Types Of Dilemmas Research Articles

The rules of multiplayer cooperation in networks of communities.

Community organisation permeates both social and biological complex systems. To study its interplay with behaviour emergence, we model mobile structured populations with multiplayer interactions. We derive general analytical methods for evolutionary dynamics under high home fidelity when populations self-organise into networks of asymptotically isolated communities. In this limit, community organisation dominates over the network structure and emerging behaviour is independent of network topology. We obtain the rules of multiplayer cooperation in networks of communities for different types of social dilemmas. The success of cooperation is a result of the benefits shared among communal cooperators outperforming the benefits reaped by defectors in mixed communities. Under weak selection, cooperation can evolve and be stable for any size (Q) and number (M) of communities if the reward-to-cost ratio (V/K) of public goods is higher than a critical value. Community organisation is a solid mechanism for sustaining the evolution of cooperation under public goods dilemmas, particularly when populations are organised into a higher number of smaller communities. Contrary to public goods dilemmas relating to production, the multiplayer Hawk-Dove (HD) dilemma is a commons dilemma focusing on the fair consumption of preexisting resources. This game yields mixed results but tends to favour cooperation under larger communities, highlighting that the two types of social dilemmas might lead to solid differences in the behaviour adopted under community structure.

Generating Awareness Among Rural Individuals: Essential in Leading to Their Progression

In rural communities, individuals are overwhelmed by various types of social problems of poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, and gender inequality. These social problems give rise impediments within the course of putting into operation different types of tasks and activities. Hence, in order to lead to progression of rural individuals and communities, it is of utmost significance to generate awareness among rural individuals in terms of strategies that would be facilitating in leading to progression. The individuals, belonging to rural communities are required to be well-informed in terms of job duties and responsibilities within personal and professional lives. Furthermore, they are required to generate awareness in terms of methodologies and procedures, which are facilitating in doing well in one’s job duties and generating desired outcomes. As a consequence, they will render an important contribution in doing well in one’s job duties and achievement of desired goals. In this manner, one will contribute efficiently in bringing about improvements in their overall standards of living. Furthermore, one has to inculcate the traits of diligence, resourcefulness and conscientiousness. These are the key in coping with different types of dilemmas and challenging situations. Therefore, it is well-understood that generating awareness among rural individuals are essential in leading to their progression. The main concepts that are taken into account in this research paper are, objectives of generating awareness among rural individuals, areas in terms of which awareness is to be generated among rural individuals and benefits of generating awareness in terms of various areas.

To do or not to do? A typology of ethical dilemmas in services (TEDS)

PurposeThis paper seeks to deepen and improve our understanding of business ethics in services by developing a typology that reconciles and integrates disparate and often conflicting ideas and viewpoints while providing practical guidance for ethical decision-making.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines current theoretical approaches in ethics to provide an understanding of the ethical theories, how they have been applied and how they have evolved in businesses and marketing. It discusses conceptual issues related to ethical dilemmas and the available typologies.FindingsBased on the axioms of the Triple-A Framework for Ethical Service Research, the Typology of Ethical Dilemmas in Services (TEDS) is proposed. The typology identifies three types of dilemmas based on four dimensions considering all service interactions guided by normative ethics (virtue, deontological and consequentialism).Practical implicationsThe proposed DILEMMAS process illustrates the practical application of TEDS.Originality/valueThis paper extends the ethics and services literature by offering a novel theoretical and practical approach to addressing ethical dilemmas. TEDS is authentic, advances our knowledge and applies to all service organizations that aim to manage ethical dilemmas effectively.

