Types Of Electrical Machines Research Articles

ANÁLISE DE PROTÓTIPO VOLTADO A EFICIÊNCIA ENERGÉTICA APLICADA A TORRE DE RESFRIAMENTO INDUSTRIAL

Introduction: The integration of an energy control system into an industrial cooling tower, by combining this technological advance that current technology provides us, guaranteeing maximum efficiency and environmental protection. Objective: To analyze a prototype focused on energy efficiency applied to industrial cooling towers, with Arduino controlling an automation system aimed at this. Methodology: This study is a qualitative research with a case study type involving the development of a prototype of an energy control system applied to an industrial cooling tower and supporting literature with databases from engineering journals. Results: The results indicate that the system is viable for any industrial use, thus ensuring greater control and efficiency to the industry, being able to adapt to any environment and also adding to it any type of electrical machines for control. Conclusion: integration can contribute significantly to the development of innovative solutions in the field of automation and safety, ensuring greater control and efficiency in the supervision of industrial environments.

Opportunities to Enhance sCO2 Power Cycle Turbomachinery with Bearingless Motor/Generators

Thermal power cycles using sCO2 as a working fluid place extreme demands on their turbomachinery components and their electric motors/generators. In this paper, new system topologies for sCO2 turbomachinery are proposed which take advantage of “bearingless” electric machine technology to improve performance. Bearingless motors/generators are a new type of electric machine which integrate the functionality of active magnetic bearings into the existing hardware of an electric motor/generator. The existing electromagnetic surfaces and materials are reused to enable controllable production of radial forces on the machine shaft. This is envisioned to improve hermetic direct-drive turbomachinery systems by either augmenting existing bearings (i.e., bearing assist) or replacing existing bearings (i.e., bearing removal). The state-of-the-art technologies for several bearing types (gas foil bearings, externally pressurized porous (EPP) gas bearings, and active magnetic bearings) and electric machines are reviewed to motivate the introduction of bearingless technology. Two system designs using bearingless machines are proposed and compared against existing commercial solutions in terms of maximum shaft weight, number of passthroughs into the hermetic environment, cost, and complexity. A case-study bearingless motor/generator is assessed via simulations and a hardware prototype to investigate practical considerations for using bearingless technology in sCO2 turbomachinery. The proposed bearingless solutions have potential to enable a new generation of sCO2 turbomachinery with improved reliability, reduced complexity, and lower cost. This paper shows that by transforming the motor/generator already present in turbomachinery into a bearingless motor/generator, the technical challenges involved with sCO2 can be overcome without adding significant cost.

Operating an electric motor in saturation – mechanical vibrations and other effects

This paper addresses some of the effects of running an electric motor near and in the saturation zone of the electromagnetic hysteresis curve, namely mechanical effects such as mechanical vibrations and rotation speed apart from the classic electrical and thermal effects. Mechanical vibrations are intrinsically characteristic of rotating machines, and other turbomachine characteristics, such as rotor unbalance, non-linearity and shaft variable stiffness can introduce severe disturbances in the operation of the machine. Rotation speed is also affected by electric parameters, when the mechanical machine is connect to an electric machine, meaning both the electric machine type and the process by which it is driven affects both the value of speed and its constancy.

State-feedback control of a grid-tied cascaded brushless doubly-fed induction machine

The cascaded brushless doubly-fed induction machine (CBDFIM) is the developed version of a classic slip-ring doubly-fed induction machine (DFIM). Deprived of the main DFIM disadvantage - the slip-ring connection, the cascaded brushless doubly-fed induction machine has better durability and lower maintenance costs. Structurally it is realized by the presence of control stator and main stator working with a common rotor shaft. However, this type of electrical machine is characterized by much higher control inertia and larger dq control axis coupling, in comparison to DFIM. This fact makes problematic obtainment good dynamic performance and stability of the controlled system for classic control schemes. In the paper presented cascaded brushless doubly-fed induction machine state-feedback control schemes, based on CBDFIM full and reduced state-space model. Proposed algorithms allow control of CBDFIM generated active and reactive power components in a grid-tied operation and offer great possibilities of obtaining the desired dynamics parameters and stability of the controlled system. The main paper goal is to prove that reduced order state feedback control can be equally effective than full state feedback control in terms of obtained closed loop system dynamics and reduces influence of the couplings between the controlled variables.

