Type Of Wall Material Research Articles

Probiotics encapsulated by calcium pectin/chitosan-calcium pectin/sodium alginate-pectin-whey through biofilm-based microencapsulation strategy and their preventive effects on ulcerative colitis

Biofilm-based probiotics have emerged as a compelling approach for administering probiotics. Selecting appropriate wall materials for enclosing probiotics in biofilm structure is viewed as an advanced method of microencapsulation. In this study, Lactiplantibacillus paraplanturm LR-1 was enclosed in three different types of wall materials to create calcium pectin beads (CPB), chitosan-calcium pectin beads (C-CPB), and sodium alginate-pectin-whey beads (SPW). The biofilm cells of LR-1 were cultured externally and then encapsulated to create CPB-ex-LR-1, C-CPB-ex-LR-1 and SPW-ex-LR-1. In contrast, LR-1 was cultured within the microcapsules to form biofilms in situ, resulting in CPB-situ-LR-1, C-CPB-situ-LR-1 and SPW-situ-LR-1. The microcapsules displayed a relatively uniform morphology with the water contents below 10%. Nevertheless, there were noticeable edge effects in the distribution of strains within the in situ-type microcapsules. The detection of distinctive peaks unique to Lactiplantibacillus within the microcapsules confirmed the successful encapsulation. Additionally, a decrease in the intensity of the peaks linked to the wall materials indicated the formation of an amorphous structure within the microcapsules. The bacterial concentrations of situ-type microcapsules were found to surpass 10 lg CFU/g. The SPW-situ-LR-1 demonstrated superior tolerance performance, optimal release properties in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, and exceptional stability during the storage period. Additionally, SPW-situ-LR-1 showed similar effectiveness in alleviating colitis compared to fresh Biofilm-LR-1. Both Biofilm-LR-1 and SPW-situ-LR-1 pre-treatments exhibited positive effects on regulation, with SPW-situ-LR-1 administration significantly increasing the presence of Lactobacillus. This study provides valuable insights into the development of the next-generation probiotics.

Alternative green wall materials

Spray drying is still the most significant method for polyphenols encapsulation, which offers numerous advantages such as facilitating the handling of unstable polyphenols from liquid extracts, improving their solubility, and enhancing stability, degradation protection, controlling or delaying the release, and masking unappealing tastes or odours. The selection of the most suitable wall material is one of the most challenging tasks. Over the past decade, there has been a growing trend toward using new types of wall materials for polyphenols encapsulation by spray drying, either as additional compounds or as complete substitutes for traditional wall materials. This review aims to present the properties and applications of such alternative green wall materials. The term “alternative green” refers to the origin of materials derived from by-products and waste.

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Encapsulated Fennel Essential Oil under the Influence of Spray-Drying Conditions

In this study, fennel essential oil (EO) was spray-dried, varying the wall material type (two-component blends of maltodextrin (MD), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and gum arabic (GA)), the wall material ratio (1:1, 1:3 and 3:1) and the drying temperature (120, 160 and 200 °C). A total of 27 powders were analyzed for their moisture content, solubility, hygroscopicity, bulk density and particle size, while powder recovery and oil retention were determined in terms of encapsulation efficiency. The morphology and chemical composition of the powder obtained under optimal conditions were additionally analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that all of the powders had generally good properties, exhibiting a low moisture content, high powder recovery and high oil retention. A 1:3 MD:GA mixture and a drying temperature of 200 °C were found to be optimal for the spray-drying of fennel EO, producing a powder with a low moisture content (3.25%) and high solubility (56.10%), while achieving a high powder recovery (72.66%) and oil retention (72.11%). The chemical profiles of the initial and encapsulated fennel EO showed quantitative differences without qualitative changes, with an average 24.2% decrease in the volatiles in the encapsulated EO. Finally, spray-drying proved to be a successful tool for the stabilization of fennel EO, at the same time expanding the possibilities for its further use.

Determinasi Faktor Lingkungan Mikro Terhadap Sebaran Kasus Tuberkulosis Paru di Kota Dumai: Studi cross-sectional

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death worldwide, after COVID-19. This study investigated the prevalence and microenvironmental determinants of pulmonary TB in Dumai City, focusing on the urban areas. Using a cross-sectional approach in three areas with high, medium, and low rates of pulmonary TB, this study identified the ventilation, lighting, humidity, floor and wall material type, and occupancy density variables that influence pulmonary TB transmission. The results showed that inadequate microenvironmental conditions significantly contributed to the spread of pulmonary TB. Effective management of these microenvironmental risk factors is essential as a basis for public health interventions to reduce the TB prevalence in Dumai City.