Ethical dilemmas experienced by school psychologists in South Africa

ABSTRACT School psychologists often face complex ethical and legal issues in their work, which become more challenging as the needs of students and school systems evolve. When faced with ethical dilemmas, it can be difficult for school psychologists to determine the best course of action, particularly when there is no clear solution. This study explored the ethical dilemmas experienced by psychologists working in South African schools in the Western Cape. The aim was to understand the ethical landscape in which they operate. The research was conducted through semi-structured telephone interviews with 16 participants, who shared 58 ethical dilemmas they had experienced. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, identifying six themes: confidentiality, role definition, assessments and reports, workload, consent, and scope of practice. Participants utilized various strategies to manage dilemmas, such as relying on professional codes, setting boundaries, seeking supervision, and prioritizing the child’s best interests. The study highlights the complex context in which school psychologists navigate ethical issues and their impact on the types of dilemmas they face. Finally, suggestions are provided for training and practical application.

Ethical Dilemmas in Modern Business Management

The landscape of modern business management is constantly changing. One of the most important and complicated aspects of this landscape is the emergence of ethical issues. This paper sheds light on the numerous decisions that constitute the ethical landscape of contemporary business and the varied arena of ethical dilemmas addressed by companies. It is no longer the case that conventional moral conundrums are the only types of ethical dilemmas that might arise in business management. They also include a broad range of concerns, ranging from environmental sustainability to the protection of personal information and the concept of social responsibility.

Specific Trends in Pediatric Ethical Decision-Making: An 18-Year Review of Ethics Consultation Cases in a Pediatric Hospital.

This is a qualitative examination of ethics consultation requests, outcomes, and ethics committee recommendations at a tertiary/quaternary pediatric hospital in the U.S. The purpose of this review of consults over an 18-year period is to identify specific trends in the types of ethical dilemmas presented in our pediatric setting, the impact of consultation and committee development on the number and type of consults provided, and any clinical features and/or challenges that emerged and contributed to the nature of ethical situations and dilemmas. Furthermore, in reviewing clinical ethics consultation trends for nearly two decades, we can identify topic areas for further ethics education and training for ethics consultants, ethics committee members, and pediatric healthcare teams and professionals based on our experiences. Our study with nearly two decades of data prior to the COVID-19 pandemic can serve as groundwork for future comparisons of consultation requests and ethics support for pediatric hospitals prior to, during, and following a pandemic.

Understanding Education System in Rural Communities

The main objective of this research paper is to acquire an efficient understanding of education system in rural communities. More than 70 percent of the population resides within rural communities. The rural individuals have recognized the meaning and significance of education. They have formed the viewpoint that education imparts information in terms of not only academic subjects, but also in terms of strategies, which are necessary in promoting enrichment of overall quality of lives. They have reinforced the viewpoint that they will acquire employment opportunities and will enhance their overall standards of living, when they will acquire education. Within rural communities, the system of education is in an under-developed state. In other words, there are occurrences of various types of dilemmas and challenging situations within the course of achievement of educational goals. Furthermore, teaching-learning methods, teaching-learning materials and instructional strategies are in an under-developed state. In addition, the individuals are not being able to hone creative skills, as various types of extra-curricular and creative activities are in a well-developed condition. Therefore, in rural communities, education system is not well-developed and there is a need to formulate programs, which would promote enrichment of overall system of education. As a consequence, progression will take place of individuals, communities and nation as a whole. The main concepts that are taken into account in this research paper are, objectives of acquisition of education, impediments experienced within the education system in rural communities, and measures to be implemented in promoting enhancement of education system in rural communities.

Functioning of Hospitals: Vital in Promoting Good Health and Well-Being

The hospitals are regarded as one of the prominent organizations, which have the primary goals of promoting good health and well-being of the individuals. This needs to be focused on physically and psychologically. The individuals, belonging to all age groups are experiencing different types of health problems and illnesses. Hence, they make visits to hospitals to get these treated. The medical practitioners and health care specialists need to make sure, they treat these in a well-ordered and disciplined manner. The measures are required to be put into practice appropriately in order to promote functioning of the hospitals in a satisfactory manner. The individuals are required to be well-versed in terms of different types of pioneering methods and materials in the implementation of job duties and responsibilities. Furthermore, it is necessary for the individuals to be well-versed in terms of traits of morality, ethics, diligence and conscientiousness. These are the key in enabling the individuals to cope with different types of dilemmas and challenging situations. Furthermore, they will achieve desired goals and objectives. As a consequence, they will render an important contribution in leading to overall functioning of hospitals in a well-ordered manner. Therefore, functioning of hospitals is vital in promoting good health and well-being. The main concepts that are taken into account in this research paper are, understanding the meaning and significance of functioning of hospitals, measures to be implemented in promoting functioning of hospitals and advantages of promoting functioning of hospitals.

