Types Of Credibility Research Articles

민사소송에 있어서 의무기록의 증거력에 대한 고찰

There are two types of credibility under the Civil Procedure Act: formal and practical credibility. The formal credibility under the Civil Procedure Act is Article 356 (Official Documents) and Article 358 (Private Documents). Public documents are less likely to be counterfeited, making it easier to presume than private documents. This is acceptable in that the Criminal Law punishes the crime of forgery of public documents more heavily than the crime of forgery of private documents. However, given modern high-tech counterfeiting technology, it does not seem very convincing, so it now seems necessary to consolidate and reorganize the presumption regulations. Moreover, applying these current regulations to the authentication of medical records leads to unreasonable results. Even though medical personnel with the same qualifications and abilities prepared the same medical records, it is not reasonable to make a difference in the presumption of authenticity because they are classified as public documents or private documents depending on whether the author is a public official.
 Next, we will look at the practical credibility of the document. The case presupposes that formal credibility is recognized, official documents presume or recognize practical credibility regardless of disposition documents or report documents. but Private documents presume or recognize practical credibility in principle for disposition documents, but not for report documents. It is inappropriate to explain that there is a difference in the credibility of the content in that there is no crime of creating false private documents for private documents compared to the crime of creating false official documents for public documents. This is because there is no criminal legal basis for presuming or recognizing practical credibility in the case of disposition documents among private documents. On the other hand, for medical records, even if they are private documents, the criminal law stipulates the crime of preparing false medical certificates and There is also a provision in the Medical Law that punishes counterfeiting the contents of medical records. Therefore, unlike general private documents, medical records should be widely recognized for their practical credibility because they can be said to guarantee the reliability of the contents, whether they are public, private, disposition, or report documents.

Re]animation of a Simulacrum. Digitograph

The term “simulacrum” is known back from the Latin translations of Plato, where it denoted simply an image, a picture, a representation. That was so until Jean Baudrillard reshaped the meaning of the concept. At the present time, simulacrum is one of the fundamental concepts within the theory of postmodernism. Its notion includes a pseudo-thing, an empty form, a copy lacking the original. In the contemporary world, with its technological overload, substituting reality with fake became quite common (in fashion, politics, advertising, entertainment industry, etc.). Culture has a vivid tendency for simulations. First and foremost, the article focuses, among all other categories of simulacra, on the digital video—digitograph—a field of stereotypes’ rupture that is the most convincing embodiment of the “photographically realistic” virtual inventions. It defines the new type of credibility, immanent to the process of perceiving on-screen illusions that changes the psychology of a contemporary man.

The credibility of environmental problems in Argentina and Spain/ La credibilidad de los problemas ambientales en Argentina y España

The purpose of this study is to analyse the credibility of the content of the message and that of news stories about environmental problems, comparing the cases of Argentina and Spain. Its novel contribution is that it also analyses credibility according to the generation to which the informant belongs. In Argentina, information was compiled by means of an online survey (NArgentina = 450), whereas in Spain the same survey was conducted by interviewers (NSpain = 493). Low levels of credibility were found for the contents of messages about environmental problems and also for the news stories and narratives generated around them. Significant differences were noted between Argentina and Spain in relation to the credibility of the content of the message (which is greater in Argentina) but not in the credibility of news stories about environmental problems. In contrast to expectations, no generational differences were found in the two countries with regard to either type of credibility. This paper discusses the implications of the lack of generational segmentation as well as the low levels of credibility detected.

Rendszer az egészségügyi weboldalak hitelesítésére

The unreliable quality of online health contents poses a serious challenge to the medical profession. Evaluating websites on the basis of their credibility increases the chance for readers to access professional content of better quality. Hungary still lags behind in taking practical steps to improve the quality and reliability of online patient education. EgészségKommandó (HealthCommando) is a new Hungarian objective scoring system established to evaluate the credibility of health related websites. It uses four types of indicators: transparency, content, recommendations, references. We evaluated 122 websites with EgészségKommandó. Out of this, 22.1% qualified as credible. The same assessment using JAMA benchmarks yielded only one credible website (0.8%). The most frequent deficiencies were the absence of reference to source, the omission of the quote that "the website information does not replace the doctor-patient discussion", and the identity of the author. In 45.9% of the cases, however, the content was written by medical professionals with contact information. By applying different types of credibility and quality indicators in a scoring system, EgészségKommandó can efficiently assess the websites on health-awareness. In cases where the recognized indicators are absent multiple times from a website, it will not pass the credibility test. Thus, EgészégKommandó can act as a filter. At the same time, EgészségKommandó is also capable of assessing webpages of different sorts systemically, and can recommend a proportionately large amount of reliable Hungarian medical web resources to those interested. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(13): 511-519.

Consumer Health Information Websites with High Visual Design Ratings Likely to Be also Highly Rated for Perceived Credibility

A Review of: 
 Robins, D., Holmes, J., & Stansbury, M. (2010). Consumer health information on the web: The relationship of visual design and perceptions of credibility. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(1), 13-19.
 
