Type Of Birth Control Research Articles

The impact of the Roe v. Wade overturn on birth control prescriptions and sterilisation procedures in rural NC

Background/Introduction On June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court overturned the 1973 verdict in the Roe v. Wade legal suit that had established the constitutional right to medical abortion [1]. With the right to abortion now being left to the states, many restrictions regarding abortion procedures are being established [2]. We aim to evaluate whether this has led to an increase in the number of birth control prescriptions and sterilisation procedures at Cape Fear Valley Medical Centre in rural North Carolina. Methods SlicerDicer program within EPIC medical records database was used to retrieve the records of all women that had an obstetrics and gynaecology appointment with Cape Fear Valley Health System between 11/01/21-12/31/2022 for contraception. The data was sorted into race/ethnicity, age, and types of birth control. Principal outcomes measured the trends in birth control prescription or sterilisation procedure appointments before and after the overturn of Roe v. Wade. Results Contraceptive pill prescriptions decreased from 51.70% to 32.40%. IUD insertions decreased from 39.40% to 11.30%. Injectable birth control remained consistent, at approximately 16%. Nexplanon implantations dropped from 20.60% to 9.70%. Lastly, sterilisation procedures increased from 6.7% to 10.7%. Conclusion Majority of birth control prescriptions decreased following the overturn of Roe v. Wade, except for sterilisation, which increased by 4.0%. This may indicate that women are now looking for more permanent birth control options after the overturn of Roe v. Wade. Future research should investigate whether similar trends of increasing prevalence of sterilisation procedures is seen throughout the United States. SHORT CONDENSATION We aim to assess the impact of the Supreme Court overturn regarding the Roe v. Wade legal suit on contraceptive decisions in rural North Carolina.

Subgroup Analyses of Girl2Girl, a Text Messaging-Based Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program for Sexual Minority Girls: Results from a National RCT

This study aims to investigate whether Girl2Girl, a text messaging-based pregnancy prevention program for cisgender LGB+ girls, had different effects on subgroups based on age, sexual identity, and experience with penile-vaginal sex. A total of 948 girls, 14–18 years old, were recruited nationally via social media and enrolled over the telephone. Once they completed the baseline, they were randomized to either Girl2Girl or an attention-matched control program that discussed “healthy lifestyle” topics (e.g., self-esteem). Both programs were 5 months long: Girls received daily messages for 8 weeks, and then went through a “latent” period of 3 months, and finished with a 1-week review. Outcome measures included condom-protected sex, uptake of other types of birth control, abstinence, and pregnancy. Measures were collected at baseline; 3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month post-intervention end, which was 17 months after enrollment. Effect modification was examined using longitudinal mixed effects models. Overall, results suggested significant moderating effects of age, (f2 = .12), sexual identity (f2 < .14), and sexual experience (f2 = .11) on rates of condom use and use of other contraception. Although there were no significant moderating effects on pregnancy, abstinence, or intentions to use condoms, use birth control, or be abstinent, (p’s > .16), patterns of effects were in the same direction as for significant findings. For example, at 9-month post-intervention, among those who identified as bisexual, the incidence rate of protected sex events was 39% higher for intervention vs. control (IRR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.06–2.70), adjusting for baseline rate of condom use and sexual experience. Similarly, at 12 months, among bisexual participants, intervention participants had a significantly higher IRR of condom-protected sexual events (IRR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.31–5.34). There were also higher odds of uptake of birth control use other than condoms for intervention vs. control at 6- (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01–1.77), 9 m (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07–1.89), and 12-month (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.07–1.78) follow-up. Girl2Girl appears to be particularly effective for older adolescents, bisexual girls, and those who have already had penile-vaginal sex. No one single approach is going to affect teen pregnancy. Instead, it is more likely that different intervention content and delivery methods will be more accessible and salient to some but not other youth. Understanding for whom the intervention works is just as important as understanding for whom the intervention does not, as this can inform opportunities for future intervention development.Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID# NCT03029962.