It is all in the name: Toward a typology of public relations professionals’ ethical dilemmas

Although scholarship discussing public relations professionals’ roles has been abundant, ethical dilemmas facing public relations professionals remain implicit in such roles. Specifically, a theoretically-derived typology explaining the origin of these dilemmas and categorizing them into distinct profiles has been lacking so far. We address this lacuna by utilizing role theory to elucidate the origin of public relations professionals’ ethical dilemmas and employ a deductive approach to extricate such dilemmas from each part of the name “public relations professional.” Each part of the name signifies a distinct role with specific functions and inherent expectations. Put differently, each part implies specific values that role constituents expect role incumbents to uphold. As such, the name “public relations professional” has been deliberately chosen as it carries value-laden meanings, referring to an individual who exhibits an orientation and a commitment to publicness while developing, maintaining, and promoting relationships and upholding professionalism. In building our typology, we portray the “public” role as the midpoint on a continuum, with organization at one end and society at the other; the “relations” role as the midpoint between transactions and bonds; and the “professional” role as the midpoint between employee and citizen. This leads to a multidimensional typology that includes three types of ethical dilemmas: organization-versus-society, transactions-versus-bonds, and employee-versus-citizen. We advance extant scholarship by explaining the origin of public relations professionals’ ethical dilemmas and unifying such dilemmas in an exclusive-inclusive typology.

The Goldilocks Dilemma in Coaching: Women Coaches’ Experiences of Stereotypical Biases and a Two-Dimensional Approach to Combat Them

The purpose of this study was to explore through semistructured interviews (a) the experiences of women coaches in relation to the stereotypical biases they may encounter in their workplace and (b) the strategies women coaches and sport organizations have, or can potentially put in place, to raise awareness and address these stereotypical biases. Content analysis of the obtained qualitative data using a rudimentary framework based upon the two sections of the interview schedule (i.e., dilemmas and strategies) guided categorization of the data. Findings indicated that women coaches experienced three broad types of stereotypical dilemmas: (a) extreme perceptions (e.g., too soft or too tough); (b) the high competence threshold (e.g., higher standards with lower rewards); and (c) competent but disliked (e.g., competent or likeable but rarely both). In addition, the findings indicated that tackling these stereotypical dilemmas effectively required a two-dimensional approach: individual and organizational. Within this paper, the authors discuss the ways women coaches both experience and confront a range of stereotypical dilemmas while moving into and through the coaching system. Such dilemmas inevitably disadvantaged women coaches by either slowing down or holding back their progress compared with their men coach counterparts. Practical solutions are also discussed.

Functions of Family: Indispensable in Leading to Up-gradation of one’s Living Conditions

The individuals, belonging to all communities, categories and socio-economic backgrounds consider their family valuable. The family puts into operation number of tasks and activities, which are considered vital in leading to up-gradation of overall standards of living. The individuals need to ensure, they maintain cordial and amiable terms and relationships with family members. The family members need to put into operation effective communication processes with each other. These are considered vital in augmenting information in terms of different types of subjects and concepts. It is apparently understood that individuals are overwhelmed by different types of dilemmas and challenging situations, they obtain ideas and suggestions from family members. The individuals will render an important contribution in bringing about improvements in their overall quality of lives, when they obtain ideas and suggestions from family members. Hence, individuals need to realise that their family members carry out different types of functions, which are facilitating in promoting enhancement of overall standards of living. One needs to augmenting communication skills and treat each other with respect and courtesy in order to reinforce cordial relationships with family members. Furthermore, up-gradation of listening skills will be facilitating to a major extent. Therefore, functions of family are indispensable in leading to up-gradation of one’s living conditions. The main concepts that are taken into account in this research paper are, functions of family and advantages of acknowledging the functions of family.