Impact of Material Solutions and a Passive Sports Hall’s Use on Thermal Comfort

High outdoor temperatures and thermal gains due to solar radiation, which penetrates the interior of buildings as the climate warms up, pose a major challenge to maintaining thermal comfort in passive sports facilities. Superbly insulated and airtight envelopes, specific microclimatic requirements and very high user activity can easily lead to overheating and thermal imbalance during summer. This paper focuses on the influence of the varying thermal capacity of external walls and night-time cooling on thermal comfort in a passive sports hall building. Based on experimental studies of the thermal conditions in the building, a model of it was created in Design Builder. Through simulation, the program initially analysed the thermal conditions that arise under different envelope assemblies. Two different ways of cooling the building at night were then analysed: mechanical and natural. The results presented showed that in a well-insulated sports hall with a large volume, the type of wall material alone had only a limited influence on thermal comfort in summer. In contrast, night-time cooling in integration with the accumulation of cold in the building’s structural components had a significant impact on protection against overheating during the summer. The type of envelope material is even more important when night-time air exchange is high. Intensive natural ventilation is associated with the highest number of hours in the comfort range—28.1–32.4% more hours in relation to the variant without night ventilation. The use of mechanical ventilation, operating at night at maximum capacity, will result in an increase in the number of hours with air temperatures in the −0.5 < PMV < +0.5 range by only 14.1–21.3%. The high thermal mass of the envelope, combined with adequate ventilation, reduces the occurrence of very high indoor air temperatures, thus alleviating the nuisance of overheating. The maximum internal air temperature during the day is lower by 2.4–3.3 K, compared to the case when no night ventilation is used. Mechanical ventilation operating at its maximum capacity can reduce the maximum internal temperature by 1.2–1.6 K.

Analysis of the Influence of External Wall Material Type on the Thermal Bridge at the Window-to-Wall Interface.

Although many works focus on increasing the energy efficiency of buildings, there are still a number of problems that need to be solved, such as reducing heat losses at the window-to-wall interface, especially since the requirements for saving energy used for heating/cooling rooms are constantly increasing. This paper analyses the impact of the material parameters of the external wall and the window installation in the insulation layer on the size of thermal bridges around the window. The aim of the work is to demonstrate the benefits resulting from the correct installation of the window, the appropriate location of the window in relation to the face of the external wall, as well as the correct selection of construction materials. In order to show the improvement in the energy efficiency of buildings, an analysis of the heating/cooling energy consumption was carried out for the selected buildings. The thermal and humidity analyses were carried out using TRISCO program, while the economic analysis was performed using the Audytor OZC program. It was found that the proposed system of window installation in the thermal insulation layer reduced the annual heating demand by at least 10% on average. It has been shown that the method of window installation and the type of the wall structural materials are interrelated and therefore should be considered simultaneously. Their proper selection allows for a reduction in the amount of energy needed for heating and cooling buildings, and thus a reduction of heating/cooling costs, as well as limiting greenhouse gas emissions.

Methods for Uniform Wet Etching in Narrow Trenches and Vias

Abstract. Advanced semiconductor technology features complicated three-dimensional nanostructures and nanoconfined spaces such as nanosheets, supervias, deep contact holes and nanocavities. Uniform wet etching of such nanoconfined spaces across different feature sizes or critical dimensions (CD) is extremely challenging. Typically, etch rate decreases with decrease in CD size. In this paper we report methods to achieve uniform wet etch rate (ER) of SiO2 across different CD sizes by mixing organic solvents in the etching solution. We also report a reversal of etch rate trend where SiO2 structure of smaller CD etches faster than a larger CD, by tuning the ratio of organic to water solvents in the etching solution. We also investigate the impact of parameters such as solvent type, wall material, surface tension and ionic strength on ER. Our data suggests, while surface tension and ionic strength show no impact, the type of wall material, surface potential and organic solvent amount in the etching solution show a strong influence on SiO2 ER. Also, zeta potential could explain most of our results but not all, suggesting that surface potential is not the only factor impacting CD dependent ER in a nanoconfined spaces.

Stability of Purple Corn Anthocyanin Encapsulated by Maltodextrin, and Its Combinations with Gum Arabic and Whey Protein Isolate.

