Types Of Congenital Anomalies Research Articles

Congenital anomalies in pregnancies with overt and pregestational type 2 diabetes: a gray portrayal from a cohort in Brazil

ObjectiveTo describe the frequency and types of congenital anomalies and associated risk factors in Brazilian women with type 2 diabetes.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study between 2005 and 2021, we included all pregnant participants with type 2 diabetes from the two major public hospitals in southern Brazil. We collected data from the electronic hospital records. Congenital anomalies were classified by the 10th revised International Classification of Diseases, Q chapter, enhanced by the EUROCAT registry classification, and categorized by type and gravity. We used multiple Poisson regression with robust estimates to estimate risks.ResultsAmong 648 participants, we excluded 19, and 62 were lost to follow-up; therefore, we included 567 participants. Overt diabetes arose in 191 participants (33.7%, 95% CI 30.0% – 38.0%). Less than 20% of the participants supplemented folate. Congenital anomalies occurred in 78 neonates (13.8%, CI 11.0 − 16.9%), 73 babies (93.6%) presented major anomalies, and 20 (10.5%) cases occurred in participants with overt diabetes. Cardiac anomalies were the most frequent (43 isolated and 12 combined). Pre-eclampsia was associated with an increased risk in the analyses including all women (adjusted RR 1.87 (95% CI 1.23–2.85), p = 0.003), but not in analyses including only women with an HbA1c measured up to the 14th gestational age. HbA1c, either measured at any time in pregnancy (adjusted RR 1.21 (95% CI 1.10–1.33), p < 0.001) or up to the first 14 weeks (adjusted RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.10–1.35, p < 0.001) was the only sustained risk factor. Risk factors such as maternal age, obesity, diabetes diagnosis, or use of antidiabetic medications were not associated with congenital anomalies.ConclusionWe found a high frequency of congenital anomalies associated with poor maternal glycemic control and revealed an almost universal lack of preconception care. An urgent call to action is mandatory for the reversal of this gray scenario.

Birth defects in a rural province in Papua New Guinea

BackgroundGlobally, birth defects are the fourth most common cause of neonatal mortality. They cause substantial morbidity, and often long-term disability. Despite this, the impact of birth defects on public health...

Birth defects in a rural province in Papua New Guinea

BackgroundGlobally, birth defects are the fourth most common cause of neonatal mortality. They cause substantial morbidity, and often long-term disability. Despite this, the impact of birth defects on public health...

Gene Expression During C2C12 Differentiation

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common types of birth defect and is very poorly understood. To comprehend this disease better, the normal genetic expression associated with myocyte differentiation must be mapped out. This gives a deeper understanding of how cardiomyocytes (cardiac muscle cells) divide and specialize, which can contribute to understanding the mechanisms of CHD better. The workflow of this specific project began with culturing C2C12 mouse muscle myoblast cells and harvesting them at six different time points: 50% confluency, 100% confluency, 24-hours postdifferentiation, 48-hour postdifferentiation, 72-hour postdifferentiation, and 96-hour postdifferentiation. The expression levels of MyoD1, Myogenin, MyoM2, MyoZ2, GATA4, TbX5, NKX2.5, Ki67, Tcap, and RBFox1 were then measured and compared with qPCR. It was expected that those gene markers associated with muscle differentiation and structure would increase in expression levels over time while those markers associated with cell proliferation would decrease in expression levels. The qPCR showed the expected induction of myogenic differentiation marker genes, with the following deviation: MyoD1 expression did not increase during differentiation, and cardiogenesis markers did not follow a clear expression pattern during differentiation. Future studies on human-induced pluripotent stem cells differentiation to cardiomyocytes are needed to understand the patterns of gene expression in cardiomyocytes compared to skeletal myocytes. The outcomes of these studies may contribute to a deeper understanding of heart development and abnormalities in patients with CHD, and may improve diagnosis and treatment methods.