Development of a virtual hardware temperature observer for frequency-controlled asynchronous electric motors

One of the most common types of AC electric machines are asynchronous electric motors. Because of their simple and reliable design, they are used in many industries. In this paper, the object of research is an asynchronous electric motor with a short-circuited rotor. To ensure the normal operation of an asynchronous electric motor, the heating temperature of its active parts should not exceed the maximum permissible values, which are determined by the corresponding class of heat resistance of the insulation system used in the electric motor. In asynchronous electric motors, the stator winding is the most thermally vulnerable node, which is the first to fail when the temperature of the electric motor increases. Thermal protection devices protect an asynchronous electric motor from emergency operating modes accompanied by an unacceptable excess of the temperature of their windings. In order to build an indirect system of protection against overheating of the stator windings, a temperature observer has been developed using already available signals in a frequency-controlled electric drive. Simulation studies were performed in Matlab/Simulink application software packages. Simulation studies were carried out on the basis of asynchronous electric motors of the 4A series with a capacity of 30, 75 and 110 kW in the temperature range from 20 °C to 250 °C. As a result of the research, it was found that the error of indirect calculation of the temperature of electric motors, taking into account the correction factor, does not exceed 1 %. The proposed temperature observer can be used to build protections for asynchronous electric drives

Enhanced Electric Motors Using Multi-Functional 3D Printed Winding With Integrated Heat Sinks

Electrical machines are the central components of many energy conversion systems. Developing the performance of these devices is critical for improved energy management in our society. A new generation of electrical equipment has been enabled by the recent development of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. This research takes advantage of the greater design freedom given by such approaches to enhance the heat dissipation qualities of the machines in two aspects. Firstly, varying-thickness windings fill up the available space leading to a reduced winding resistance so that the Joule losses can be decreased. Secondly, a novel design of a multi-functional 3D-printed winding is presented. This innovative design accomplishes self-cooling capabilities by including heat sinks into the end-winding. It is achieved by extending the heads of the coils from each turn extremity, creating heat sinks as part of the winding itself. The heat can be extracted directly from the coils to the ambient environment without intermediate pieces. The suggested approaches reduce heat generation and improve heat transmission, allowing for a higher input current. This results in machines with larger power densities for the same volume of permanent magnets while keeping passive cooling. We study a linear coreless permanent magnet machine to explore the concept. Nevertheless, this approach can be applied to different types of electrical machines possibly accommodating other cooling methods.

Smart Street Light and Motor

Abstract: 1. Smart Street Light: Electrical Energy consumption of a nation is an indicator of the economic and social growth of the country. With the increasing demand for non-conventional energy resources, the conservation of energy is an important domain in current research .Energy Conservation can be the best solution for the rising energy demand .Utilizing electricity efficiently and reducing its wastage as much as possible is an important criterion considering the depleting natural reserves of fossil fuel traditionally used its generation. This paved way for developing appliance based automation for energy conservation. The PIR sensor provides an alternative method to save power consumption by detecting human movement. 2. Smart Motor: Technology has been developing throughout the world as system moved from manual to auto. Appliances are Inductive, resistive and capacitive in nature. Inductive type are mostly motors. Three-phase Induction motor is one of the most common types of electrical machines with vast amount of applications in the entire power system all over the world due to its various advantages such as low starting power, lower maintenance cost etc. For the sake of economy and their longer life, it is very much necessary to provide them with feasible conditions to perform optimal operation with best possible smart protection techniques. Control elements used here are vibration as well temperature sensation with GSM based remote data acquisition technique for automatic operations as well as a manual control using a selector switch for automatic as well as manual operation and a molded case circuit breaker for protection purpose.

Comparative analysis of switched reluctance motor control algorithms

Nowadays it has become possible to develop inexpensive modern control systems for nonlinear complexity electromechanical objects due to the development of microprocessor technology and power electronics. Switched reluctance electric machines are among these devices. It makes it possible to widely use such electric machines in various practical implementations, in particular, in traction drives, electric drives of oil and gas drilling rigs, and in other applications. The switched reluctance electric machine is a non-linear object, and its control methods require formalization and grouping. The manuscript considers the design and functional features of switched reluctance electrical machines. The main methods of controlling these electrical machine types are given. Comparative analysis of the most known methods is carried out. The main classical methods of switched reluctance electric machine control are considered, such as a relay current controller with a limitation, the method of controlling the turn on/off angles and controlling the DC link voltage. Transient responses in the electric drive system are demonstrated using the considered methods. It is shown that by adjusting the on/off angles, it is possible to reduce the torque oscillation coefficient. The identified features of the presented methods will make it possible to simplify and reduce the development time for an effective control system for switched reluctance electrical machines as well as to reduce the torque ripple.

