Types Of Bacterial Pathogens Research Articles

The Inhibitory Effect of Pomegranate Peel and Mint Ethanolic Extracts and the Synergy Between Their Active Components on Escherichia Coli and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection

Many people rely on medicinal plants to treat illnesses, enhance health, and support a variety of sectors like food and pharmaceuticals. As a result, they are an ancient source of therapy and healthcare. This is as a result of their potent chemicals. This study examined the inhibitory impact of various doses of pomegranate and mint plant alcoholic extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, two types of bacterial pathogens that cause urinary tract infections. The studied extracts elicited different responses from the bacteria. The bacteria that responded to the pomegranate peel alcoholic extract the most was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, then Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was significantly impacted by the pomegranate peel extract, but less so by the mint extract. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth was less affected by the alcoholic extract of mint than Escherichia coli. The combined inhibitory impact of both extracts, at varying doses, was shown to be more effective against Escherichia coli than it was against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Biogenic Syntheses of AgNPs With Leaf Extract Abution indicum and Its Application for Antimicrobial and Photocatalytic Activity

ABSTRACTThe biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with leaf extract Abution indicum was done, and those were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The analysis by UV–vis spectroscopy showed a peak of 450 nm, and DLS and zeta potential were utilized to determine the size distribution of the biosynthesized Abution indicum–AgNPs (AI‐AgNPs) with a size range of 24–37 nm, and the X‐ray diffraction peak 38.096o was used to confirm that the crystalline structure of AI‐AgNPs. Furthermore, the antipathogenic effect of synthesized AgNPs and standard antibiotic (Ciprofloxacin) as studied the positive control in different types of bacterial pathogens likes Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli, with the zone of inhibition values of 9 mm. The synthesized AgNPs displayed excellent photocatalytic activity against reactive blue under sunlight than a UV light irradiation, and maximum degradation of 43% was achieved with 66 min of reaction time. In view of promising activity, the AgNPs could be used photocatalyst for the degradation of dyes in wastewater, and pomegranate leaf extract can be applied as eco‐benign and cost‐effective approach for AgNPs synthesis. Hence, the current findings suggest that Abutilon indicum is a valuable source for tailoring the potential of AgNPs toward various enhanced biological, photocatalytic, and adsorption activities. Consequently, the plant biological molecule‐mediated synthesized AI‐AgNPs could be excellent contenders for future therapeutic applications.

α-Ketoglutarate downregulates thiosulphate metabolism to enhance antibiotic killing

Potentiation of the effects of currently available antibiotics is urgently required to tackle the rising antibiotics resistance. The pyruvate (P) cycle has been shown to play a critical role in mediating aminoglycoside antibiotic killing, but the mechanism remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of intermediate metabolites of the P cycle regarding the potentiation of gentamicin. We found that α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) has the best synergy with gentamicin compared to the other metabolites. This synergistic killing effect was more effective with aminoglycosides than other types of antibiotics, and it was effective against various types of bacterial pathogens. Using fish and mouse infection models, we confirmed that the synergistic killing effect occurred in vivo. Furthermore, functional proteomics showed that α-KG downregulated thiosulphate metabolism. Upregulation of thiosulphate metabolism by exogenous thiosulphate counteracted the killing effect of gentamicin. The role of thiosulphate metabolism in antibiotic resistance was further confirmed using thiosulphate reductase knockout mutants. These mutants were more sensitive to gentamicin killing, and less tolerant to antibiotics compared to their parental strain. Thus, our study highlights a strategy for potentiating antibiotic killing by using a metabolite that reduces antibiotic resistance.

Enhancing Bone Infection Diagnosis with Raman Handheld Spectroscopy: Pathogen Discrimination and Diagnostic Potential.

Osteomyelitis is a bone disease caused by bacteria that can damage bone. Raman handheld spectroscopy has emerged as a promising diagnostic tool for detecting bone infection and can be used intraoperatively during surgical procedures. This study involved 120 bone samples from 40 patients, with 80 samples infected with either Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis. Raman handheld spectroscopy demonstrated successful differentiation between healthy and infected bone samples and between the two types of bacterial pathogens. Raman handheld spectroscopy appears to be a promising diagnostic tool in bone infection and holds the potential to overcome many of the shortcomings of traditional diagnostic procedures. Further research, however, is required to confirm its diagnostic capabilities and consider other factors, such as the limit of pathogen detection and optimal calibration standards.

