L1 retrotransposition.