Types Of Criminal Behavior Research Articles

Comparing the Determinants of Worldwide Homicide and Terrorism

Over the past two decades, the study of terrorism has been increasingly integrated into mainstream criminology. Like other types of criminal behavior, terrorism can be divided into etiology (an emphasis on “breaking laws”) and criminal justice (an emphasis on “making laws” and “reacting toward the breaking of laws”). Moreover, like the study of crime, the study of terrorism is inherently multidisciplinary. Nevertheless, terrorism differs from more common forms of crime in fundamental ways: Terrorist perpetrators, unlike common criminals, rarely see themselves as criminal, often seek rather than eschew publicity, and often have broader political goals. Despite similarities and differences, we could identify little prior research that has directly compared the determinants of terrorism and more ordinary types of crime. In this article, we create large cross-national datasets on homicides and terrorist attacks and then compare the effects of a set of common economic, political, and social variables on each. We find a good deal of similarity in the determinants of the two types of violence. Both homicide and terrorism are more common in countries with high GDP, high percent urban, high ethnic fractionalization, and in countries moving toward democratization. Both homicide and terrorism are low in countries experiencing high globalization. Although homicides are more common in countries experiencing high levels of inequality and poverty, neither of these two variables is significantly associated with terrorist attacks. We discuss the implications of the findings for theory, policy, and future research.

PERSONS SUFFERING FROM MENTAL DISORDERS THAT DO NOT EXCLUDE SANITY, AS AN OBJECT OF FORENSIC RESEARCH

Until recently, the study of socially dangerous actions of the mentally ill and persons with mental abnormalities, in domestic studies, was the prerogative of forensic psychiatry. The common interest of lawyers and forensic psychiatrists arose mainly on the basis of the appointment and conduct of forensic psychiatric examination, establishing a kind of border between the spheres of competence. Now, interest in this problem is observed in several branches of science (in criminal law, criminology, forensic psychiatry, psychology, etc.), and at the same time, the point of view of each of them has an independent meaning for determining the normative parameters of limited sanity. At the same time, given the growing prevalence of mental pathology among criminals, there remains an urgent need to create a general theoretical concept of the influence of mental pathology on crime in general and certain types of criminal behavior. This is especially true of many important issues related to the prevention and investigation of serious crimes, mechanisms and motivation of criminal behavior, etc.

Real Estate as a Subject of Theft: a Socio-Historical Analysis

The article deals with the actual problems of classifying real estate as objects of theft and, above all, fraud. The importance of solving this kind of issue from the standpoint of the history of legal regulation is determined, the socio-economic significance of real estate in modern society is shown. The conclusion is made about the change in the social essence of real estate during the historical development, which influenced the legal regulation of the protection of rights to real estate, including the norms of criminal law. The prerequisites and possibilities of the historical and legal approach in this part are considered. Characteristics are given to the main trends in the development of legal understanding about real estate as an object of criminal encroachment and, first of all, theft. The author came to the conclusion that such development is largely due to a change in the content characteristics of the right to real estate, on the one hand, and a clarification of the place of ownership in the system of other rights to real estate, on the other. In addition, the concept of fraud as a type of criminal behavior has historically changed. The paper identifies priorities in the area under study of the post-revolutionary period, which did not hasten to take full advantage of the previous historical experience and offered its own vision of the issue. Based on the results of the study, conclusions were drawn about the opportunities for improving the legislation on criminal liability for theft of real estate provides the genesis of Russian law.

Использование криминологической типологии личности преступника-педофила в деятельности по предупреждению сексуального насилия в отношении малолетних и несовершеннолетних

The article deals with the topical issues of using the criminological classification of the pedophiles in order to prevent sexual violence toward minors. Basing on the analyzed criminal cases (interviews with victims, photo- and video materials, criminological background materials, criminal statistics) as well as academic research in that field the author claims a special role and importance of introducing special criminological knowledge into the work of police. Namely: the specifics of the determination of certain types of crimes, the development of criminological methods of preventing various types of criminal behavior, drawing up a criminological profile of a criminal, studying the characteristics of a crime victim. On the top of this the author notes certain errors in the enforcement practices and offers suggestions for enhancement and improvement of the police work in the field of prevention of sex crimes against minors.