Comprehensive Study of a FMaSynRM for forklift applications by FEM using open-source platform considering both electromagnetic design and modelling aspects

A comprehensive study of a ferrite magnet assisted synchronous reluctance machine (FMaSynRM) for the forklift applications by using open-source platform is introduced in detail in this paper including both modelling and electromagnetic design aspects. On the electromagnetism modelling side, this paper uses Elmer as the core and combines other open-source packages covering the preprocessing, solving, and postprocessing sections to build the finite element model of the FMaSynRM. On the electromagnetic design side of the FMaSynRM, this paper mainly discusses the single-double layer winding arrangement, rotor topology, and demagnetization performance. And the power, efficiency, and current maps of the finalized machine at different speeds and loads are estimated by the finite element method (FEM) using the open-source platform, which takes different control logics into consideration. Finally, the predicted results by FEM are verified by the tested results. The modelling method by using open-source platform and design procedure of the FMaSynRM presented in this paper can also be used in the design of other electrical machine types in the adjustable speed applications.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКОГО СИГНАЛА ДЛЯ МОНИТОРИНГА СИНХРОННЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ С ПОСТОЯННЫМИ МАГНИТАМИ

Relevance Nowadays, it is possible to achieve a significant increase in the technical and economic indicators of enterprises by improving the reliability of electrical and mechanical equipment. In this case, the time between current and overhaul repairs is increased and operating costs and, together with them, material and other resources are significantly reduced. Metallurgical production is the most expensive in terms of electrical consumption and a significant number of electric drives are concentrated there. For more than a hundred years, asynchronous electric machines have occupied key positions in regulated AC electric drives. Along with them, new types of electric machines have been actively developed in recent decades, which structurally in the active part do not contain windings on the rotor, the rotor is asymmetrical in magnetic relation, the stator can have one or two windings. Such machines include synchronous reactive and inductor electromechanical converters. All studies are of a private nature and do not cover the whole class of electric machines as a whole. There are no unified analytical dependencies for electromagnetic torque, active and reactive powers, power factor, methods of engineering calculations of machines, optimization methods, unified approaches to the synthesis of control actions on stator windings, calculation of losses, the peculiarities of synthesis of such machines for specific production mechanisms are not considered, taking into account the nature of load and speed diagrams and modes of operation in an extended range of speeds and load torques. In connection with the above-mentioned, a comprehensive study of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is relevant, and there is a need to determine the diagnostic signs of faults both incipient and manifested. Aim of research The article is devoted to the issues of obtaining diagnostic information in the generator mode of PMSM. It is shown that the generator mode is an effective mode for obtaining a diagnostic signal, allowing to fully implement the methods of mathematical analysis of signals, without introducing errors in the form of spectral components from the work of converters. Research methods The methods of theoretical and experimental research were applied in the work. To conduct theoretical studies used software packages Excel and MathCad; software package MatLab for wavelet analysis and Fourier analysis; software package Elcut to develop a computer model and simulation modeling; the basics of wavelet theory. Results The generator mode is an effective mode of obtaining the diagnostic signal, which allows to fully implement the methods of mathematical analysis of signals without introducing errors in the form of spectral components, which inevitably occur during the operation of converters of any type. The use of the generator mode in PMSM diagnostic systems allows obtaining a much cleaner diagnostic signal, which increases the diagnostic accuracy, reduces the number of false diagnoses and minimizes the masking effect. This mode does not require any changes in the structure of the control system, because during the operation of any PMSM, one way or another, when the speed is reduced or stopped, the motors briefly operates in generator mode.

Sound analysis to diagnosis inner race bearing damage on induction motors using fast fourier transform

The induction motor is a type of electric machine that is widely used for industrial operations in this modern era. It is an alternating current electric machine with several advantages, namely cheap, simple construction, and not requiring excessive maintenance, but has the biggest percentage of motor fault in the bearings. Therefore, this study aims to identify the inner race-bearing fault detection system based on sound signal frequency analysis. The sound signal processing was carried out using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm to analyze the condition of the inner race-bearing. The sound signal was used because it does not require direct contact with the bearing (non-invasive). The fault detection system was tested with two defects, namely scratched inner race and perforated inner race bearing. The results gave a successful detection of the condition of the inner race bearing with a percentage of 81.24%. This showed that the fault detection system using sound signals with FFT signal processing was carried out with high accuracy.