Housing Management and Support Services: Vital in Promoting Enrichment of Living Conditions

The individuals, belonging to all communities and socio-economic backgrounds have one of the important tasks of carrying out housing management and support services in an adequate manner. They are required to augment their knowledge and understanding in terms of different factors, which are facilitating in putting into operation these tasks in a satisfactory manner. All types of household responsibilities are required to be put into operation in an adequatemanner. Furthermore, all family members in both nuclear and joint families are required to depict the traits of helpfulness and co-operation. The family members are required to work in co-ordination and integration with each other in carrying out this task in an appropriate manner. In cases of occurrences of various types of dilemmas and challenging situations, they are required to put emphasis on augmenting competencies, abilities and aptitude in a satisfactory manner. Furthermore, the family members are required to depict the traits of efficiency, honesty and truthfulness in putting into operation all tasks and activities successfully. The individuals are able to live their lives efficaciously and incur the feelings of pleasure and contentment, when they are carrying out these tasks in a well-ordered manner. Therefore, housing management and support services is vital in promoting enrichment of living conditions. The main concepts that are taken into account in this research paper are, understanding the meaning and significance of housing management and support services, measures to be implemented in facilitating housing management in a satisfactory manner and factors that are facilitating in leading to up-gradation of support services.

Evolution of cooperation driven by sampling reward

A social dilemma implies that individuals will choose the defection strategy to maximize their individual gains. Reward is a powerful motivator to promote the evolution of cooperation, thus addressing the social dilemma. Nevertheless, it is costly since we need to monitor all participants in the game. Inspired by these observations, we here propose an inexpensive protocol, a so-called sampling reward mechanism, and apply it to social dilemmas, including public goods game and collective-risk social dilemma. More precisely, the actual usage of reward depends on the portion of cooperators in the sample. We show that the average cooperation level can be effectively improved under high reward threshold and high reward intensity, albeit at the expense of reward cost. It is intriguing to discover that for the latter aspect, there is a critical threshold at which further increases in reward intensity have no significant effect on improving the cooperation level. Moreover, we find that the small sample size favors the evolution of cooperation while an intermediate sample size always results in a lower reward cost. We also demonstrate that our findings are robust and remain valid for both types of social dilemmas.

Adding fuel to the fire: The impact of stress on decision-making in dilemmas among emergency service personnel

IntroductionCertain professions are particularly exposed to stress and must make decisions with far-reaching consequences. Recent research indicates that stress alters subsequent decision-making. The two current studies examine the predictive effect of perceived stress and leadership responsibility on moral decision-making among emergency service personnel. ObjectiveWe hypothesized that under high levels of perceived stress, fewer utilitarian and fewer altruistic decisions are made. Utilitarian decisions involve saving the lives of more people while sacrificing a smaller number of people. Altruistic decisions lead to outcomes that benefit others rather than oneself. Furthermore, we hypothesized that leaders under high levels of perceived stress make more utilitarian and altruistic decisions than non-leaders. MethodTwo different samples (N1=368; N2=562) were exposed to two different types of moral dilemmas (Sample 1: sacrificial dilemmas, Sample 2: everyday dilemmas). Stress levels were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale. The hypotheses were tested with hierarchical regression analysis. ResultsAs hypothesized, in sacrificial dilemmas, high perceived stress levels predicted a decrease in utilitarian decisions. Moreover, highly stressed leaders made more utilitarian decisions compared to non-leaders. In everyday dilemmas, high-perceived stress levels predicted fewer altruistic decisions. No moderating effect of leadership responsibility was observed. ConclusionOur results indicate that perceived stress predicts moral decision-making among emergency service personnel.