Sexual Behaviors And Birth Control Use In Collegiate Student-athletes

In 2017, the Center for Disease Control reported 2.3 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. Specifically, in sports medicine, collegiate student-athletes (SA) are considered an at-risk population due to the risk-taking behaviors associated with athletics. PURPOSE: To describe birth control (BC) methods used by female and male collegiate SA. METHODS: As part of a larger 5-year study, collegiate SA (n=862; females: n=552; males: n=310; 17-23 years old) from a NCAA Division I institution completed a web-based survey containing a 30-item tool exploring sexual health behaviors. Partial data were used for all descriptive analyses. RESULTS: Over half (n=314, 57.4%) of females reported currently taking oral contraceptives or female hormones prescribed mostly for irregular menses (n=78, 14.3%) or pregnancy control (n=106, 12.3%). Participants reported having vaginal (females=172, 36.8%; males=143, 59.1%), oral (females=191, 40.2%; males=155, 63.3%), and anal (females=5, 1.1%; males=6, 2.7%) intercourse in the past 30 days. Interestingly, many participants reported never using condoms or other protective barriers during oral (n=490, 82.1%) or anal (n=376, 78.3%) sex; however, 33.3% of participants (n=203) stated they always used protection for vaginal intercourse. When exploring their most recent sexual encounter, 60.2% (n=429) of participants reported using a form of BC to prevent pregnancy. The most frequent types of BC included oral contraceptive pills (n=345), male condom (n=327), and “pull out” (n=152). Finally, 10.7% (n=77) of participants reported using emergency contraceptives. Despite the lack of consistent BC use, only 2 individuals reported a pregnancy in the last 12 months, both unintentionally. CONCLUSIONS: Participants reported using oral contraception to prevent pregnancy, but mainly for menstrual dysfunctions. Female SA should be educated on all their BC options as it can affect sport performance. While many of the participants are engaging in sexual activity, the use of protective barrier is less for oral and anal intercourse which could be due to sexual education in the United States. However, the infrequent use of protective barriers, regardless of intercourse type, does pose a threat to a SA health for sexually transmitted infections.

227. Utilization of Social Network Analysis To Understand Birth Control Uptake In Youth Who Experience Homelessness

Within the U.S., 4.3% of 13-17-year old’s and 12.5% of 18-25-year old’s experienced homelessness during the past year. Female homeless youth become pregnant at a rate five times greater than that of the general U.S. population, with nearly half becoming pregnant at least once during adolescence. Developing trusted, healthy relationships is a challenge for youth who are homeless. Networks can represent a potentially diverse groups of people who provide tangible or intangible resources to the individual, but also may encourage engagement in unhealthy or risky behavior. This exploratory study examines implementation data from a teen pregnancy prevention program to better understand how homeless youth social networks share information and how that information can impact the uptake of birth control. To measure interpersonal relationships, we used a social network analysis (SNA) to assess the quality and strength of peer relationships. SNA is an ideal technique for this study because the study population is part of a bounded network defined by program participation. Eleven 14 to 18 years old participants took part in this study. Most participants were sexually active (n=9) and had first engaged in consensual sex at 13 to 18 years (M=15 years) of age. None of the participants were using birth control before the program. Data were collected through interviews and participants were asked which peers in the program they knew, who they trusted, and if they shared (or received) information on birth control. Data was symmetrized and density and centrality statistics were analyzed. At the end of the program, 73% of the network participants were on some type of birth control at one-month follow-up. However, network density showed that only 14.3% of the network shared information about birth control. To understand if one or a few people controlled the information, centralization was analyzed on birth control information sharing. The whole network centralization was 0.339. This means that the sharing information network was centralized (> than 0.25). Degree centrality was then examined to understand who controlled information flow. One participant had a degree of 8 ties and four others had a degree of 5 ties each. Four of these 5 participants adopted some form of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) by the end of the program. One person was using condoms. While overall network density was not very high, centralization was significant which means that a few key players controlled the information flow. The majority of these individuals (4 of 5) adopted LARC by the end of the program, which may indicate that the information they shared with their peers about birth control influenced other youth’s decisions on adoption. This exploratory study expands the limited research on the impact of social support on homeless youth and pregnancy prevention. 73% birth control utilization, one-month post-intervention, among a high-risk subpopulation that was not previously on birth control represents important findings for research on homeless youth.

Interactive associations of physical activity, adiposity, and oral contraceptive use on C-reactive protein levels in young women

ABSTRACTOral contraceptives (OCs) are the most frequently used type of birth control among young women. OC-users have higher C-reactive protein (CRP) values, an indicator of systemic inflammation, than do non-OC-users. In addition, adiposity (percent fat) is positively associated with CRP, and physical activity (PA) is inversely associated with CRP. The present study determined the interactive associations of PA, percent fat, and OC-use with CRP. Data were collected during 2012–2015 at the University of Georgia. Objective PA was measured via pedometers. Percent fat was measured via dual X-ray absorptiometry. The current OC-use was self-reported. High-sensitivity (hs) CRP was determined using venipuncture. Multivariate linear regression determined the interactive associations of percent fat, OC-use, and PA with hs-CRP. Participants (n = 247; mean age 18.9 ± 1.4 years, 60.7 percent white) accumulated a mean of 10,075.7 ± 3,593.4 steps/day. One-third of participants were categorized as overweight/obese by BMI (mean = 24.5 ± 4.8 kg/m2, mean percent fat = 35.2 ± 6.8). The current OC-use was reported by 26.2 percent of the sample (n = 61). A significant three-way interaction (β = 0.01, p = .03) indicated that higher PA was associated with lower hs-CRP in non-OC-users with higher percent fat, but not among OC-users with higher percent fat. These results highlight the need to measure and account for the current OC-use in studies examining the relationship between PA and CRP.