Purple corn anthocyanins are important natural colourants with cheap prices and rich bioactivities. However, their stability is limited. Microencapsulation is an effective way to improve anthocyanin stability and the influence of the type of wall material on the stability of encapsulated anthocyanin is very important. In this study, maltodextrin (MD) and its combination with whey protein isolate (WPI) or gum arabic (GA) were utilised as wall materials to obtain encapsulated purple corn anthocyanins (PCAs) (MD-PCA, MD-WPI-PCA, MD-GA-PCA) using spray drying. The effect of the amount of the wall material was determined by encapsulation efficiency, anthocyanin content, and colour. On this basis, the effects of the types of wall materials on the physicochemical characteristics, storage, and digestion stabilities of encapsulated PCA, as well as their stabilities in chewing tablets, were investigated. The highest encapsulation efficiency, suitable colour, and anthocyanin content were obtained with the mass ratios 1:1 PCA to MD, 2:3 PCA to MD-GA, and 1:1 PCA to MD-WPI. Microencapsulation increased PCA storage and digestion stabilities. All three types of PCA microcapsules had low water content and hygroscopicity and good water solubility. MD-PCA had the strongest stability when stored at 25 °C; MD-GA-PCA-when stored at 40 °C, or in the presence of 5000 Lux light illumination; MD-WPI-PCA-when stored in 75% relative humidity or during gastric-intestinal digestion, but its resistance to 40 °C temperature and light illumination was lower than those for the two others. When used in chewing tablets, MD encapsulation was most stable in the presence of Ca2+, VC, or Fe2+ and improved PCA digestion stability. In conclusion, MD is a good choice for PCA encapsulation in regular conditions. MD-GA and MD-WPI can be used when considering high storage temperature (or light illumination) and high humidity (or for high digestion stability), respectively. The results of this study provide a reference for the storage and application of PCA.

Life cycle energy analysis of houses incorporating conventional and alternative masonry units

ABSTRACT The use of alternative masonry units and technologies in traditional masonry work could reduce the life cycle energy of buildings. This study investigates the life cycle energy assessment of houses constructed using concrete blocks, eco-bricks and polymer bricks to evaluate the impacts of masonry units on the life cycle energy of buildings. Three bungalows of approximately 110 m2 each, having the same geometry but different types of wall materials, namely eco-bricks, polymer bricks, and concrete blocks, were used for the analysis. The study found embodied manufacturing energy of 0.346 MJ/kg for eco-bricks and 0.518 MJ/kg for polymer bricks. Approximately 85-86% of the total life cycle energy constitutes the operational phase energy. The polymer brick and eco-brick buildings had the least embodied construction energy of 14% of the total life cycle energy. The life cycle energy of concrete block buildings was 17.547 GJ/m2 at 50 years of service life. Buildings made of polymer bricks and eco-bricks had lower life cycle energy than the concrete block building. The study suggests a prudent selection of building materials by developers and construction professionals based on life cycle energy assessment to reduce the energy consumption of the building sector. Although the study focus is limited to eco-bricks, polymer bricks, and concrete blocks as masonry units in the Nigerian construction context, the method employed in the study is applicable to the energy analysis of other construction materials and geographical locations.

Effect of the formulation on mucoadhesive spray-dried microparticles containing iron for food fortification

Food fortification through iron encapsulated spray-dried microparticles can alleviate the iron deficiency. Here, we analyze the impact of the ratio between the wall and the bulk material, the amount of solids, the type of wall material, and the type of iron compound on the properties of spray dried powder. Optimal formulations contain equal weight percentages of iron compound, bulk material, and wall material. In this case, spray-dried microparticles show an average projected area equivalent diameter of 4.3 μm with a bioavailability of 60%. Moreover, the encapsulation of iron gluconate reduces the toxicity of Caco-2 and Hep-G2 at any quantities of iron below 12 mg/ml. We verified that most mucoadhesive microparticles include dextran or hydroxyl-methylcellulose; the detachment force between microparticles with a shell made of hydroxyl-methylcellulose and the human intestine is 1.6 N. Moreover, the encapsulation of iron gluconate via spray drying increases Caco-2 iron absorption by 38% compared to non-encapsulated material. An opposite response was observed using iron fumarate, where the absorption was reduced by 31% when the iron compound was encapsulated. • Encapsulation is aeffective with 1:1:1 of HP-MC, maltodextrin, iron gluconate. • HP-MC shows the highest muco-adhesivity with intestine and stomach walls. • Encapsulation of iron gluconate doubles the cell viability with Caco-2. • Dextran in the formulation produces 100% of the release rate after only 20 min.

