Types Of Social Relationships Research Articles

MEMBERSHIP IN CYBER FRIENDS AS A PROMISING ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORM OF PARTICIPATION OF CITIZENS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS IN SECURITY PUBLIC ORDER

A new reality and a new type of social relations have formed in the information space, and, accordingly, a new type of social threats. The influence of the information space on the state of public security is obvious, which determines the need for citizens to assist law enforcement agencies in ensuring information security on the Internet, as well as in public places. This article substantiates the need to consolidate cyberdrugs as one of the promising organizational and legal forms of citizen participation in the protection of public order. The article examines the influence of the information space on the state of public safety and public order, as well as international experience and measures to counteract the influence of negative information on the considered public relations. The analysis allows us to consider cyberdrugs as a promising organizational and legal form of citizen participation in the protection of public order.

Proxemics-net++: classification of human interactions in still images

Human interaction recognition (HIR) is a significant challenge in computer vision that focuses on identifying human interactions in images and videos. HIR presents a great complexity due to factors such as pose diversity, varying scene conditions, or the presence of multiple individuals. Recent research has explored different approaches to address it, with an increasing emphasis on human pose estimation. In this work, we propose Proxemics-Net++, an extension of the Proxemics-Net model, capable of addressing the problem of recognizing human interactions in images through two different tasks: the identification of the types of “touch codes” or proxemics and the identification of the type of social relationship between pairs. To achieve this, we use RGB and body pose information together with the state-of-the-art deep learning architecture, ConvNeXt, as the backbone. We performed an ablative analysis to understand how the combination of RGB and body pose information affects these two tasks. Experimental results show that body pose information contributes significantly to proxemic recognition (first task) as it allows to improve the existing state of the art, while its contribution in the classification of social relations (second task) is limited due to the ambiguity of labelling in this problem, resulting in RGB information being more influential in this task.

일본어 사죄표현에 나타난 전략 및 사회적 관계의 유형별 사용양상 - 「すみません」「ごめんなさい」의 차이를 중심으로 -

일본어 사죄표현에 나타난 전략 및 사회적 관계의 유형별 사용양상 - 「すみません」「ごめんなさい」의 차이를 중심으로 -

Beyond close relationships: the positive effects of group relationships and group identification on health

IntroductionIt is well-known that social relationships positively impact health, but the direct and indirect ways these lead to better health outcomes remain understudied. Stemming from the concept of multiple levels of analysis, we address this problem by disentangling the links between different types of social relationships and health (including physical health, mental health, and well-being), and comparing the effects of multiple mediators based on two levels of analysis: interpersonal and group.MethodsWe propose a model that uses loneliness and social support as proxies of personal ties (mediators between close relationships and health), and social integration and multiple identities as proxies of group ties (mediators between group relationships and health). Likewise, we also propose a moderating effect of group identification on the association between group ties and health. We collected 848 responses through a self-report online survey and used structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis to assess the proposed model.ResultsData yielded that close relationships are stronger predictors of better health outcomes than group relationships. Yet, more importantly, the results also provide strong evidence for the positive effects of the group-level variables. The effect of group relationships on health is significantly positive, and this association is stronger for those who identify more with their group.DiscussionOur findings are closely aligned with the notion that increasing and improving people's social network is an effective way to contribute to better social determinants of health, while demonstrating that it is important to consider which type of relationship is being fostered.