Prevalence and associated factors of congenital anomalies in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Congenital anomalies represent a significant contributor to infant mortality, morbidity, and enduring disability. With this in mind, the present investigation endeavour to ascertain the pooled prevalence of congenital anomalies and associated determinants among neonates in Ethiopia. PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHAL, Hinari, and Global Health databases were systematically searched. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) assessment checklist was used to assess quality of included studies. Data were extracted from database and exported to stataMP-17 for analysis. Pooled prevalence was determined using DerSimonian-Laird random effects model. The degree of heterogeneity and Publication bias were assessed using I2 statistics and Eggers test, respectively. Study protocol was registered under PROSPERO ID CRD42021229140. A total of 18 studies with 519,327 participants were included in the study. Pooled prevalence of congenital anomalies in Ethiopia was 2% (95% CI: 0.02, 0.03%). Among affected newborns neural tube defect (48%) was the most common congenital anomaly in Ethiopia, followed by orofacial cleft (19%). Risk factors such as alcohol consumption (pooled OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.54, 3.38), lack of folic acid supplement (pooled OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.09-7.36), medication during pregnancy (pooled OR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.03-6.47), khat (Catha edulis) chewing (pooled OR: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.61-3.71), exposure to pesticides (pooled OR: 4.45, 95% CI: 2.44-8.09) and maternal illness (pooled OR:1.79, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.10) had statistically significant association with congenital anomalies in Ethiopia. In this review, prevalence of congenital anomalies in Ethiopia was high with considerable regional variation. The most common type of congenital anomaly in Ethiopia was neural tube defects, followed by oro-facial cleft. Alcohol consumption, inadequate intake of folic acid, khat chewing, maternal diseases, exposure to pesticides, and use of medication during pregnancy were identified as potential contributors to congenital abnormalities in Ethiopia.

IJCM_359A: Pattern of Congenital Anomalies among newborn babies - A Hospital based study

Background: Congenital anomalies can be defined as structural or functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine life and can be identified prenatally. Some of the congenital anomalies may be life threatening, hence an immediate management is required. This study is to determine the pattern of congenital anomalies among newborn babies and factors associated with it. Methodology: It was a descriptive study carried out at KMC Hospital, Attavar on all the new born babies with congenital abnormalities born or admitted in KMC Attavar. Data extraction sheet had two sections including the maternal details, history of newborn related to type of congenital anomalies and condition of the baby at birth. Data was entered and analyzed by using statistical software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 11.5. Descriptive statistics like mean, proportions and standard deviation was used for expressing the results. Results: We found that 56.25% of the cases were of maternal age group &lt;30years. 3.16% were non-consanguinous marriages, 56.46% of mothers were primiparous &amp; 43.53% were multiparous. Only 18.40% had maternal co morbidities &amp; 5.84% had hazardous exposure. 67% of the study population were males and 33% were females. In cases where single system was involved, 66.85% were males and 33.15% were females. In cases with multiple malformations, 67.56% were males and 32.43% were females. In the cases where maternal age was &lt;30yrs, 22.85% of anomalies were in the cardiovascular system, and in ≥30yr, 29.63% were multiple malformations. Conclusion: Among the congenital anomalies affecting the newborns, the most affected single system is gastrointestinal tract followed by cardiovascular system and musculoskeletal system. Multiple malformations were found to be the highest. Congenital anomalies were found to be more in males than females. In maternal age group of less than 30yrs, highest number of anomalies were in the cardiovascular system and for more than/equal 30yrs, highest number was multiple malformations.