Pandora Papers and the latest European efforts to combat money laundering, tax evasion and tax avoidance

Following the revelations of the Pandora Papers on offshore financial mechanisms which allow European citizens to avoid paying tax obligations and to commit tax evasion or money laundering offenses, the European Parliament adopted Resolution 2021/2922 (RSP) requiring Member States to take urgent and decisive action, both legislative and investigative, to combat this type of criminal behavior. As a response to the request formulated by the Parliament, the European Commission drafted a Proposal for a council Directive laying down rules to prevent the misuse of shell entities for tax purposes by introducing new monitoring and reporting regulations.

СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ СУДОМ ПРАВОВЫХ ПРЕДПИСАНИЙ, РЕАЛИЗУЮЩИХ МЕХАНИЗМ НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ НАКАЗАНИЯ, И ПРЕДУСМОТРЕННЫХ ИМИ КАРАТЕЛЬНЫХ И ИНЫХ ИСПРАВИТЕЛЬНЫХ МЕР

When determining the punishment, a court considers all the features of the mechanism of its infliction, as well as the semantic content of the rights and obligations of the court enshrined in the law. This requires the coordination of all its actions, including a detailed logical consistency of all links in the thinking activity of the court members. The consistency of legal prescriptions governing the infliction of punishment is often achieved, first, by the preliminary identification of the relationship between criminological and other grounds for enshrining them in the law and, second, by the determination of their corelation and subsequent legal expression in the parameters of the inflicted penalty. The coordinated approval of these legal prescriptions is also ensured when the court fulfils the requirement to consider the peculiarities of various types of criminal behaviour, the personality of the perpetrator, for example, in case of unfinished crimes, crimes committed on their aggregate, the totality of sentences, recidivism of crimes, etc when determining the type and size of the penalty. The coordinated approval of legal prescriptions in them is also determined mainly by the interconnection and interdependence of their social foundations. The coordinated approval of legal prescriptions and the punitive and other corrective measures provided by them is the requirement of the criminal law rules to consider while inflicting the penalty the size and type of the penalty and the co-relation of punitive and other corrective measures which can facilitate the achievement of such purposes of penalty as restoration of social justice, correction of convicts and prevention of new crimes. The harmonization of punitive and other remedial measures carried out by the court when inflicting the penalty is its activity aimed at maximizing their effectiveness by ensuring the fullest possible coordination of these measures among themselves, as well as with the personal characteristics of the convict. The specifics of the coordinated approval of legal prescriptions and the punitive and other corrective measures provided for by them imply several approvals. First, the coordination of legal prescriptions, considering the social concerns about the correspondence of punishment to the severity of the crime, its mitigation and strengthening, and second, the coordination of punitive and other corrective measures regulated by legal prescriptions, by harmonizing the semantic content and logical connection of the structural elements of the inflicted penalty.

The counteraction to legalization (laundering) of criminal incomes: a comprehensive legal approach

The problem of money laundering in socio-economic, criminological, international legal, comparative legal, criminal law and general legal (intersectoral) aspects. It is shown that “money laundering” accompanies the development of a society with a market-based management organization, where mechanisms are in place to ensure the transparency of economic turnover. It is proved that “laundering” is closely related to various types of criminal behavior, provokes their growth, “feeds” on other criminal sources. It has been established that the prevention of money laundering should be joint for the international community and, whenever possible, be carried out through the development of the same rules for combating money laundering. It is argued that modern Russian criminal law is faced with the need to improve the legal structure of the “laundering” of criminal proceeds in order to ensure the stability of legal regulation. In addition, the statement of the question of the feasibility and necessity of adopting federal laws on combating organized crime and on the criminal liability of legal entities that are important in the field of combating the legalization (laundering) of criminal proceeds is substantiated.