Соціальні мережі в управлінні соціокультурною діяльністю

Social networks play an important role in the modern management of socio-cultural activities. Due to the widespread use of the Internet and the growing popularity of social media, these platforms have become an important tool for communication, information sharing, promotion of cultural events, and public engagement in cultural and socio-cultural initiatives. Social media provides an opportunity for organizations and cultural institutions to engage audiences through advertising campaigns, content marketing, viral marketing, and other methods. This allows you to draw attention to cultural events, exhibitions, performances, concerts and attract more spectators and participants. The aim of the article is to study the theoretical aspects of the use of social networks in the management of socio-cultural activities, as well as to analyze the practical experience of using social networks in the socio-cultural sphere and to develop recommendations for the optimal use of social media in the management of socio-cultural activities. The methods: analysis of literary sources, synthesis, system analysis, generalization, analysis of social network data, content analysis. It is found that social networks make it possible to preserve, popularize and talk eloquently about cultural heritage. Cultural organisations can share stories, photographs, videos and other materials that reveal national and cultural identity. It is researched that social networks facilitate interaction between cultural organizations, creators, and audiences. They create a fertile ground for cooperation and partnership, allowing organizations to co-host cultural events and engage the target audience. It is determined that social networks provide tools for tracking the efficiency of cultural events and analyzing audience data. It helps cultural organizations customize their programs and events to suit the interests and needs of their audiences. Social media has been found to allow for the creation of communities and forums where people can discuss topics related to culture, art, traditions, and more. This helps to keep the community active and share ideas. It is noted that the use of social networks by the management of socio-cultural activities also has its own challenges and risks. For example, the possibility of disseminating inaccurate information or negative reviews can negatively affect the reputation of cultural organizations. Therefore, it is important to be attentive and skillful in the management of social networks in order to achieve a positive impact on socio-cultural activities. Nowadays, social networks serve as a virtual social space for the interaction of individuals, resulting in the formation of a complex multi-level network of civic ties. Internet technologies form a new sphere of information interaction, which leads to the emergence of new types of social relations that unfold the social potential of citizens. Social networks become a favorable environment for civic activity, being a platform for communication between individuals and groups in the political, cultural, and social spheres.

THE CABINET OF MINISTERS AS A SUBJECT OF THE LAW-MAKING PROCESS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN LEGISLATION

This article talks about the powers of the Cabinet of Ministers in the field of lawmaking and its role in legislation, analyzes the definitions of legislative activity, explains the powers of the Cabinet of Ministers, its connection with other legislative processes. Manufacturing of objects and its features. It is substantiated that the law-making activity of the central collegial executive body occupies a special place in the national legal system, based on the position and legal status of this entity in the system of state bodies. In addition, the author’s definitions of such concepts as legislative activity and legislative activity of the Cabinet of Ministers are given, various aspects of resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan are shown. It is concluded that although the resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers are not aimed at establishing, amending or repealing a new legal norm, they determine the official regulation of one or another type of social relations by the state. In addition to the above, based on an analysis of the norms of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Regulatory Legal Acts”, “On the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan”, proposals have been put forward to introduce relevant norms into Articles 36 and 37 of the Law “On the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan” and into the “Regulations of the Cabinet Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan".

Gender Differences in the Association between Psychological Distress and Sociability among Older Adult Survivors: Cross-Sectional Survey Four Years after the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake in Japan.

Mental health deterioration after a disaster is a concern. Individuals' sociability is expected to relate to the risk of this deterioration; however, research focusing on older adults is lacking. We aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological distress and sociability in older adults who survived the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. We conducted a self-reported questionnaire survey in 2020. Data on 3,588 people aged 65 years and over (2,024 women and 1,564 men, mean age 74.6 ± 7.2, mean ± standard deviation) were analyzed. The overall prevalence of psychological distress (the Kessler psychological distress scale: K6 ≧ 10) was 10.5%; by gender, it was 11.2% in women and 9.5% in men. Logistic regression analysis revealed that, in the total sample, age, gender, public housing, reduction in income resulting from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, self-rated unhealthy conditions, subjective social isolation, and a lack of awareness of community events were positively associated with psychological distress. For women, a lack of community participation was positively related to psychological distress. For men, not knowing the change in school district after relocation was negatively associated with psychological distress, probably due to men's scarce community participation and reliance on friendships, compared to women's stronger dependence on community. Moreover, having a family member or friend to consult with was associated with a lower risk of psychological distress, regardless of gender. Gender differences were related to different conditions of social participation and types of social relationships. Enhancing community participation and family relationships among women and social contact with friends among men is essential.