Incidence and Spectrum of Congenital Anomalies in Pediatric Populations of Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Background: Congenital anomalies (CAs) remain a significant concern for pediatric health worldwide, affecting millions of newborns. In Southern Punjab, Pakistan, a region characterized by its distinct socio-cultural dynamics, including a high prevalence of consanguineous marriages, the impact of these anomalies presents a unique public health challenge. This study aims to shed light on the incidence and spectrum of CAs within this context, exploring the genetic and environmental factors contributing to their prevalence.&#x0D; Objective: The primary objective of this study was to estimate the incidence and types of congenital anomalies among the pediatric population of Southern Punjab, with a particular focus on the relationship between consanguineous marriages and the prevalence of CAs.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional study design was utilized, encompassing 406 pregnant women aged 20-42 from Southern Punjab, screened via ultrasound and genetic testing. The study emphasized the categorization of CAs across five main systems: digestive, central nervous, cardiovascular, ear-face-neck, and musculoskeletal. The inclusion of women with a history of cousin marriages provided a comparative analysis to understand the genetic impact on CA incidence.&#x0D; Results: Out of 406 newborns, a total of 16 (3.94%) were diagnosed with congenital anomalies. The distribution of CAs was as follows: digestive system (5 cases, 1.23%), central nervous system (3 cases, 0.74%), cardiovascular system (5 cases, 1.23%), anomalies of ear, face, and neck (3 cases, 0.74%), and musculoskeletal system (3 cases, 0.74%). Notably, the prevalence of CAs was higher in children born from cousin marriages (12 cases, 2.95%) compared to those from non-consanguineous unions (4 cases, 0.99%), with a statistically significant p-value of 0.05.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study underscores the heightened risk of congenital anomalies associated with consanguineous marriages in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. These findings advocate for enhanced genetic counseling and prenatal screening programs in regions with similar socio-cultural practices to mitigate the risks and impact of CAs.

Risk factors associated with congenital central nervous system abnormalities in the National Hospital of Zinder, Niger

IntroductionCongenital malformations of the central nervous system (CNS) are morphological abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord that occur during fetal development. They constitute the second most common congenital disability, after congenital cardiac defects. Many risk factors have been identified; however, these studies included various types of congenital abnormality. Furthermore, there is a lack of information on risk factors for congenital CNS malformation, and notably in the Zinder region of Niger. ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with congenital CNS malformations in the Zinder region. MethodsIn a case-control design, patients with congenital CNS malformation were enrolled between June 2022 and April 2023 in the Department of Neurosurgery of the National Hospital of Zinder. ResultsFamily history of malformation (aOR:3.31, 95% CI:1.25−8.78) and consanguine marriage (aOR:2.28, 95% CI:1.23−4.20) were significantly associated with congenital CNS malformation. In contrast, folic acid supplementation (aOR:0.34, 95% CI:0.13, 0.89), multiparity (aOR:0.34, 95% CI:0.13, 0.89), and grand multiparity (aOR, 0.47; 95% CI:0.23, 0.97) had a protective effect. ConclusionRisk factors such as family malformation history and consanguine marriage increased the risk of developing congenital malformations of the central nervous system. In contrast, folic acid supplementation in the index period and multiparity had a significant protective effect.

Hip dysplasia: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, analysis of the activities of a nurse in caring for sick children

Hip dysplasia is a very common disease and the main type of congenital anomalies of the musculoskeletal system in young children. Timely detection and targeted treatment of the disease can improve the quality of life of patients and prevent complications that can lead to the development of disability. The article discusses the causes of the disease, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis and principles of treatment of hip dysplasia, and the tactics of a nurse working with this category of sick children. Modern principles of rehabilitation associated with treatment regimens depending on the severity of the pathology are considered, the characteristics and content of the functional conservative method of treatment are given. The place of physical rehabilitation methods is determined, the main methods and techniques are characterized, including new organizational solutions: complex impact and multidisciplinary approach. The role of close contact with parents, constructive interaction between doctors, nurses and rehabilitation specialists is noted.

Profile of various congenital anomalies in fetus detected during antenatal period among high risk mothers by Ultrasonography at Tertiary Care Centre, South Gujarat

Background: With the improvement of basic maternal and child health care services, the deaths due to malnutrition and infections are on a descending trend and due to westernization and lifestyle modifications, perinatal deaths due to anomalies are in ascending trend. Aim &amp; Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the antenatal proportion of congenital anomalies, types, pattern of anomalies and factors associated with anomalies in Tertiary Care Centre, South Gujarat. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study in Department of Fetal Medicine of New Civil Hospital, Surat. Methods and Material: Sample size was 435. First 10 consecutive high-risk ANC patients, who were referred to Fetal Medicine department from Obstetrics and Gynecology department per day were selected. Data was collected during September 2021 to February 2022. Statistical analysis used: Frequencies, proportions and tests of significance was applied for testing the association of socio-demographic variables, clinical variables etc on presence or absence of congenital anomalies. Results: Proportion of different types of congenital anomalies in high risk pregnant mother was 17.2%. There was significant association between presence of congenital anomalies with history of irregular menstruation (p value: 0.001, OR: 5.19, [CI: 1.76-15.27]) and inadequate amniotic fluid (p value: 0.00, OR: 14.5[CI: 7.23-29.06]). Among total detected anomalies in Ultrasonography scanning, most common anomalies were Cardio-vascular system anomalies (36.4%) and Central Nervous System anomalies (24%). Conclusions: Congenital anomalies were present in about 17 % of high risk antenatal mothers.