Psychopathic traits and different types of criminal behavior: An assessment of direct effects and mediating processes

PurposeThis study explored the overall impact of psychopathic traits on crime by examining both the direct effects of psychopathic traits on criminal behavior, as well as the indirect effects of psychopathic traits through risk factors. MethodsRelying on a juvenile offender sample (N = 1354), a multiple mediator model was employed to examine (1) the direct effects of psychopathic traits on offending, (2) the direct effects of risk factors on offending, (3) the indirect effects of risk factors on the link between two factors, and (4) the total effects of psychopathic traits on offending via various risk factors. ResultsOverall, psychopathic traits had significant effects on the different types of criminal behavior and risk factors. Some risk factors also exerted significant indirect impacts, depending on the type of criminal behavior. Deviant peer association remained as a significant risk factor in all models. ConclusionsThese results show that psychopathic traits themselves linked to increased offending and that the effects of psychopathic traits on offending are precipitated through risk factors. Findings shed light on those risk factors that are most likely to trigger deviant behavior and suggest that eliminating proximal risks around them may enhance public safety

Social Conditionality of Criminal Liability for a Crime Under Art. 226-1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

The article is devoted to theoretical justification for the introduction of criminal prohibitions on criminal assault in the illicit movement of goods, specified in article 226-1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; the principles and bases of criminalization of smuggling in connection with her increased public danger. The analysis of the main components of social conditionality of criminal responsibility allows us to establish the validity of the introduction of new or existing criminal law norms. The article considers the public danger of smuggling (art. 226-1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), as an obligatory sign of a crime, revealing its social nature and social conditionality of the criminal liability under article 226-1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, depending on the extent and nature of public danger of the given kind of crimes. The social assessment of an act as a crime is based on its social danger, which is legally established in a normative legal act (Federal law) adopted in accordance with the established procedure and included in the criminal code of the Russian Federation. Attention is drawn to the fact that the public danger of smuggling is a threat to the foreign economic security of Russia. At the same time, there is a public danger of illegal movement across the customs border of the EEU (the customs border of the Customs Union within the framework of the EEU) of items specified in art. 226-1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is primarily concerned with causing harm to market economic relations developing in the EEU area, which forms a single customs territory, as well as causing material damage to the state in the form of unpaid customs payments, death or damage to particularly valuable wild animals and aquatic biological resources as contraband items. Smuggling as a negative social phenomenon includes the organization of activities related to violation of the customs and border regime. In the context of globalization and the development of market relations, smuggling is still the most common and most dangerous of customs crimes. Accordingly, the existence of a criminal law ban on its Commission remains socially conditioned, since it is a deterrent that allows the state to respond adequately to these types of criminal behavior.

Crime and Philanthropy: Prosocial and Antisocial Responses to Mass Shootings

ABSTRACT Mass shootings have a strong impact on public discourse and perception, affecting more than their direct victims. We use data on charitable contributions and criminal activity in the U.S. over the last decade to identify and quantify the effect of mass shootings on prosocial and antisocial behavior. We find that the effect of mass shootings on prosocial behavior, measured primarily by monetary contributions, is positive and statistically significant. However, the directly affected localities react to mass shootings differently than their neighboring communities, decreasing their charitable contributions. Additionally, we are unable to find a statistically significant effect of mass shootings on antisocial behavior, as measured by various crime rates. Furthermore, we show that mass shootings are different than any other type of criminal behavior, including all other violent offenses, in terms of its effect on prosocial behavior.

Reprint of "Executive dysfunction, violence and aggression"

Abstract Executive Functio1ns (EFs) is an umbrella expression used for several processes and subprocesses encompassing goal-oriented behavior and decision-making strategies. However, the extent to which impaired EFs relate to and characterize different types of criminal behavior and aggressiveness is not clear. Similarly, research on the association between EFs and psychopathy has also produced mixed findings. The failure to disaggregate between different types of crime and antisocial individuals can impede the identification of specific neurocognitive mechanisms associated with crime. We reviewed the extent to which EFs (according to Miyake latent variable analysis) are associated with violent and non-violent crime, impulsive and premeditated aggression as well as psychopathic traits. Findings, although nonconsensual, suggest a more nuanced view on the association between EFs and crime, suggesting that different executive domains might be more compromised in violent and impulsive individuals, and specific psychopathy facets are more associated with executive dysfunction and criminality. Studies in line with this approach will allow offenders to benefit from intervention strategies that will address their specific deficits, optimizing their EFs and contributing to better cognitive management in demanding and complex situations, such as criminal and violent deterrence.