Object and Subject of Cri¬minal Offenses in the Field of Use of Electronic Computers, Systems and Computer Networks and Telecommunication Networks

The article deals with the object and subject matter of computer criminal offenses. The purpose of the article is to study the object and subject matter of computer criminal offenses, to analyze the current state of legal regulation of computer criminal offenses, and to provide suggestions and comments to the legislation.
 It is proved that due to the development of scientific and technological progress at the end of the twentieth century, a new type of social relations in the field of computer information circulation emerged in the State, which were subsequently taken under the protection of criminal law. The information security (cybersecurity) of the state has become one of the components of Ukraine's national security. Unlike other scholars, we believe that the direct object of computer criminal offenses is social relations to ensure the integrity and safety of computer information and the safe operation of information systems. The foundation of an information system is a set of information
 resources in the form of computer information, computer technologies and equipment, as well as related computer infrastructure, including telecommunication networks. Not all computer information requires criminal legal protection and, accordingly, can be the subject of computer criminal offenses, so the legislator should amend the dispositions of Articles XVI of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and replace the term "information” with "information protected by law”. It seems that by limiting the ways of influencing computer information in the law, the legislator has provided opportunities to avoid criminal liability to persons who otherwise cause damage to the owners of computer information.
 The complexity of protecting legal relations in the field of computer information lies not only in the evolution of technologies for its registration and transfer, but also in the evolution of legal relations themselves and the ways of influencing them. The backwardness of the articles of Section XVI of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the problems of qualification of acts under these articles which arise in modern judicial practice cannot be solved by changing the dispositions of these corpus delicti only.

Multiplex Social Network Analysis to Understand the Social Engagement of Patients in Online Health Communities

Social network analysis has been widely used in various fields including online health communities. However, it is still a challenge to understand how patients’ individual characteristics and online behaviors impact the formation of online health social networks. Furthermore, patients discuss various health topics and form multiplex social networks covering different aspects of their illnesses, including symptoms, treatment experiences, resource sharing, emotional expression, and new friendships. Further research is needed to investigate whether the factors influencing the formation of these topic-based networks are different and explore potential interconnections between various types of social relationships in these networks. To address these issues, this study applied exponential random graph models to characterize multiplex health social networks and conducted empirical research in a Chinese online mental health community. An integrated social network and five separate health-related topic-specific networks were constructed, each with 773 users as network nodes. The empirical findings revealed that patients’ demographic attributes (e.g., age, gender) and online behavioral features (e.g., emotional expression, online influence, participation duration) have significant impacts on the formation of online health social networks, and these patient characteristics have significantly different effects on various types of social relationships within multiplex networks. Additionally, significant cross-network effects, including entrainment and exchange effects, were found among multiple health topic-specific networks, indicating strong interdependencies between them. This research provides theoretical contributions to social network analysis and practical insights for the development of online healthcare social networks.

Notarial process as one of the types of legal process

The notary of Ukraine plays an important role in the implementation of human rights and law enforcement functions in the system of law enforcement agencies of the country [1].
 According to Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries», a notary in Ukraine is a system of bodies and officials entrusted with the duty to certify rights, as well as facts of legal significance, and to perform other notarial actions provided for by this Law, with the aim of providing them of legal probability [2].
 The activity of a notary has certain commonalities with the activities of other bodies of civil jurisdiction. Notarial activity is a type of legal and, accordingly, social activity and is aimed at providing official force and credibility to legal rights, facts and documents.
 А notarial process is a type of legal process, which is a legally established procedure for performing notarial acts. The notarial process is a procedural branch, therefore, when notarial acts are performed, notarial procedural legal relations characteristic of it arise. Notarial procedural relations can be considered a type of social relations that arise between persons who perform notarial acts and persons who applied for notarial acts, and are regulated by the norms of notarial legislation.
 A notarial process is a set of performed notarial proceedings or notarial actions. The notarial process is a legal form of activity of state bodies and officials authorized to do so. The performance of notarial acts is carried out by a strictly established circle of persons whose specific composition and scope of competence are established by legislation (Articles 1, 3, 34-40 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries»). The notarial process is an activity directly related to the need to use various methods and means of legal technology. In the notarial process, there is a system of requirements related to notarial proceedings. Since the notarial process is a type of legal process and boils down to the order of notarial actions prescribed by law, it is characterized by a complex structural content.
 The notarial process is the consideration of a certain legal matter. As a result of the performance of notarial acts, the legal rights and obligations of the persons in respect of whom these acts were performed are sanctioned by the state, the documents are given official significance, which enables the specified persons to acquire a certain status and perform certain actions. The notarial process can also be characterized as an activity related to carrying out operations with legal norms, that is, it is a type of law enforcement activity, when the relevant state body or official must directly use legal norms to solve a specific legal case.