Prolonged Labor and Adverse Cardiac Outcomes in Pregnant Patients With Congenital Heart Disease

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023;228(6):728.e1–728.e8) Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common types of birth defects and affects 8 to 9 per 1000 births. Many patients who have it are diagnosed in infancy, but some are not diagnosed until later in life. The number of patients with CHD who reach childbearing years has increased substantially. Pregnancy can pose difficult challenges, especially in labor and delivery. The physiologic changes that occur during delivery, including increased cardiac demand, rapid changes in intravascular volume, and blood loss, result in significant risk for patients with CHD. The European Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac disease and the Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy 2 studies have demonstrated that the immediate postpartum period is the highest risk time for heart failure.

Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity and risk of birth defects in offspring: Population-based cohort study.

Maternal obesity, a health condition increasingly prevalent worldwide, has been suggested to be associated with a higher risk of birth defects in offspring, whereas evidence from population-based data from China was largely lacking. Additionally, the role of gestational diabetes in the association between maternal obesity and birth defects remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity with any and different types of birth defects in offspring and the interaction between pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity and gestational diabetes. We conducted a population-based cohort study including 257 107 singletons born between 2015 and 2021 in Longgang District, Shenzhen, China, using data from the Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Management System. Poisson regression was conducted to estimate the associations of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, as well as the interaction between pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity and gestational diabetes, with the risk of birth defects. Models were adjusted for maternal age at delivery, educational level, type of household registration, and gravidity. Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight was associated with a higher risk of any birth defect (risk ratio [RR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12 to 1.31) as well as of congenital malformations of the circulatory system (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.41), eye/ear/face/neck (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.94), and musculoskeletal system (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.44). Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with a higher risk of any birth defect (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.63) and congenital malformations of the circulatory system (RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.98). Infants born to overweight or obese mothers with gestational diabetes had a higher risk of congenital malformations of the circulatory system than infants born to overweight or obese mothers without gestational diabetes. Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity was associated with a higher risk of birth defects, particularly congenital malformations of the circulatory system, in offspring. Gestational diabetes interacts additively with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity on modifying the risk of congenital malformations of the circulatory system. The importance of improving weight management and assessment of glucose and metabolic functions was emphasized among women planning for pregnancy who are overweight or obese.

Foetal Autopsy: A Cross-sectional Study of 41 Cases at a Tertiary Care Centre in Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Introduction: Perinatal mortality includes both late foetal deaths and early neonatal deaths. The perinatal mortality rate in India was 23/1000 live births for the year 2016, with congenital anomalies being the major cause of perinatal mortality. Thus, foetal autopsy plays an important role in identifying various types of congenital anomalies, determining the cause of foetal death, and thereby helping in counselling the parents. Aim: To identify various causes of foetal death and determine the most prevalent cause of foetal death. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, PES Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (rural tertiary care referral Institute), Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh, India, from January 2018 to December 2022. Autopsies were performed according to a standard protocol and categorised using the Cunningham and Hollier classification. The data were entered into Microsoft (MS) Excel 2007 and further analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26.0. Results: The maternal age ranged from 19-36 years with a mean±Standard Deviation (SD) of 24.1±3.37 years. Out of the 41 cases, 29 (70.73%) cases were terminated, and 12 (29.26%) cases had intrauterine foetal death. The majority of cases were in the second trimester, with 37 (90.24%) cases, followed by 4 (9.75%) cases in the third trimester. Foetal causes constituted the majority of cases, 23 (56.09%), followed by placental causes, 12 (29.26%) and maternal causes, 6 (14.63%). Conclusion: The present study concluded that congenital anomalies constituted the most prevalent cause of foetal death, with central nervous system anomalies being the most common. This information helps clinicians in early intervention and counselling parents to avoid similar outcomes in subsequent pregnancies.