Executive dysfunction, violence and aggression

Abstract Executive Functions (EFs) is an umbrella expression used for several processes and subprocesses encompassing goal-oriented behavior and decision-making strategies. However, the extent to which impaired EFs relate to and characterize different types of criminal behavior and aggressiveness is not clear. Similarly, research on the association between EFs and psychopathy has also produced mixed findings. The failure to disaggregate between different types of crime and antisocial individuals can impede the identification of specific neurocognitive mechanisms associated with crime. We reviewed the extent to which EFs (according to Miyake latent variable analysis) are associated with violent and non-violent crime, impulsive and premeditated aggression as well as psychopathic traits. Findings, although nonconsensual, suggest a more nuanced view on the association between EFs and crime, suggesting that different executive domains might be more compromised in violent and impulsive individuals, and specific psychopathy facets are more associated with executive dysfunction and criminality. Studies in line with this approach will allow offenders to benefit from intervention strategies that will address their specific deficits, optimizing their EFs and contributing to better cognitive management in demanding and complex situations, such as criminal and violent deterrence.

Поширення пандемії COVID-19 в Україні: соціально-правові та кримінологічні проблеми

The article considers a number of socio-legal and criminological problems that have arisen in Ukraine as a result of the spread of the global pandemic COVID-19, which has become a challenge to the epidemic security and social wellbeing of mankind. It is emphasized that the most severe consequence of this pandemic is high mortality. Along with this, a number of negative consequences for the vital activity of society have been formed in various spheres (for example, in the sphere of human rights, legal regulation of public relations, state economy, social life and information space, state of law and order). The spread of the coronavirus pandemic in the world and the introduction of quarantine measures of varying sever- ity contributed to a certain degree of restriction of constitutional rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of human and citizen (eg freedom of movement, free choice of residence, right to leave Ukraine, right to health, medical care, the right to hold meetings, rallies, marches and demonstrations, the right to conduct business, etc.). The main directions of legal regulation of counteracting the spread of COVID-19 and overcoming the consequences caused by the epidemic in various spheres of public life are: prevention of the emergence and spread of coronavirus disease; providing treatment for coronavirus disease; providing state support in various spheres and socio-economic rights of citizens in connection with the spread of coronavirus disease; strengthening legal responsibility for violating quarantine rules. It is emphasized that the inconsistency of legislative changes in the regulation of responsibility for violation of quarantine rules has caused a number of law enforcement problems. It is established that the degree of correlation of coronavirus disease with the state of socio-economic development in Ukraine is ambiguous. In the socio-psychological sphere of Ukrainian society the main consequence of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is the strengthening of the state of social isolation. A natural consequence of social isolation is an increase in the danger of infodemic chaos. The main changes in the state of law and order of the state are determined. It is noted that quarantine measures and increased social interest in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences have contributed to the emergence of new types of criminal behavior and the adaptation of existing ones to new conditions.

Возможности использования типологического подхода при расследовании серийных преступлений сексуального характера

The article presents the results of testing the typology of serial sexual killers developed by O.D. Sitkovskaya and L.P. Konysheva, on the materials of criminal cases on detected serial crimes of a sexual nature. The study confirmed the presence of the main psychological features specific to each type of criminals, and the possibility of applying the classification for the investigation of other sexual crimes. In addition, mixed types are identified that combine the signs of two and three types of criminal behaviour. Confirming the main hypothesis of the study, the authors of the article consider it necessary to study further the individual psychological characteristics of criminals belonging to mixed types. As a retrospective analysis of the materials of criminal cases has shown and the regular practice of psychological support of the investigation of crimes of a sexual nature confirms, it is the attackers of a mixed type behaviour that are most difficult to identify through the traditional investigative methods.

Fentanyl treatment reduces the severity of necrotizing acute pancreatitis in rats

Executive Functio1ns (EFs) is an umbrella expression used for several processes and subprocesses encompassing goal-oriented behavior and decision-making strategies. However, the extent to which impaired EFs relate to and characterize different types of criminal behavior and aggressiveness is not clear. Similarly, research on the association between EFs and psychopathy has also produced mixed findings. The failure to disaggregate between different types of crime and antisocial individuals can impede the identification of specific neurocognitive mechanisms associated with crime. We reviewed the extent to which EFs (according to Miyake latent variable analysis) are associated with violent and non-violent crime, impulsive and premeditated aggression as well as psychopathic traits.Findings, although nonconsensual, suggest a more nuanced view on the association between EFs and crime, suggesting that different executive domains might be more compromised in violent and impulsive individuals, and specific psychopathy facets are more associated with executive dysfunction and criminality. Studies in line with this approach will allow offenders to benefit from intervention strategies that will address their specific deficits, optimizing their EFs and contributing to better cognitive management in demanding and complex situations, such as criminal and violent deterrence.