 Objective – To answer two research questions: 1) What is the relationship between the visual design of a consumer health information web site and perceptions of the credibility of information found on it? 2) Is there a relationship between brand recognition, visual design preference, and credibility judgments?
 
 Design – Qualitative (correlation of rating of response to stimulus) and quantitative (credibility coding of participant comments)
 
 Setting – Not stated; assumed to be academic institutions in the United States.
 
 Subjects – Thirty-four participants over the age of 35 (34 for statistical power and age over 35 on the hypothesis that this age group is most likely to seek health information on the Internet). 
 
 Methods – Screen shots of 31 consumer health information sites chosen from the results of a Google search using the term “consumer health information” were converted to slide format and shown to participants. The 31 sites included 12 of the top ranked consumer health information sites derived from three sources: the Consumer and Patient Health Information Section (CAPHIS) of the Medical Library Association (MLA), the MLA itself, and Consumer Reports. Participants were read and shown a script explaining the process prior to being asked to view and rate the 31 sites. Participants were first shown a blank slide with a crosshair to focus attention. Then a stimulus slide was shown for 2.8 seconds. A blank black screen was shown while they determined their rating. Participants were first asked to rate the visual design and aesthetics of the 31 web sites using a rating scale of -4 to -1 for negative judgments and +1 to +4 for positive judgments. Then they were asked to remember why they had made positive or negative ratings and why some web sites were preferred to others. The process was repeated with the slides re-ordered, and participants were asked to rate the credibility of the sites using the same rating scales. Upon completion, participants were asked to recall their reasons for positive or negative credibility ratings. All ratings were converted to positive numbers and a scale of 1-8 was used to present results. A variety of statistical analyses were carried out on the data, including correlation, means ratings, and rankings. In addition, all solicited comments on credibility were coded using Fogg’s four types of credibility (surface, earned, presumed, and reputed) in order to try to understand why participants rated the credibility of sites as they did.
 
 Main Results – For the first question, concerning the relationship between visual design preferences and perceived credibility, the results are complicated. A statistically significant correlation was reported between visual design preference and perceived credibility in 8 of the 31 sites (26%). In these instances where visual design is rated highly, so is credibility. When visual design ratings were ranked highest to lowest, credibility ratings followed the same pattern. Similarly, when credibility ratings were ranked highest to lowest, visual, design ratings followed. A t-test confirmed that sites perceived to have higher credibility were also perceived to have better visual design. Furthermore, when design and credibility ratings were compared to site traffic rankings, as measured by Alexa (http://www.alexa.com), the trend was for both visual design and credibility ratings to decline as the site traffic ranking declined. This finding was also confirmed by a t-test. While there is not an exact relationship, the tendency is for sites with higher visual design ratings to also receive higher ratings for perceived credibility. 
 
 On the second question, concerning the relationship between brand recognition and visual design and perceived credibility judgments, the results suggest a possible influence of brand name. This relationship is not clear, and as visual designs were always presented and rated first, there is possibly a co-founder. The analysis of participant comments found that participants performed credibility judgments in a very short time using a variety of criteria, including visual design, source of the site, reputation of the site, and prior use. There were negative reactions to the use of advertisements, drug and insurance company sponsorship, and dot com sites, as well as some suspicion that non-US consumer health information sites were less trustworthy.
 
 Conclusions – Visual design judgments bore a statistically significant similarity to credibility ratings. Sites with recognizable brands were highly rated for both credibility and visual design, but this relationship was not statistically significant. The relationship is complicated and more research is needed on what visual design cues are important to credibility judgments.

Gender Role Portrayals in Indian Television Ads

318 randomly selected television ads from India (from 2004) in three different languages (English, Hindi, and Tamil) were content analyzed to examine both the frequency of appearance and prevalence of gender stereotypes. Results indicate that there are more male than female central characters and voiceovers in Indian ads; stereotypical differences were also found in the type of credibility used by men and women, and the nature of the products they advertised and settings that males and females appeared in. Female central characters tended to be younger than their male counterparts and were more likely to be portrayed in relationship roles. Similarities and differences in gender role portrayals found in Indian television ads and those from other nations are also discussed.

Scholarship in teaching as a core professional value: what does this mean to the academic?

This paper demonstrates how the introduction of the word scholarship in respect to teaching has become confused and misplaced and used to sustain and enhance a particular type of credibility to activities related to the enhancement of learning and teaching in higher education. Bourdieu's concept of symbolic culture is used to construct the argument and show how the use of the term ‘Scholarship of Teaching’ needs to be re‐examined and conceptualized. Twenty‐five academics from a variety of disciplines were interviewed to give their perceptions on the notion of scholarship, the scholarship of teaching, and the scholarship in teaching. These data were used to develop a framework for understanding and possibly reconsidering the role of the scholarship of teaching.