Optimization of Electromechanical Energy Converters with a Solid Rotor Output Parameters in ANSYS RMxprt

The paper is devoted to finding the set value of the torque of an electromechanical energy converter with a solid rotor by solving an optimization problem in the Optimetrics module of the Ansys Maxwell software. A feature of the material described in the paper is the simultaneous optimization solution using the Sequential Nonlinear Programming (Gradient) algorithm and the solution of the field problem using the finite element method to determine the torque at each step of the iteration. The paper describes in detail the setting of the research tasks, the basic model of the electromechanical energy converter with a solid rotor in Ansys Maxwell 2D, the settings of the Optimetrics module, the task of the objective function and varied parameters, the convergence task with respect to the magnitude of the rotation torque, and the derivation and analysis of the results obtained during the optimization. The techniques described in this paper can be applied to any other type of electric machines.

Assessment of Electrical Machines’ State Based on Mathematical Modeling of Defect Formation in Windings

The highest quality and timely diagnostics of windings’ state of various types of electrical machines including of asynchronous motors’ windings is an impoitant task. Among the existing diagnostic methods currently the most promising are those ones based on methods for analyzing resonance processes occurring in electrical machines. The aim of the article was to assess the possibility of use resonant processes occurring in electrical machines for qualitative diagnostics of their windings state using the asynchronous motors example, to build mathematical models that allow describing defect formation in windings and to analyze the deviation of mathematical models relative to the results obtained.Analysis of the influence of the level of interturn resistances, the number of closed turns and the location of closed turns in sections on the phase-frequency characteristics of asynchronous motors windings of various classes has been carried out. Mathematical models of the phase-frequency characteristics are obtained, coefficients of polynomials are determined and the relative discrepancy between these mathematical dependences relative to the experimental data is estimated depending on the considered parameters characterizing defects in the coils’ windings of electrical machines.Obtained mathematical models and coefficients for them can serve as the basis for construction of automated control and diagnostic systems for checking of the windings state of electrical machines including assessing the residual life of their work.

The practice of borrowing foreign projection and technological solutions in the design of electrical machines in Ukraine in the second half of the 1930s

This article, based on the problem-chronological, comparative-historical, historiographical, and source-research methods, as well as the method of actualization, identifies the extent of borrowing foreign design and technological solutions in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic for projecting electrical machines in the second half of the 1930s, as well as the reasons for the absence of unambiguous information in historiography regarding the existence of this phenomenon in the republic at this chronological stage. The publication provides a general assessment of the quality of scientific support for the processes of creating electrical machines, establishes the ways of fulfilling the scientific-technical borrowings that were studied and the dynamics of their development, analyzes their role in the growth of the technical level of products of the Ukrainian electrical machine-building branch. It was found that the level of a scientific escort for electrical machine-building production in Ukraine during the considered period was insufficient for arranging a completely independent design of the entire range of sectoral industrial products, therefore, scientific and technical borrowings remained the only way to maintain the necessary rates of development in the design and production of new types of electrical machines across the entire latitude spectrum of their application. According to the archival documents, it was found that because of the rapid growth of the Soviet Union’s needs at the turn of the 1930s–1940s for electric power equipment, on the one hand, and the improvement of the possibility of organizing its mass production in Ukraine, on the other, the scale of such borrowings grew like an avalanche. At the same time, because of the growth of the scientific-technical potential of the republican electrical machine-building, the nature of the procedure for their fulfillment at the end of the 1930s changed and allowed their mimicry as the exclusively independent achievements of domestic designers. This is how the achievements of Ukrainian electric machine builders were presented to the entire Soviet society during the considered period, which subsequently allowed them to gain a foothold in the relevant historiography, however, the facts and arguments in this publication completely refute this established opinion.

The Speed Stabilization System of Electromechanical Energy Converters in ANSYS Twin Builder

The paper is devoted to solving the problem of building a control system for a special electromechanical energy converter, which is due to the inverted structure of the stator and the presence of a solid hollow rotor made of ferromagnetic steel. The task of the control system is to ensure the speed of the rotor's run-up to a given value in a certain time and then maintain it regardless of load fluctuations. The task was solved due to the implementation of Field Oriented Control (FOC) vector control with speed and current controllers and a phase locked loop (PLL). Despite the fact that from the point of view of the electric drive theory, the given task is not new, its solution using only ANSYS Twin Builder blocks is being solved for the first time. The peculiarity of this work is that the electromechanical converter in ANSYS Twin Builder is not presented in the form of a mathematical model and electric machine blocks built into the Twin Builder library, but through the solution of the ANSYS Maxwell 2D/3D coupling project and the ANSYS Twin Builder solver with co simulation, which significantly increases the quality of calculations. The obtained results will be useful for solving similar problems for other types of electric machines, not only for the considered electromechanical converter of the asynchronous type with a solid rotor.