Hubris and the HHS Mandate

Hubris and the HHS Mandate

Natural and Social Disasters: Racial Inequality in Access to Contraceptives After Hurricane Ike

Few data are available on access to contraception following a natural disaster. The current study extends the literature by examining access to various types of birth control in a large sample of women from diverse backgrounds following Hurricane Ike, which made landfall on September 13, 2008, on the upper Texas Gulf Coast. We examined Hurricane Ike's influence on access to contraceptives through survey results from 975 white, black, and Hispanic women 16-24 years of age receiving care at one of five publicly funded reproductive health clinics in the Texas Gulf Coast region between August 2008 and July 2010. Overall, 13% of women reported difficulties accessing contraception. Black women had more difficulty than their white (p<0.001) and Hispanic (p=0.019) counterparts. Using multivariate analysis, we found that although family planning clinics in the area were open, black women (odds ratio [OR] 2.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37-3.73; p=0.001] and hurricane evacuees (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.27-3.72; p=0.005) reported greater difficulty in accessing birth control. Last, we found that a lack of access to birth control was related to having a higher frequency of unprotected sex for women of all races (p=0.001). Access to resources is critical in differentiating the level of impact of disasters on various groups of people. We suggest a community-based disaster preparedness and response model that takes women's reproductive needs into account.

Prescription for a Periodical: Medicine, Sex, and Obscenity in the Nineteenth Century, As Told in Dr. Foote's Health Monthly

reforms transforming nineteenth-century society. From 1876 to 1896, Dr. Edward Bliss Foote's penchant for discussing sex and marketing contraceptives shared the pages with his drive to promote free speech. It was a combination born out of the era's obsession with obscenity, labeled Comstockery by George Bernard Shaw. Foote took it personally when moralist Anthony Comstock persuaded Congress to include items intended to prevent conception among obscene, lewd, or lascivious materials banned from the mail when enacting the laws best known as the Comstock Act. Since the 1860s, Foote had sold through the mail out of an office in New York City on Lexington Avenue four types of birth control along with a few potions and medical advice. An easy target for Comstock, Foote was convicted on obscenity charges in 1876 and fined $3,500. Afterward, he modified his prosperous medical practice and publishing business to comply with the laws and, joined by his son, launched the Health Monthly as ajournai of health-care information and the voice of opposition to Comstock.

Job Stress and Preeclampsia

We conducted a case-control study to determine whether job strain (or stress) during pregnancy resulted in an increased risk of preeclampsia. We compared 110 nulliparous Caucasian and African-American women who had preeclampsia with 115 healthy nulliparous controls. All subjects gave birth between 1984 and 1987 in Chapel Hill, NC. Occupation was ascertained during a telephone interview. We assigned each job title a strain (or stress) score in accordance with the occupational database developed by Karasek. Overall, 54 (49%) of the control women worked during pregnancy, 14 in high-stress jobs. Logistic regression analysis indicated a 3.1-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2-7.8] increased risk of preeclampsia for women employed in high-stress jobs (high psychological demand, low decision latitude) and an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% CI = 1.0-4.3) for low-stress jobs compared with nonworking women, while simultaneously adjusting for age, race, family history of preeclampsia, history of hypertension in the subject's mother, gravidity, smoking during pregnancy, timing of the first prenatal visit, and type of birth control used by the couple before the pregnancy. Furthermore, working women had 2.3 times the risk of developing preeclampsia (95% CI = 1.2-4.6) compared with nonworking women. Work-related psychosocial strain increased the risk of preeclampsia in our study.

Diet and rheumatoid arthritis in women: a possible protective effect of fish consumption.