Influence of Encapsulation Parameters on the Retention of Polyphenols in Blackthorn Flower Extract

In order to utilize the benefits of blackthorn flower polyphenols and provide their stabilization during processing and storage, and to facilitate their application in functional food products, this study aimed to evaluate the encapsulation parameters during the spray-drying process of blackthorn flower extract. The effect of the type of wall material (maltodextrin (MD) and its mixtures with gum arabic (GA) and inulin (IN)), its ratio to extract dry matter (0.5, 1, and 2) and drying temperature (120, 150, and 180 °C) on the concentration of different polyphenolic groups was studied. While the lowest applied amount of wall material at the lowest drying temperature enabled efficient encapsulation of all polyphenolic groups, the type of wall material applied caused significant differences in retention. The highest concentrations of both phenolic acids and flavonoids were achieved with the addition of 25% of GA in MD. Unlike the addition of GA, mixtures of MD with IN did not show a positive effect on the retention of polyphenols. Selected encapsulation parameters ensured the high retention of total phenolics, namely 87.87% of the content determined in the liquid extract prior to spray drying, thereby providing a polyphenol-rich product with great potential for application in functional food and the nutraceutical industry.

Evaluation of Nano-Wall Material for Production of Novel Lyophilized-Probiotic Product.

Lyophilization is one of the most used methods for bacterial preservation. In this process, the cryoprotectant not only largely decreases cellular damage but also plays an important part in the conservation of viability during freeze-drying. This study investigated using cryoprotectant and a mixture of the cryoprotectant to maintain probiotic activity. Seven probiotic strains were considered: (Limosilactobacillus reuteri KUKPS6103; Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus KUKPS6007; Lacticaseibacillus paracasei KUKPS6201; Lactobacillus acidophilus KUKPS6107; Ligilactobacillus salivarius KUKPS6202; Bacillus coagulans KPSTF02; Saccharomyces cerevisiae subsp. boulardii KUKPS6005) for the production of a multi-strain probiotic and the complex medium for the lyophilized synbiotic production. Cholesterol removal, antioxidant activity, biofilm formation and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) production of the probiotic strains were analyzed. The most biofilm formation occurred in L. reuteri KUKPS6103 and the least in B. coagulans KPSTF02. The multi-strain probiotic had the highest cholesterol removal. All the probiotic strains had GABA production that matched the standard of γ-aminobutyric acid. The lyophilized synbiotic product containing complex medium as a cryoprotectant and wall material retained a high viability of 7.53 × 108 CFU/g (8.89 log CFU/g) after 8 weeks of storage. We found that the survival rate of the multi-strain probiotic after freeze-drying was 15.37% in the presence of complex medium that was used as high performing wall material. Our findings provided a new type of wall material that is safer and more effective and, can be extensively applied in relevant food applications.

The scavenging activity of encapsulated EBN hydrolysates using different combinations of polysaccharides as wall material by spray drying

Encapsulation process has been widely applied in food industry to improve the properties and stability of bioactive ingredients. However, a suitable type of wall material needs to be studied as different wall formulation will produce powders with different characteristics. This research aims to evaluate the influences using different combination of polysaccharides as the wall material on the encapsulation process of edible bird's nest (EBN) hydrolysates. 3% w/v of EBN hydrolysate was encapsulated with 10% w/v maltodextrin (MD), a combination of 9% MD and 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (MD-CMC) and a combination of 9.95% MD and 0.05% xanthan gum (MD-XG). The recovery yield, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, water activity, solubility, hygroscopicity, morphology, structure and scavenging activity of the spray dried powders were evaluated. Although the recovery yield of MD (24.86 ± 0.13%), MD-CMC (8.57 ± 0.23%) and MD-XG (16.02 ± 0.18%) were significantly different, the encapsulation efficiency of MD (85.97 ± 0.01%), MD-CMC (81.15 ± 0.01%) and MD-XG (86.58 ± 0.01%) were not, proving all the formulations possess high efficiency to encapsulate EBN hydrolysates. MD-XG also showed the lowest moisture content (6.18 ± 1.01%), lowest water activity (0.25 ± 0.01), highest solubility (90.48 ± 0.23%) and lowest hygroscopicity (7.20 ± 0.01%). The highest scavenging activity was observed when EBN was encapsulated with MD-XG (55.89 ± 0.01%), followed by MD-CMC (50.88 ± 0.01%) and the lowest when encapsulated with MD (27.77 ± 0.01%). The morphology of encapsulated EBN hydrolysates depended on the type of wall material and all of them showed an amorphous structure. Thus, different concentration of MD and combination with other polysaccharides can affect the physicochemical properties and scavenging activity of encapsulated EBN hydrolysates.