Laboratory indices of hospitalized sickle cell disease patients, prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial isolates at MRCG ward in the Gambia

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of invasive bacterial infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients admitted at the Medical Research Council the Gambia (MRCG) Ward in the era of PCV and Hib vaccination in the Gambia.Methods and ResultsThis study was conducted in the clinical laboratory department of MRCG. We retrospectively generated haematological, and blood culture data from our electronic medical records from 2015 to 2022 of SCD patients admitted to MRCG Ward. Of 380 SCD patients, blood culture was requested only for 159. Of the 159 admitted SCD, 11 patients had qualified positive blood cultures. Five different types of bacterial pathogens were isolated from these positive blood cultures: 4 Staphylococcus aureus, 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2 Salmonella species, 1 Enterococcus species, and 1 Shigella boydii. No episode of bacteremia caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b was identified. The molecular serotyping of the Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates revealed non-vaccine serotypes 10 A, 12 F and 12 F. Penicillin resistance was recorded in two of the three Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Staphylococcus aureus isolates were penicillin resistant but cefoxitin sensitive, hence no methicillin (oxacillin) resistant Staphylococcus aureus was reported. Generally, the isolated pathogens were all sensitive to chloramphenicol, and vancomycin. The haematological indices were not significantly varied between SCD patients with and without microbiologically confirmed bacterial infection.ConclusionStreptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common cause of bacteremia in these admitted SCD patients. The presence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and Shigella infection coupled with penicillin resistance should be considered during penicillin prophylaxis and empirical treatment regimens for SCD patients and future SCD management policies in the Gambia. The haematological parameters may not be reliable biomarkers in differentiating bacterial from non-bacterial infections in SCD patients.

The Antimicrobial Peptide 1018-K6 Interacts Distinctly with Eukaryotic and Bacterial Membranes, the Basis of Its Specificity and Bactericidal Activity.

Since penicillin was discovered, antibiotics have been critical in the fight against infections. However, antibiotic misuse has led to drug resistance, which now constitutes a serious health problem. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute a natural group of short proteins, varying in structure and length, that act against certain types of bacterial pathogens. The antimicrobial peptide 1018-K6 (VRLIVKVRIWRR- NH2) has significant bactericidal and antibiofilm activity against Listeria monocytogenes isolates, and against different strains and serotypes of Salmonella. Here, the mechanism of action of 1018-K6 was explored further to understand the peptide–membrane interactions relevant to its activity, and to define their determinants. We combined studies with model synthetic membranes (liposomes) and model biological membranes, assessing the absorption maximum and the quenching of 1018-K6 fluorescence in aqueous and lipid environments, the self-quenching of carboxyfluorescein, as well as performing lipid sedimentation assays. The data obtained reflect the differential interactions of the 1018-K6 peptide with eukaryotic and prokaryotic membranes, and the specific interactions and mechanisms of action in the three prokaryotic species studied: Salmonella Typhimurium2GN, Escherichia coli3GN, and Staphylococcus aureus3GP. The AMP 1018-K6 is a candidate to prevent (food preservation) or treat (antibiotic use) infections caused by certain pathogenic bacteria, especially some that are resistant to current antibiotics.

COVID-19 with Multiple Bacterial Co-infections: A Case Report

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease which was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for this ongoing pandemic worldwide. COVID-19 itself has a high mortality rate but in addition with bacterial co-infection, the risk of death amplifies much higher. The diagnosis of COVID-19 along with other respiratory co-infections can be a difficult task due to the similarities in their presentations. Here, we present a case of 60-years-old gentleman who was COVID-19 positive, co-infected with three types of bacterial pathogens, which were Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Enterobacter spp. and Pseudomonas. The patient was isolated and treated according to the pathogens’ culture sensitivity reports and was discharged when his condition improved and advised for routine follow-up. The source of the co-infection could not be identified and may have been hospital acquired. Therefore, every hospital should give utmost priority to infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies.