Ethics in the Early Intervention System: A Mixed Methods Exploration

Early interventionists may frequently encounter ethical dilemmas due to the complex nature of early intervention (EI) service delivery (e.g., EI system infrastructure and building and sustaining collaborative relationships within the system). Therefore, the purpose of this research study was to explore the experiences of EI professionals related to ethical dilemmas. We used a sequential mixed methods design to first survey professionals about their experiences with ethical dilemmas ( n = 427). Then, we interviewed a smaller sample ( n = 45) to learn about early interventionists (EIs) experiences with ethics, including their constructed meanings of ethical dilemmas, the types of ethical dilemmas they have experienced, and their experiences and processes navigating ethical dilemmas. Results show that EI professionals define ethical dilemmas differently, which influences what they view as a dilemma and how they problem solve. Additionally, professionals identified the need for support and guidelines related to ethical dilemmas.

The role of empathy in trolley problems and variants: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The role of empathy in morality is a subject of ongoing scientific debate due to the lack of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on this topic. To address this gap, we conducted a PRISMA-based systematic quantitative review to investigate the role of empathy in moral judgements, decision-making, and inclinations using trolley problems and variants, which are popular types of moral dilemmas that explore utilitarianism and deontology. We searched for articles in four databases (PsycINFO, Pubmed, WorldWideScience, and Scopus) and performed citation searches. Out of 661 records, we selected 34 that studied the associations between empathy and moral judgements, moral decision-making, and/or moral inclinations. Six meta-analyses and systematic reviews of these records consistently showed small to moderate associations between affective empathy and these moral parameters, particularly in personal moral dilemmas involving intentional harm (although some approaches highlighted more complex associations between these parameters). Regarding other empathy domains, most studies found limited or insignificant links between cognitive empathy domains and moral judgements, decision-making, and inclinations. We discuss the nuances and implications of these results.

Optimization and reflexivity in interdisciplinary agri-environmental scholarship

IntroductionThe Chesapeake Bay and Upper Bann watersheds in the United States and Northern Ireland, respectively, exemplify how agricultural systems contribute to groundwater and surface water pollution, which leads in turn to water quality issues in downstream water bodies. Interdisciplinary research, public outreach, and stakeholder engagement have received increased attention and consideration as pragmatic approaches for addressing these types of complex agri-environmental dilemmas. However, such approaches are far from guaranteed to improve water quality, as political-economic constraints, power asymmetries, cultural differences, divergent incentives, research gaps, and personality differences all complicate the process, and this can ultimately impact water quality efforts.MethodsWe present a holistic approach to addressing these challenges in the Chesapeake Bay and Upper Bann watershed management efforts by integrating the methodological strategies of optimization and reflexivity. Our use of these approaches, widely recognized as respective successful practices in quantitative and qualitative research, is novel in that it focuses directly on the researchers themselves as they discuss, evaluate, and develop potential solutions for complex agri-environmental water quality dilemmas. More specifically, our quantitative optimization is explored via a Functional Land Management (FLM) approach to land and natural resources management, while our qualitative reflexivity is explored through the process of participant observation.ResultsThis paper provides a behind-the-scenes perspective on how interdisciplinary teams can improve their cooperation efficiency when addressing complex agri-environmental issues. In being reflexive, we sought to “optimize” on the methodological, ethical, social, and environmental possibilities of our scholarship. We found that our reflexive work on this project furthered our interest in FLM, a tool that embraced complexity and creativity over rigidity and oversimplification - the very same principles that guided our reflexive work.DiscussionThroughout our collaborative investigation of FLM as a potential solution to soil and water quality issues, we came to appreciate that in order to better understand agri-environmental challenges issues, we also needed to better understand ourselves—our own disciplinary, cultural, and ethical standpoints. Reflexive approaches to research can provide practical guidance in this process by encouraging us to critique and analyze our assumptions, our methodologies, and the socio-historical context of our research.