Pectin-based color indicator films incorporated with spray-dried Hibiscus extract microparticles

Colorimetric films incorporated with anthocyanins as an indicator for freshness monitoring have aroused growing interest recently. The pH-sensing colorimetric film were developed based on pectin (HM), containing aqueous hibiscus extract microparticles (HAE). HAE microparticles were obtained by spray drying with different wall materials (Inulin -IN, maltodextrin- MD and their combination). The films were obtained on large scale by continuous casting. These films were characterized for physicochemical analysis, morphological structure, thermal and barrier properties, antioxidant activity, and color change at different pH. The addition of HAE microparticles caused relevant changes to HM-based films, such as in mechanical behavior and improved barrier property (11–22% WVTR reduction) depending on the type of wall material used and the concentration added. It was verified with the thermal stability of films, with a slight increase being observed. The color variation of smart films was entirely pH-dependent. Overall, the proposed color indicator films showed unique features and functionalities and could be used as an alternative natural pH indicator in smart packaging systems.

Effect of Material Used for Infill Wall and Its Shape on the Seismic Performance of RC Frame

Abstract: RC frame structure is one of common used building structures. Previous studies show that infill wall significantly contribute to the seismic performance imposed on RC frame structure, increasing structural stiffness and hence leading to decrease structure's natural period. However under strong earthquake, infill wall not only holds up large lateral seismic force but also limits the deformation of beams and columns. In most of the previous studies on the behaviour of reinforce concrete building considering the effect of infill wall, rectangular shape of brick is taken into account. In this study, an attempt has been made to look over the effect of infill wall material type and its shape on the seismic performance of RC frame. This study will be restricted with single bay frame with two types of bricks a) Clay brick, b) Fly ash brick. The different shapes under consideration are rectangle and square. This study also contains the effect of size of infill wall units. The stress in concrete, lateral force resisting capacity and displacement results have been obtained by finite element analysis and compared for all the cases. Keywords: RC frame, Infill, Micro modelling, FEA, ABAQUS

Effects of Wall Material on Medium-Chain Triglyceride (MCT) Oil Microcapsules Prepared by Spray Drying.

A medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil microcapsule was prepared by spray drying. The effects of the wall-material parameters of wall-to-oil ratio (1:1 to 3:1) and type of wall material (gum arabic (GA), whey protein isolate (WPI), and octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch) on the microcapsules were evaluated. The droplet size, size distribution, viscosity, zeta potential, and stability of the emulsions were measured. The spray-dried powder was characterized by its morphology, yield, encapsulation efficiency, and moisture content. The wall material influenced the characteristics of the emulsions and microcapsules. The formulation with a 2:1 wall-to-oil ratio and OSA starch/maltodextrin as the wall material resulted in a small droplet size (0.177 ± 0.002 µm) with high encapsulation efficiency (98.38 ± 0.01%). This formulation had good physical stability over three months under accelerated conditions. Thus, OSA starch/maltodextrin is an appropriate wall material for encapsulating MCT oil.

Nano-microencapsulation of tea seed oil via modified complex coacervation with propolis and phosphatidylcholine for improving antioxidant activity

Lipid oxidation of tea seed oil (TSO) limits its development in food industry. Microencapsulation is an effective solution, and nano-size may provide more biological activities for hydrophobic core than micron-size. In this study, by applying two novel types of wall materials, namely ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), a modified complex coacervation was proposed to construct EEP-PC-TSO (tea seed oil) nano-microcapsules. The influence of the pH of electrostatic adsorption, homogeneous pressure, and core/wall ratio on the physicochemical properties of the TSO nano-microcapsules, the effect of EEP as bioactive wall material on the oxidative stability of TSO, and the nano particle size on the antioxidant activity of EEP-PC-TSO nano-microcapsules were investigated. The results showed that, due to electrostatic adsorption, EEP-PC-TSO nano-microcapsules (445.23 nm–95.30 nm) were successfully prepared via the modified complex coacervation. The characterization results represented that the nano-microcapsules hold well nano-structure, morphology and interface characteristics. The EEP-PC cross-linked wall provided multifaceted protective effects on the oxidation of TSO in EEP-PC-TSO nano-microcapsules, and the nano-microencapsulation can synergistically improve the antioxidant activity of microcapsules. This nano-microcapsules will provide a potential significance for high-value applications of edible oil in food industry.