Does the Military Make the (Wo)man? An Examination of Gender Differences Among Incarcerated Veterans

Drawing upon prior research that has examined participation in the military and criminal justice outcomes, the current study investigates whether service history elements are associated with arrest frequencies, types of criminal behavior, and if certain service components influenced these outcomes in a similar or different manner for male and female veteran inmates. Using data from a nationally representative sample of inmates incarcerated in state prisons, results indicated that various attributes of military service and veteran gender were directly related to lifetime arrests and offense types. Gender disparities also emerged across military experiences depending on the type of behavior examined. The findings lend support for a multifaceted approach to understand and implement gender-specific programming in meeting the needs of justice-involved veterans.

Saturday Night’s Alright for Fighting: Analysis of Criminal Behavior During the SEC Football Season

ABSTRACTEvidence suggests that live sporting events may lead fans to engage in criminal behaviors. The current study examined the relationship between criminal behavior and college football game days. Archival data of criminal offenses were collected from Southeastern Conference member institution police departments to analyze reported criminal offenses during the regular season. Multilevel linear models revealed an increase in criminal behavior. A factorial ANOVA indicated an interaction of team rankings and game outcome was related to specific types of criminal behavior in the host city (F (1, 9142) = 20.07, p < .001). Results provide insight to more effectively allocate resources.

Correlates and types of criminal behavior in a sample of hospitalized Egyptian mentally ill patients

BackgroundCriminal behavior is strikingly increasing in a sample of mentally ill patients in forensic setting. This necessitates proper assessment of the different factors that reinforce criminality rates. Very few studies investigated the rate of criminal behavior and its correlates among Egyptian

Commitment to Extremist Ideology: Using Factor Analysis to Move beyond Binary Measures of Extremism

ABSTRACTThis study article focuses on American far-right (FR) extremists who committed ideologically motivated violent or financial crimes in the United States. We examine three research questions. First, are certain types of FR ideological beliefs associated with different types of criminal behavior? Second, can the various indicators of FR ideology be used to create a scalar measure of commitment to FR ideology? Third, which typology of the FR movement provides the most reliable measure of FR extremism? We use data from the United States Extremist Crime Database to measure indicators of FR ideology in a sample of 305 FRs who committed a financial crime or homicide between 2006 and 2010 in the United States. Conspiratorial, antigovernment, and antitax beliefs were positively associated with risk of financial crimes, while xenophobic, survivalist, and anti–gun control beliefs were positively associated with risk of violent crimes. A factor analysis created a commitment to FR ideology scale and identified four sub-types of FRs: Conspiracy Theorist, Survivalist, Movement Participant, and Proud far-rightist. The factor analysis did not support the prevailing typologies. Importantly though, these typologies were useful in predicting criminal behavior patterns of far rightists. We outline a number of other measurement issues for future research to address.

Potential implications of research on genetic or heritable contributions to pedophilia for the objectives of criminal law.

In recent years, there has been increasing scientific research on possible genetic or heritable influences to the etiology of pedophilia, driven by national and public concerns about better understanding the disorder in order to reduce children's vulnerabilities to pedophilic and child sex offenders. This research has corresponded to growing academic dialogue on how advances in genetic research, especially concerning the causes and development of particular mental disorders or behaviors, may affect traditional practices of criminal law and how the justice system views, manages, and adjudicates different types of criminal behavior and offenders. This paper strives to supplement this dialogue by exploring several of the many possible effects and implications of research surrounding genetic or heritable contributions to pedophilia for the five widely accepted objectives that enforce and regulate the punishment of criminal law. These include retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restoration. Although still currently in early stages, genetic and heritability research on the etiology of pedophilia may have the potential moving forward to influence the current and established punitive methods and strategies of how the justice system perceives, adjudicates, regulates, and punishes pedophilic and sex offenders, as well as how to best prevent sexual offending against children by pedophilic offenders in the future.