Review of Bearingless Synchronous Motors: Principle and Topology

A bearingless synchronous motor (BLSM) is a special type of electric machine that integrates the functions of traditional synchronous motors and magnetic bearings. It not only has the advantages of magnetic bearings, such as no friction, pollution-free, and maintenance-free, but it also realizes the high integration and system simplification. Therefore, the BLSM is becoming increasingly attractive in applications such as rotating stages, compressors, artificial hearts, and centrifugal pumps. This article provides a comprehensive review of the BLSM topologies after a brief introduction to the basic suspension force generation principles and the typical BLSM mathematical models. The recent BLSM topologies are classified based on the features of the suspension force generation principle. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each BLSM type are discussed and compared in detail. Future potential BLSM applications in aircraft, aerospace, and flywheel energy storage systems are discussed after a short description of the BLSM application status. Several potential topology development directions are presented based on the requirements of the potential application.

Classification of Electrical Machines for Inventors and Artificial Intelligence Systems

The paper provides an overview of the existing classifications of electric machines and their criticism from the standpoint of logic and utilitarianism in the modern context. A modified approach to classification based on a set of features other than the generally accepted one is proposed. In particular, it is proposed not to use as the main ones such familiar features as the type of current in the network from which the machine is powered, the field and rotor rotation synchronism, and energy conversion direction. At the same time, such features as field sources and configurators, interaction force mechanisms, magnetic flux principal loop location relative to the gap plane and active parts motion direction are introduced. Pictograms are used as the main basic element of visualization and logical building block. The new approach seems to be more useful for inventors working in the field of electric machines and for application of artificial intelligence to develop new electric machine types and configurations. The classification for each of the selected features is illustrated by examples. A symbolic writing system is proposed for the new classification. Pictograms and code descriptions can be new means of the human-machine interface language.

Comparative Simulation Study of Pump System Efficiency Driven by Induction and Synchronous Reluctance Motors

Grid-powered pumping plants are widespread electromechanical systems commonly set in motion by electrical machines. The productivity of these electromechanical systems varies substantially according to the shift of the location of the working point on the H-Q plane, which is determined with the help of mutual positions of the characteristics of the pump unit itself and the hydraulic parameters of the pipeline. The topic of the proposed article is mainly focused on the investigation of pumping plant productivity equipped with two various types of electrical machines known as induction and synchronous reluctance motors. A simulation method of efficiency prediction of a centrifugal pumping plant for flow regulation is proposed. The described Simulink/Matlab simulation approach is quite valuable for validating efficiency in the case of pumping plants supplied with various types of electrical machines. The data relating to the electrical machines’ efficiency estimation were obtained during a series of experimental tests with the real experimental setup. Thus, the calculation results of the model are accurate and based on confirmed experimental measurements.

Optimization of electrical energy in the fan using fuzzy logic controllers

Single-phase induction motors are a type of electric machine that are widely used in people’s lives due to it has advantages such as lower prices, simple maintenance and construction. However, the single-phase induction motor also has a weakness, which is difficulty in setting up the rotation. The rotation setting of a single-phase induction motor can be affected by changes in the input frequency and changes in the input voltage. In this study is to design the control of a single-phase induction motor in a commonly used fan. The speed of the single-phase induction motor is regulated based on the number of visitors, using artificial intelligence namely fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic controller can be group visitors to the room to determine the speed of the fan. The visitors are divided into three groups, namely “many” to indicate the maximum speed, “medium” for medium speed and “few” for low speed. Therefore, this research may contribute as an energy-saving solution using artificial intelligence.

Multiobjective Optimization of IPMSM With FSCW Applying Rotor Notch Design for Torque Performance Improvement

Fractional-slot concentrated-windings (FSCWs) interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machines (IPMSMs) provide several advantages compared with other types of electric machines and have promising applications in electric vehicles (EVs). Minimizing the cogging torque and torque ripple of this type of motors is essential for improving output torque and driving stability. This article proposes a method for optimizing the torque performance of IPMSM with single-layer FSCW. At first, the theoretical analysis of cogging torque and torque ripple is conducted as the research basis for the optimization. The key point of this method is to describe the structure of the rotor notch as determined by seven design parameters. Then, the response surface methodology (RSM) is adopted to analyze the relationships between torque performance and design parameters. For the multiobjective optimization process, the seagull optimization algorithm (SOA) is introduced to obtain the optimal solution. After the optimization, the torque ripple of the motor achieves a significant reduction and the output torque is also improved. The advantages and reliability are compared and analyzed. Finally, a prototype is manufactured to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.