Improving encapsulating efficiency, stability, and antioxidant activity of catechin nanoemulsion using foam mat freeze-drying: The effect of wall material types and concentrations

This study investigated the effect of wall material types and concentrations on hygroscopicity, solubility, encapsulation efficiency (EE), flavonoid recovery (FR), and antioxidant activity of catechin nanoemulsion (CaNE) powder produced by foam mat freeze-drying. CaNE containing 0.4 g/100 g green tea catechins was ultrasonically fabricated and foamed with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, as a foaming agent, and three different types of wall materials (maltodextrin [MD], gum arabic [GA], or a mixture of MD and GA [M + G]), at two concentration levels (5 and 10 g/100 g), before being freeze-dried at −50 °C for 48 h. The wall materials increased the hygroscopicity of CaNE powder while improving its water solubility by up to 92%. CaNE containing GA and M + G had higher EE and FR values than that containing MD. MD and M + G samples had higher antioxidant activity than GA. The antioxidant activity of the powder decreased as the concentration of wall material increased. CaNE powder with high EE and FR values, good solubility, and high antioxidant activity can be obtained when using M + G at 5 g/100 g. The findings are significant in providing an efficient method for developing CaNE powder as an effective ingredient for functional foods or beverages.

Microencapsulation of phycocyanin by spray‐drying method: Effect of process parameters and wall materials

Spray-drying method was used for the microencapsulation of the extracted, purified phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis to increase its stability and usability as a food colorant. The effect of process conditions – wall material type, ratio, and inlet-air temperature – on physical and chemical properties was investigated. The moisture content and water activity of phycocyanin microcapsules were found as 1.80–3.18% and 0.15–0.24, respectively. The product with the largest particle size was 19.44 μm. Size distribution values were in 1.87–6.05. Optimum process condition was determined as 34.4% maltodextrin, 65.6% whey protein isolate, and 167.6°C inlet temperature. Moisture content (2.35%), aw (0.18), Tg (58.25°C), D[4,3] (11.92 μm), size distribution (2.016), color properties (L*: 79.37, a*: −6.69, b*: −5.29), total phenolic content (12.14 mgGA/L), and microencapsulation efficiency (87.11%) of the phycocyanin microcapsules were also determined at optimum. Microencapsulation efficiency increased with the maltodextrin and whey protein isolate together; the conditions of process variables were effective in the encapsulation process. Novelty impact statement Phycocyanin was prepared in a double-layer emulsion and dried in a spray dryer, thus preventing degradation caused by environmental factors. The physical and chemical properties of the final product were examined and modeled. The conditions required to obtain the microencapsulated phycocyanin with optimum properties were examined.

Development of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) waste powder as a potential food ingredient with functional properties.

Salta province, northwestern Argentina, produces blueberries for export and discards fruits with a potential quantity of bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds have health-promoting properties that prevent or delay the appearance of chronic diseases. This study aimed to formulate blueberry microcapsules using discarded fruit, to determine and evaluate the effect of spray-drying and lyophilization on the bioactive compounds and their physical properties. Fourteen capsule prototypes were obtained by applying a randomized full factorial design with two factors: type of drying and type of wall material. The former factor had two levels (spray-drying and lyophilization) and the latter had three levels, each with defined quantities to be used, namely maltodextrin (0%, 10%, 15%, and 30%), gum Arabic (0%, 10%, 15%, and 30%), and modified starch (0%, 10%, 15%, and 30%). Spray-drying, lyophilization, total polyphenols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, antioxidant activity, and the physical properties of the microcapsules were analyzed using ANOVA, PCA, and cluster analysis. Results showed significant differences between the two processes (P < 0,05), with lyophilization being better at preserving bioactive compounds. The PCA test also showed a positive association between lyophilization and bioactive compounds, while spray-drying powders were related to negative characteristics, like moisture and water activity.