Integrated and finger-actuated microfluidic chip for point-of-care testing of multiple pathogens

The integration of gel-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (gLAMP) and finger-actuated microfluidic chip (μFAchip) was developed for the simultaneous detection of various different types of bacterial pathogens. The developed μFAchip consisted of three PDMS layers attached together by two adhesive tapes. Multiple chambers in the top PDMS layer were used for sample preparation, and the corresponding chambers in the bottom PDMS layer was used for long-term storage of LAMP reagents without DNA templates. The thin PDMS layer in the middle contained cross-shaped cuts as finger-actuated valves for fluid control. To reduce operation steps on the chip, such as pipetting and manipulation of samples, Whatman CloneSaver card was pre-embedded in the top chambers for on-chip DNA extraction and purification. Upon a simple press on the top layer, the finger-actuated valve was opened up, allowing DNA samples on the top layer flow into the bottom reaction chambers for gLAMP reaction. For POCT applications, on-chip LAMP reaction and imaging were conducted on a miniaturized peltier heater and a portable fluorescence imaging system respectively. Under the optimized condition, multiple pathogens were detected simultaneously with high selectivity and sensitivity (as low as 1.6 cells). The developed μFAchip provided a rapid and easy-to-operate platform for gLAMP-based pathogen detection, with the potential for in-field detection, especially in areas with limited resources.

Kosakoniacowanii as the New Bacterial Pathogen Affecting Soybean (Glycine max Willd.)

Soybean (Glycine max Willd.) is one of the most economically important crops in the world, and it’s importance continuously increasing. Routine screening of Polish soybean fields has revealed an outburst of a new disease of soybean plants, with symptoms resembling those described for the bacterial blight, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinae, and bacterial pustule caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines. The symptoms were observed in the field, on the leaves of investigated plants. The goal of this paper was the identification and characterization of the causal agent of that disease. Our studies have excluded virus and fungi and pointed the bacteria as the disease causal agent. Identification based on biological (Biolog Gen III), and molecular methods (16S rDNA, and gyrB sequencing, PCR species-specific testing) revealed that the soy pathogenic bacteria is Kosakonia cowanii species. We believe that the presence of such pathogens in the environment pose a serious threat for the crops and is also a warning, that in the near future we may be faced a new type of bacterial pathogens: both epi- and endophytic, abundant in the natural environment, with huge metabolic potential, and ability of quick colonization of new ecological niches and hosts, e.g. opportunistic pathogens of plants or humans. What’s important is that the plant-pathogenic and plant-epiphytic “environmental” strains of such species can be distinguished from each other only post factum, in the pathogenicity tests. They are indistinguishable or very hard to distinguish morphologically, biochemically or molecularly.

Bacteriological investigation of pyometra of Black Bengal goats obtained at slaughter

Nine uteri of Black Bengal goats (Capra hircus) affected with pyometra were collected from three slaughterhouses at Kishoreganj district of Bangladesh. Both horns of each uterus were washed with phosphate buffered saline for isolation and identification of bacteria and its load. The bacterial loads in the uterus were high, ranging between 1 × 107 and 2.8 × 107. Six different bacterial species were identified and confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). There were five Escherichia coli, six Streptococcus sp., five Staphylococcus sp, one Salmonella sp., one Pasteurella sp. and one Bacillus sp. All had mixed infections containing two or three types of bacterial pathogens. Further studies are needed for the virulence determination and antibiogram profiles. The Bangladesh Veterinarian (2019) 36(1 - 2): 1-7

An evaluation of frequencies and types of bacterial pathogens in personnel gowns, before and after washing with sodium hypochlorite 5%, in Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Birjand, Iran

An evaluation of frequencies and types of bacterial pathogens in personnel gowns, before and after washing with sodium hypochlorite 5%, in Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Birjand, Iran

Bacterial Pathogens of Patients with Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotics Susceptibility in Taiz Governorate-Yemen