Moral Judgments of Human vs. AI Agents in Moral Dilemmas

Artificial intelligence has quickly integrated into human society and its moral decision-making has also begun to slowly seep into our lives. The significance of moral judgment research on artificial intelligence behavior is becoming increasingly prominent. The present research aims at examining how people make moral judgments about the behavior of artificial intelligence agents in a trolley dilemma where people are usually driven by controlled cognitive processes, and in a footbridge dilemma where people are usually driven by automatic emotional responses. Through three experiments (n = 626), we found that in the trolley dilemma (Experiment 1), the agent type rather than the actual action influenced people's moral judgments. Specifically, participants rated AI agents' behavior as more immoral and deserving of more blame than humans' behavior. Conversely, in the footbridge dilemma (Experiment 2), the actual action rather than the agent type influenced people's moral judgments. Specifically, participants rated action (a utilitarian act) as less moral and permissible and more morally wrong and blameworthy than inaction (a deontological act). A mixed-design experiment provided a pattern of results consistent with Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 (Experiment 3). This suggests that in different types of moral dilemmas, people adapt different modes of moral judgment to artificial intelligence, this may be explained by that when people make moral judgments in different types of moral dilemmas, they are engaging different processing systems.

Experimental Study on the Influence of Cognition and Emotion on Moral Judgment of College Students in Dilemma Situation

Objective: To study the influence of cognition and emotion on moral judgment of college students under the circumstance of whether the cognitive resources are occupied and whether the emotion is induced. Methods: This experiment uses a multi-factor mixed experiment method to divide experiments and groups. Experiment 1 uses a two-factor mixed experimental design of 2 (cognitive resource occupancy group, cognitive resource non-occupied group) × 3 (difficult situation type). Experiment 2 uses a two-factor mixed experimental design of 2 (emotion induction group, emotion induction and cognitive resource occupation group) × 3 (three types of dilemma situation types) is adopted. The dependent variable of this experiment (including Experiment 1 and Experiment 2) is the judgment response time and the judgment result is “Yes” (F) or “No” (J). Results: (1) The reaction time of the cognitive resource occupancy group was significantly higher than that of the cognitive resource non-occupied group, and the cognitive resource occupancy group in the three types of dilemma situations of high personal involvement, low personal involvement, and non-personal participation. There is no significant difference between the results of moral judgments and the cognitive resource non-occupied group. (2) In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement, low personal involvement, and non-personal participation, the emotion-induced group and the emotion-induced and cognitive resource occupation group have no significant differences in reaction time and moral judgment results. (3) In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement, low personal involvement, and non-personal participation, the reaction time difference between the cognitive resource occupation group and the emotionally induced and cognitive resource occupation is not significant, while In the dilemma of low personal involvement, the number of people in the cognitive resource occupation group whose moral judgment is “Yes” was significantly higher than that in the emotionally induced and cognitive resource occupation group. (4) In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement, low personal involvement, and non-personal participation, the reaction time of the emotionally induced group was significantly higher than that of the cognitive resource non-occupied group, and the moral judgment results of the two groups were both There is no significant difference. Conclusion: When the occupation of cognitive resources and the induction of emotions will signifi- cantly affect the response of individual moral judgments, different types of dilemmas will significantly affect the results of individual moral judgments.

Ethical dilemmas in community interpreting: interpreters’ experiences and guidance from the code of ethics

ABSTRACT Community interpreters (or public service interpreters) work in a variety of contexts, including health, legal, and governmental service provision. Although the field is characterised by diversity, community interpreters may be unified by the relevant professional code of ethics. Previous studies have shown that case deliberation in educational settings can be valuable to practitioners in developing the skills to resolve ethical dilemmas in practice. This study explored ethical dilemmas experienced by community interpreters working in policing and other contexts. Transcripts of interviews with 20 Australian community interpreters were analysed to document the types of ethical dilemmas discussed and the salience of ethical principles in resolving them. Participants referred to all ethical principles from the Australian Code of Ethics. Four themes were identified in the types of dilemmas that participants reported: wanting to help one of the parties, not wanting to say what the parties said, pressure to take on another professional’s role, and disagreeing with another interpreter’s choices. Participants’ resolutions of ethical dilemmas mostly aligned with principles from the Code. The study highlights the significance of professional ethics to community interpreters and provides examples from practice that may be valuable in community interpreter education, training and professional development contexts.