Lupine-induced crooked calf syndrome: mitigation through intermittent grazing management of cattle.

Lupines are responsible for a condition in cattle referred to as "crooked calf syndrome" (CCS) that occurs when pregnant cattle graze teratogenic lupines. A proposed management strategy to limit these types of birth defects includes utilizing an intermittent grazing schedule to allow short durations of grazing lupine-infested areas interrupted by movement to a lupine-free pasture. The objective of this study was to determine if an intermittent schedule of ten continuous days of lupine treatment followed by 5 d off treatment would be sufficient to decrease, or prevent, the incidence of lupine-induced malformations. Continuous dosing of the teratogenic lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) to pregnant cows for 30 d during the most susceptible stage of pregnancy (gestation days 40 to 70) resulted in severe skeletal birth defects in their calves. However, intermittent dosing of the teratogenic lupine demonstrated that interrupted intake of lupine reduced the severity, or eliminated, permanent skeletal malformations in calves born to cows dosed lupine. Toxicokinetic and ultrasound data demonstrated a clear inverse correlation between serum anagyrine (the primary teratogenic alkaloid in some lupines) concentrations in the dam and fetal movement. In the intermittent group, fetal movement quickly returned to normal after lupine feeding stopped and remained normal until lupine treatment resumed. Therefore, interrupting lupine intake for at least 5 d through an intermittent grazing program could reduce the severity of the CCS. Furthermore, this method would allow ranchers to move cattle back into lupine pastures after a brief interruption, which would allow for more efficient utilization of forage resources.

Epidemiological investigation of congenital heart diseases among children during the years 2016 to 2021

Background: Congenital heart disease is a type of birth defect that affects about 1% of babies born each year and is the leading cause of death in infancy that is diagnosed at birth or later in life. Due to the high importance of this issue and high mortality and morbidity, the aim of this study was epidemiological investigation of congenital heart diseases in children during 2016 to 2021. Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, all children admitted to Bo Ali Hospital in Ardabil with primary diagnosis of congenital heart disease or secondary diagnosis during hospitalization along with all children referred to the clinic of this hospital with diagnosis of congenital heart disease were included in the study. Results: A total of 449 children with congenital heart disease were included in the study. 235 cases (52.33%) were boys, 35 cases (7.79%) had diabetic mothers and 12 cases (2.6%) had obese mothers. 20 cases (4.4%) were the result of multiple pregnancy and 31 cases (6.9%) were preterm. Significantly, preterm birth was more in children with cyanotic disease (p=0.036) and multiple births and maternal diabetes and aneuploidy were more in children with cyanotic disease compared to Asianotic children (p value equal to 0.008 respectively and 0.001 and 0.001). Conclusions: The frequency of congenital heart diseases, gender composition and related risk factors such as preterm birth and maternal diabetes were aligned and similar to domestic and foreign studies. Maternal diabetes and preterm birth can be considered as risk factors for congenital heart diseases.

Horseshoe kidney presenting as recurrent urinary tract infections with severe hydronephrosis in a 10-month-old baby: a case report

Introduction : Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is type of congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tracts (CAKUT), which fusion anomalies happened in early embryonic period partially. One-third of the patients with horseshoe kidney are usually asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally. It can be presented with other renal and extrarenal abnormalities. Here we report a case of horseshoe kidney in infant presenting as recurrent urinary tract infections with severe hydronephrosis. Case Presentation: A 10-months old boy with multiple congenital anomalies admitted with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection for 3-month and progressive abdominal enlargement. His physical examination revealed an abdominal distention, no-tender, dullness on percussion, a palpable mass on the right flank, and normal bowel sound. The genitalia examination revealed penile-type hypospadia and bilateral undescended testis. Further examination with a contrast computed tomography scan showed HSK with severe right hydronephrosis with thin parenchyma due to UPJO. The heminephrectomy procedure was performed successfully. There is no recurrent UTI and no deterioration in renal function after 3 years of evaluation. Conclusion: It is important to investigate renal abnormalities in patients with recurrent UTI. HSK is one of the prevalent findings. Therefore, proper diagnostic investigation tailored to the clinical presentation in a stepwise approach aiming for prompt and optimal patient care is essential.