One of the most prevalent bacterial infections are urinary tract infections (UTIs), which affect any age of individuals and they appear higher in women than men, the major problem regarding UTIs are the difficult of antibiotics treatment, due to bacterial pathogens resistance. So, the current study aimed to detect the types of bacterial pathogens and their antibiotics susceptibility of UTIs in Taiz Governorate – Yemen. In this cohort study, one hundred and ten (110) mid-stream urine samples were collected from a symptomatic UTIs patient, the type of bacterial pathogens was identified by using standard bacteriological media and biochemical tests and determine the antibiotics sensitivity to these bacteria using disk diffusion tests. Out of one hundred and ten of urine samples:: 65 of patients were females and 45 were males and the bacterial growth in these patients were sixty-four [46(58.2%)] : (33.7%) were females and (24.5%) were males. Our findings showed that the types of bacterial pathogens include: Escherichia coli (32.7%), Klebsiellapneumoniae (9.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.4%), Proteus mirabilis (5.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.5%). The majority (57.9%) of the isolates were from female. The prevalence of UTIs is high among patients with age between 16-30 years with the incident rate 20.9 %, age groups 1-15 years have the lower incidence rate 5.5%. UTIs were more prevalent among the rural area population, there were 50% than the population of the city center, there were 8.2% and the rate of infections were more prevalent among illiterate (no read and write) patients with incidence rate 44.5% , compared to literate (read and write) patients 13.6%. Also, our results showed that the sensitivity test against bacterial pathogens as All bacterial isolates was more sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, followed by Amikacin, Gentamycin , Cefotaxime (except Staphylococcus aureus Cefotaxime (42.9%) and Ceftriaxone (except Staphylococcus aureus) (28.6%). Staphylococcus aureus isolated also were sensitive to Erythromycin, Rifampicin, and Cephalothin. Finally, all isolates showed very high rate of resistance against Amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin G.

Polyvalent protective immunogens identified from outer membrane proteins of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and their induced innate immune response

Vaccines are the most economic, efficient and environment-friendly agents in protecting host against bacterial infection. In aquaculture, polyvalent vaccines targeting more than one bacterial specie are highly demanded due to the presence of various types of bacterial pathogens in farming environment. Here eighteen genes encoding outer membrane proteins of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were cloned and expressed. The expressed recombinant proteins were used for antiserum preparation. Passive and active immune protection of the antiserum and recombinant proteins was investigated in the zebrafish model. Two recombinant proteins, VP1667 and VP2369, showed effective immune protection against at least two genera of bacteria, Vibrio (V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus), Pseudomonas (P. fluorescens) or/and Aeromonas (A. hydrophila), and thereby are potential polyvalent vaccine candidates to defend against bacterial infection in fish farming. Furthermore, the mechanisms for the two polyvalent vaccines in triggering immune response were explored. Antiserum to VP1667 or VP2369 was not cross-reacted with P. fluorescens and A. hydrophila, whereas both recombinant proteins induced significant innate immune response. Comparatively, VP1667 stimulates stronger lymphokine and monokine, and VP2369 induces stronger humoral immune response, while both produce similar NF-κB, COX-2, TLR-1 and TLR-3 expression. Our results identify two polyvalent vaccines and demonstrate characteristics features of their cross-protection at the content of the innate immune response.

Autoimmunity and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: New Pathophysiology

Recent data suggest that symptoms in a subset of subjects with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) result from an overabundance of bacteria in the small intestine that in turn results from an initial case of acute bacterial gastroenteritis. In fact, up to 10% of patients who have acute bacterial gastroenteritis develop postinfectious IBS (PI-IBS). Based on these findings, a new animal model of PI-IBS has been validated using a pathogen commonly associated with IBS in humans, Campylobacter jejuni. The development of this new model has allowed the discovery of novel mechanisms in the genesis of IBS. The first of these is that a toxin common to many types of bacterial pathogens, cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt, specifically the active subunit CdtB), is important in the development of IBS following acute gastroenteritis. However, the events are not mediated through direct toxicity of CdtB but rather via molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. This molecular mimicry results in the development of autoimmunity to human vinculin, a protein important to neuronal migration and cell adherence. The detection of these antibodies is now the basis for a newly developed diagnostic test for diarrhea-predominant IBS. In this paper, the steps that led to the discovery that a subset of IBS is an organic autoimmune disease are discussed.