The Alienation Experienced by Bruno & Shmuel in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas by John Boyne

Alienation is described as encompassing individual psychological states and types of social relationships. In the context of this study, individuals experience profound feelings of disconnection and estrangement (Kalekin-Fishman, 1998). The objective of this research was to elucidate the diverse causes of alienation depicted in the novel "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas." Analyzing the reasons for alienation in this literary work could provide deeper insights into how war and human atrocities impact an individual's mental well-being. It also contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the theme of alienation in literary research. The research employed a literature study approach with a psychological perspective, drawing on Erich Fromm's concept of alienation. The primary data source for this study was the novel "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas" by John Boyne, focusing on character dialogues and the author's narration within the story units. The novel, published on 5 January 2006, consists of 216 pages. To analyze the data, the researcher collected, reviewed, identified, organized, and drew conclusions from the gathered information. The findings of this research reveal various causes of alienation present in the characters of Bruno and Shmuel in the novel. These causes included alienation arising from interactions with other people, alienation resulting from societal factors, and alienation stemming from internal struggles within themselves. The exploration of these aspects shed light on the complex psychological impacts of alienation amidst the backdrop of war and its atrocities in the narrative of "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas.

Ideación suicida en estudiantes de Grado en Trabajo Social: un estudio cuantitativo

There is a social and cultural problem related to suicide in advanced societies. From a professional point of view, social workers intervene to achieve social welfare and health for the people with whom they work without being exempt from suffering suicidal ideation themselves. The present research aims to analyze suicidal ideation in undergraduate students of Social Work. Through a quantitative methodology, this phenomenon is analyzed in a large sample of students belonging to Spanish universities (n=1005). In the statistical study, a frequency analysis, a cross-table analysis, and a binary logistic regression are developed, taking as reference the dependent variable: the risk of suicidal ideation. The predictor variables of suicidal risk are: sex, type of social relationships, bullying in previous stages, consumption of antidepressant medication, increased anxiety after COVID-19, and economic difficulties in continuing studies. Universities should not be oblivious to the problems of their students but should incorporate specific programs for the treatment and prevention of suicidal risk, promoting quality education about the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals.

Mechanism of legal convergence

On the basis of the analysis of scientific legal literature, a study of the mechanism of legal convergence was carried out, the definition and structural components of the specified mechanism were formed.
 The mechanism of legal convergence is a dynamic, consistent, normative and organizational process aimed at the transformation of certain legal phenomena, which ensures effective interaction and convergence of the national law of individual states.
 The main elements of the legal convergence mechanism include: forms, means, principles and types.
 Subjects of legal convergence are not an element of its mechanism, but without subjects the mechanism does not fulfill its purpose, therefore a special role among subjects of legal convergence is occupied by subjects of law-making initiative, as well as law-making and law-enforcement activities, since they directly ensure processes of legal convergence.
 Attention is drawn to the fact that the objects of legal convergence, as types of social relations that arise due to the convergence of legal phenomena, are also not part of the elements of convergence, but it is precisely because of the objects that legal convergence arises.
 As objects of legal convergence, it is expedient to consider, for example, law-making, law-enforcement and interpretation activities, foreign and domestic political activities, foreign economic and domestic economic activities, etc.
 The study of the elements of the mechanism of legal convergence and the practice of its application contributes to the development of the main regularities of the functioning of the mechanism of legal convergence in the modern process of legal globalization.
 The theoretical significance of this study is that the provisions and conclusions contained in it allow to supplement and expand the field of scientific knowledge in the field of the theory of the state and law, as well as certain branches of law.