Association of maternal cancer with congenital anomalies in offspring.

Congenital anomalies are common, but the possibility that maternal cancer increases the chance of having a child with a birth defect is not fully understood. To examine the association between maternal cancer before or during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects in offspring. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of live births in Quebec, Canada, between 1989 and 2022 using hospital data. The main exposure measure was maternal cancer before or during pregnancy. The outcome included birth defects detected in offspring during gestation or at birth. We estimated risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of maternal cancer with birth defects using log-binomial regression models adjusted for potential confounders. In this study of 2,568,120 newborns, birth defects were present in 6.0% and 6.7% of infants whose mothers had cancer before or during pregnancy, respectively, compared with 5.7% of infants whose mothers never had cancer. Cancer during pregnancy was associated with heart (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.03, 2.44), nervous system (RR 4.05, 95% CI 2.20, 7.46) and urinary defects (RR 1.72, 95% CI 1.01, 2.95). Among specific types of malignancies during pregnancy, breast cancer was the most prominent risk factor for birth defects (RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.02, 2.37). Cancer before pregnancy was not associated with any type of birth defect or with defects overall (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.92, 1.11). Moreover, no specific type of cancer before pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of birth defects. Maternal cancer during pregnancy is associated with the risk of congenital anomalies in offspring, however, cancer before pregnancy is not associated with this outcome.

Incidence and Types of Congenital Anomalies in Newborns of Yazd Hospitals during Six Years (2016- 2021) Based on National Mother and Newborn Health Registration System

Background: Congenital anomalies are responsible for a remarkable proportion of disability and mortality in newborns. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the incidence and types of congenital anomalies in newborns born in Yazd hospitals during the years 2016 to 2021.&#x0D; Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the data of all live births from 2016 to 2021 in hospitals of Yazd were extracted from the database of the National Mother and Newborn Health Registration System of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.&#x0D; Results: From a total of 151,566 live births during six years, congenital anomalies were seen in 1338 (0.88%) newborns. The most common congenital anomalies involved the cardiovascular system (0.31%), followed by musculoskeletal anomalies (0.16%), gastrointestinal tract (0.14%), and genital system (0.1%), respectively. The incidence increased from 0.63% in 2016 to 1.05% in 2021, with the highest incidence observed in 2020 (1.31%).&#x0D; Conclusion: The incidence of congenital anomalies in Yazd is lower than in most studies in Iran. However, shows an increasing trend over the years which can be due to the improvement of diagnostic methods especially in the case of congenital heart anomalies. However, more extensive studies on maternal risk factors and neonatal outcomes are needed

Imaging of inferior vena cava normal variants, anomalies and pathologies, Part 1: Congenital.

This study would help in understanding the embryogenesis of the IVC and correlation with the imaging appearances and the clinical implications of each of these common as well as rare types of congenital anomalies.

Birth defect: Findings from Obstetrics &amp; Gynae Department of a tertiary Hospital

Objectives: To determine the frequency and types of birth defect among newborn in Sir Salimullah Medical College Hospital Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The study was conducted in Sir Salimullah Medical College Hospital from January- December 2018. Birth defect identified previously during pregnancy on USG or defect detected at birth at Obstetrics department were included in the study. The study was conducted at Obstetrics department of SSMC MH. All births with gross congenital malformations were noted. All malformations were classified as per ICD 10 classification. The mother of the newborn with congenital malformations was interviewed consecutively using predesigned, pretested questionnaire. The variables included parents age, antenatal registration, antenatal history of drug intake, consanguinity and previous history of malformations. Statistical analysis was done using chi square test. Results: Out of 8912 live births, congenital malformations were observed in 50 cases. The frequency of congenital malformation was 0.56%. There were 25 males and 23 females and two newborns had ambiguous genitalia. The highest congenital abnormality reported in this study was in the age group between 20-29 years, which was 31(62%), The central nervous system was the most common system involved. Among 50 neonates, 8 neonate had multiple congenital anomalies and 42 babies had isolated malformations. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2022; Vol. 37(2): 127-131