A prospective study of bacterial flora in nasal cavity of patients with persistent allergic rhinitis

It remains unanswered whether persistent allergic inflammation in nasal mucosa alters bacterial colonization and infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial flora in the nasal cavity of patients with persistent allergic rhinitis (PAR) and to correlate the bacteriological findings with presence of nasal symptoms, nasal eosinophil and neutrophil counts. A total of 255 subjects, aged between 6 - 74 years (mean 33.9 years) was randomly selected from a population-based rhinitis survey study in Singapore. All subjects went through a thorough medical history and nasal examinations. Serum specific IgE to a panel of common house dust mites, nasal cytological and microbiological examinations were performed. PAR was diagnosed in 107 patients and none of them had received previous regular therapy. There is a significant relationship between PAR and eosinophil grades, but not with neutrophil count. No statistically significant difference was found in quantitative and qualitative bacterial flora in nasal cavity between PAR patients and subjects with non-rhinitis or with non-allergic rhinitis. There is a significant inverse correlation between ongoing rhinorrhoea and quantitative bacterial load, and between signs of nasal mucosa (pale and edema) and the presence and type of bacterial pathogens. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that patients with untreated (or using PRN medicine) PAR do not result in a significant change in bacterial flora in their nasal cavity.

Nested PCR Probes Plasmid Spread during Drug-Resistant Outbreak

A promiscuous plasmid proved the elusive culprit responsible for driving an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae through a set of patients within the University of Virginia (UV) Health System, Charlottesville, according to Costi D. Sifri and his collaborators from UV. The key resistance gene, bla KPC, encoding a Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and residing on a plasmid, rapidly spread among several types of bacterial pathogens—in some cases, apparently further propelled via transposons. These findings provide important insights into how drug resistance can spread like wildfire among pathogens, causing considerable havoc for patients and their caregivers. The report from the UV researchers appears in the November/December 2011 mBio (doi: 10.1128/mBio.00204–11).

Virulence factors and their mechanisms of action: the view from a damage–response framework

The virulence factor concept has been a powerful engine in driving research and the intellectual flow in the fields of microbial pathogenesis and infectious diseases. This review analyzes virulence factors from the viewpoint of the damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis, which defines virulence factor as microbial components that can damage a susceptible host. At a practical level, the finding that effective immune responses often target virulence factors provides a roadmap for future vaccine design. However, there are significant limitations to this concept, which are rooted in the inability to define virulence and virulence factors in the absence of host factors and the host response. In fact, this concept appears to work best for certain types of bacterial pathogens, being less well suited for viruses and commensal organisms with pathogenic potential.

Bacteriological study of water tributary Zab down and its impact on the environment the waters of the Tigris River

During the study the current selection seven stations in the Zab River bottom and the Tigris River took samples a month to study the signs of bacterial contamination study coliform and colon fecal Almsobhaat and Almsobhaat Bazah and the total number of bacteria and bacterial gangrene gas causing Knkeran as well as a study to isolate and diagnose some races and types of bacterial pathogens in water or intensityusing the traditional system and the system of intestinal bacteria

Bacteriological study of water tributary Zab down and its impact on the environment the waters of the Tigris River

During the study the current selection seven stations in the Zab River bottom and the Tigris River took samples a month to study the signs of bacterial contamination study coliform and colon fecal Almsobhaat and Almsobhaat Bazah and the total number of bacteria and bacterial gangrene gas causing Knkeran as well as a study to isolate and diagnose some races and types of bacterial pathogens in water or intensityusing the traditional system and the system of intestinal bacteria

Chronic Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis and Infected Nonunion of the Tibia: Current Management Concepts

Chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis and infected nonunion of the tibia are complex problems that result in considerable morbidity and can threaten viability of the limb. Development of infection may result from compromised soft tissue and bone vascularity, systemic compromise of the host, and virulent or resistant organisms. Biofilm formation on implant and devascularized bone surfaces protects pathogens and may lead to persistence of infection. Management is based on a detailed evaluation of the patient, the involved bone and soft tissues, degree of associated lower extremity injury, and type of bacterial pathogens. Infection control is achieved with radical débridement, skeletal stabilization, and microbial-specific antibiotics. Local antibiotic delivery is a useful supplement to systemic administration. Local or free muscle flaps may be necessary to achieve soft-tissue coverage. Restoration of bone defects and bony union can be accomplished with bone grafting. However, large defects require complex reconstructive procedures, such as distraction osteogenesis and vascularized bone grafting.