The spatial distribution of neighborhood safety ties: Consequences for perceived collective efficacy?

ABSTRACT There is conflicting evidence in the literature regarding the relationship between residents’ social networks and their perceptions of neighborhood collective efficacy. This study proposes addressing this challenge with several theoretically motivated refinements using a large spatially stratified sample of residents in the Western United States. First, we consider various distinct types of social relationships, and find that our novel measure of neighborhood safety ties is much more strongly related to perceived collective efficacy than is a measure of socializing relationships. Second, we explicitly account for the spatial distribution of ties, and find that it is not just local neighborhood ties that increase a sense of cohesion or informal social control, but that more spatially distant ties also matter. Third, we make a distinction between urban and rural areas, finding that in rural areas, social ties from an even broader area are associated with stronger feelings of collective efficacy.

Cross-sectional study of the association of social relationship resources with Staphylococcus aureus colonization in naturally occurring social groups along the US/Mexico border.

Asymptomatic carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is a major risk factor for subsequent clinical infection. Diminishing returns from mitigation efforts emphasize the need to better understand colonization, spread, and transmission of this opportunistic pathogen. While contact with other people presents opportunities for pathogen exposure and transmission, diversity of social connections may be protective against pathogens such as the common cold. This study examined whether social relationship resources, including the amount and diversity of social contacts, are associated with S. aureus colonization. Participants were community members (N = 443; 68% Hispanic) in naturally occurring social groups in southwestern Arizona. Four types of social relationships and loneliness were assessed, and samples from the skin, nose and throat were obtained to ascertain S. aureus colonization. Overall S. aureus prevalence was 64.8%. Neither the amount nor the diversity of social contacts were associated with S. aureus colonization. The concurrent validity of the social relationship assessments was supported by their moderate intercorrelations and by their positive association with self-rated health. The results suggest that the association of social network diversity and susceptibility to the common cold does not extend to S. aureus colonization. Conversely, colonization prevalence was not higher among those with more social contacts. The latter pattern suggests that social transmission may be relatively infrequent or that more intimate forms of social interaction may drive transmission and colonization resulting in high community prevalence of S. aureus colonization. These data inform communicable disease control efforts.

Prospective associations between peer support, academic competence, and anxiety in college students.

Previous literature has demonstrated that peer support is instrumental for the promotion of adaptive academic and mental health outcomes; however, limited research has examined prospective directional associations between peer support and adjustment within college settings. The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal associations between peer support, academic competence, and anxiety among U.S. college students. U.S. students from a diverse 4-year university (N = 251, 75% women, 24% men, and < 1% a different gender) reported on peer support, academic competence, and anxiety using validated questionnaires at two time points (Fall term of sophomore year and Spring term of senior year). Results showed that peer support was positively associated with academic competence over time but was not significantly related to future anxiety. Academic competence did not significantly predict peer support or anxiety over time, but anxiety was associated with lower future academic competence. These findings offer insight into how types of social relationships link with academic motivation and anxiety over time within educational settings.

Fluctuations in loneliness due to changes in frequency of social interactions among older adults: a weekly based diary study.

Loneliness functionally varies and is determined by the degree of interaction with others. We examined weekly fluctuations in reported loneliness as a function of frequency of social interactions in old age. We hypothesized that emotional and social components of loneliness would be related to different types of social relationships. Participants reported their feeling of loneliness and their social interaction quantity (frequency of meetings) via a weekly based diary, over 6 weeks. Diary study. The study included 55 older adults with different dwelling arrangements (M = 73.4, SD = 6.97). Measures of Loneliness (the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale), Social Interaction and Contact, and sociodemographic parameters were used. Social and emotional loneliness fluctuated over the course of the 6-week study. Frequency of meeting friends was related to emotional loneliness and total feelings of loneliness. Frequency of meeting close/trusted figures was related to emotional loneliness which appeared the following week. Other variables were not associated with either changes in loneliness or its dimensions. Loneliness in old age is changeable. The emotional component of loneliness seems to be dominant in determining overall feelings of loneliness and is more sensitive to externally chosen social interaction.