Some researchers have hypothesized that omega-3 fatty acids, found primarily in fish oils, may protect against the development of rheumatoid arthritis. We conducted a population-based case-control study in women, comparing 324 incident rheumatoid arthritis cases with 1,245 controls. We used a food frequency questionnaire to ascertain diet during a 1-year period 5 years before a reference date (first physician visit for joint-symptoms). Consumption of broiled or baked fish, but not of other types of fish, was associated with a decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) for 1- < 2 servings and > or = 2 servings of broiled or baked fish per week, compared with < 1 serving, were 0.78 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.53-1.14] and 0.57 (95% CI = 0.35-0.93). Other analyses showed associations with protein as a percentage of calories (adjusted OR for the top quartile as compared with the bottom quartile = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.46-0.94) and total calories (adjusted OR for the top quartile = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.15-2.28). The associations with broiled or baked fish, protein, and calories became stronger when we restricted our analysis to cases positive for rheumatoid factor. These results support the hypothesis that omega-3 fatty acids may help prevent rheumatoid arthritis.

Unplanned Pregnancies in Young Women With Diabetes: An analysis of psychosocial factors

To assess psychosocial factors related to preventing birth defects in children born to diabetic women. Diabetic women are at high risk for bearing children with congenital anomalies associated with teratogenic effects early in pregnancy. This study focuses on factors related to the family planning behavior of diabetic women. Sixty-six diabetic women were included in a 5-yr, prospective, longitudinal study along with 69 phenylketonuric women, who also face a high risk of bearing children with birth defects, and 68 healthy women. Annual interviews and questionnaires were administered. Women who did not want a pregnancy completed measures related to contraceptive behavior and quality of life. Areas assessed were knowledge, personality, attitudes, and social support. Diabetic women were more likely to be sexually active than women with phenylketonuria. Use and type of birth control were comparable among the groups except that diabetic women used condoms more often. For diabetic women, social support and positive attitudes towards birth control were associated with consistent birth control use. Of the diabetic women, 23 became pregnant, and only 6 (26%) were planned pregnancies. Birth control use by diabetic women needs to be addressed by health professionals. Attitudes about birth control of the women and those close to them appear to be important factors in consistent birth control use. Suggestions are made for addressing these factors.

Predicting Pregnancy and Contraceptive Usage among College Women

This study was designed to determine what factors might contribute to possible pregnancy and birth control usage among a sample of college women. The obtained sample was comprised of 140 college women who sought pregnancy tests at the health center at the University of Maryland. Of the 140 pregnancy tests performed 40 (28.6%) were positive. Over 40% of the women in this study were not using any type of birth control at the time of their possible pregnancy and over 15% of women whose tests proved positive had been pregnant before. The reasons given for non-use seem to reflect a tendency to deny ones sexuality. In addition over 1/3 of the non-users listed their concern over the health risks of birth control methods as a reason for non-use. Denial and health risk appear to be critical barriers for effective contraceptive usage and these issues need to be addressed in birth control education programs for this population. Not surprisingly a strong relationship was detected between sporadic or non-use of birth control and pregnancy. Also contraceptive behavior at the onset of sexual activity appears to be related consistently to use in later years. Those women who reported that they had used some method of contraception the 1st time they had intercourse were more likely to use contraception always. Methods that supposedly had failed for those women who had positive pregnancy tests tended to be the diaphragm and the sponge. These same women were more likely to have used the diaphragm or sponge the 1st time they had intercourse. The women with negative pregnancy tests were more likely to have used condoms in both initial and subsequent sexual activity. Because lack of knowledge has not played a major role in unintended pregnancy health educators must concentrate more on the psychosocial factors of non-contraceptive use including denial and guilt over sexuality in general (particularly in women) lack of communication between the sexes a coming to terms with sexuality in general and assertiveness training.

Factors influencing contraceptive behavior of single college students.

This study investigated the premarital contraceptive behavior of 222 male and female college students. Contraceptive practice was examined in relation to dating patterns, level of emotional involvement with the sex partner was heightened, the intercourse was planned, and the individual and prior sexual experience.

Attitudes of Lower Class Males toward Taking a Male Birth Control Pill

This study is based on interviews regarding attitudes toward birth control pills for men vasectomy and birth control pills for women. Responses are from 93 lower-class males (9 1/2 years education $4500 per year income average age 39 married 15 years 41% while and 59% Black mostly Protestant). 47% objected to use of a male pill 51% objected to a female pill 59% objected to vasectomy. Younger men objected less to pills but more to vasectomy. Education regarding the subject is positively related to favorable attitudes toward all 3 types of birth control especially toward a male pill. Whites objected less to male contraception while Blacks objected less to female use of the pill. The fathering of children if often thought to be a sign of masculinity among lower-class males. Reeducation to the idea that voluntary temporary sterilization with a pill or permanent sterilization through vasectomy should not be thought of as emasculation will be necessary.