Brain connectivity during social exclusion differs depending on the closeness within a triad among older adults living in a village.

Social exclusion occurs in various types of social relationships, from anonymous others to close friends. However, the role that social relationships play in social exclusion is less well known because most paradigms investigating social exclusion have been done in laboratory contexts, without considering the features of individuals' real-world social relationships. Here, we addressed this gap by examining how pre-existing social relationships with rejecters may influence the brain response of individuals experiencing social exclusion. Eighty-eight older adults living in a rural village visited the laboratory with two other participants living in the same village and played Cyberball in an Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner. Utilizing whole-brain connectome-based predictive modeling, we analyzed functional connectivity (FC) data obtained during the social exclusion task. First, we found that the level of self-reported distress during social exclusion was significantly related to sparsity, i.e.lack of closeness, within a triad. Furthermore, the sparsity was significantly predicted by the FC model, demonstrating that a sparse triadic relationship was associated with stronger connectivity patterns in brain regions previously implicated in social pain and mentalizing during Cyberball. These findings extend our understanding of how real-world social intimacy and relationships with excluders affect neural and emotional responses to social exclusion.

Social relationships in later life: Does marital status matter?

Previous research has suggested that unmarried persons may be disadvantaged in personal networks and social support. However, little is known about whether the quantity and quality of social relationships differ by marital status among older Americans. Using data from the 2006 and 2008 psychosocial questionnaires of the Health and Retirement Study, we examined the quantity and frequency of contact of three types of social relationships (i.e., friends, children, and family members) as well as the quality of these ties across six marital status groups (i.e., first married, remarried, cohabiting, divorced/separated, widowed, and never married). Our analytic sample included 13,087 respondents aged 51 and above. Multiple linear regression was used for the analysis. Our results show significant differences in social relationships by marital status. In terms of relationships with friends, compared to first-married persons, all the unmarried groups (except the cohabitors) had more frequent contact with their friends and reported greater support as well as greater strain from their friends, controlling for demographic covariates. Remarried persons and cohabitors were largely similar to their first-married counterparts except that both had fewer friends they felt close to, and the cohabitors also reported greater strain with their friends. In terms of relationships with children, all the unmarried groups except for widowed persons had fewer children they felt close to. All the unmarried groups were also disadvantaged in contact frequency and perceived social support from their children. Remarried persons were significantly disadvantaged compared to first-married persons in contact frequency and relationship quality with their children. These associations were largely robust when health and socioeconomic conditions were controlled for. In terms of relationships with family members, there were only a few significant differences across marital status groups. Our findings show the crucial role of marital status in shaping social relationships in later life.

How does socioeconomic status influence social relations? A perspective from mobile phone data

Socioeconomic status (SES) and social relations are two important aspects of human social life. Does socioeconomic status influence social relations? If some relationship exists, it will help us understand various social issues such as economic mobility, social segregation, and disparity in health outcomes. Despite long-term efforts, our knowledge about how SES influences the strength and types of social relations is still limited. In this study, we used a large mobile phone dataset in Beijing, China, to study the relationship between SES and the strength and types of social relations at an urban population level. Specifically, we divided the social relations into three types based on users’ spatiotemporal mobility similarity: (1) family members with high similarity on weekday nights and weekends; (2) coworkers with high similarity on weekdays during the daytime; (3) friends with low similarity all the time. An individual’s SES was represented by the housing price in the home location. The results showed that people of higher SES (living in areas with higher housing prices) tend to interact less with others and allocate more time with friends but less time with family and coworkers than people of lower SES. Besides, people of higher SES split their time more unevenly to different social relationships. These findings shed light on solutions related to SES and inequality. For example, people of low SES could learn to expand their social circles by connecting with people who are different from their daily environment, which may bring upward social mobility and improve their well-being.