Type Of Relevance Research Articles

The conjunction fallacy: confirmation or relevance?

The conjunction fallacy is the well-documented reasoning error on which people rate a conjunction A ∧ B as more probable than one of its conjuncts, A. Many explanations appeal to the fact that B has a high probability in the given scenarios, but Katya Tentori and collaborators have challenged such approaches. They report experiments suggesting that degree of confirmation—rather than probability—is the central determinant of the conjunction fallacy. In this paper, we have two goals. First, we address a confound in Tentori et al.’s experiments: they failed to control for the fact that in their stimuli where B is confirmed, it is also conversationally relevant in the sense that it fits with the topic or question under discussion. Conversely, when B has a high probability but is not confirmed, it is conversationally irrelevant. Consequently, it is possible that conversational relevance, rather than confirmation, is responsible for the differences they found between confirmed and probable hypotheses. Second, inspired by recent theoretical work, we aim to give the first empirical investigation of the hypothesis that this type of conversational relevance on its own—independently of degree of confirmation—can be an important factor in the conjunction fallacy. We report on two experiments that vary Tentori et al.’s design by making B relevant without changing its degree of probability or confirmation. We found that doing so increases the rate of the conjunction fallacy, suggesting that relevance plays an important role in the conjunction fallacy.

Phosphoproteomics Reveals Selective Regulation of Signaling Pathways by Lysophosphatidic Acid Species in Macrophages.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species, prevalent in the tumor microenvironment (TME), adversely impact various cancers. In ovarian cancer, the 18:0 and 20:4 LPA species are selectively associated with shorter relapse-free survival, indicating distinct effects on cellular signaling networks. Macrophages represent a cell type of high relevance in the TME, but the impact of LPA on these cells remains obscure. Here, we uncovered distinct LPA-species-specific responses in human monocyte-derived macrophages through unbiased phosphoproteomics, with 87 and 161 phosphosites upregulated by 20:4 and 18:0 LPA, respectively, and only 24 shared sites. Specificity was even more pronounced for downregulated phosphosites (163 versus 5 sites). Considering the high levels 20:4 LPA in the TME and its selective association with poor survival, this finding may hold significant implications. Pathway analysis pinpointed RHO/RAC1 GTPase signaling as the predominantly impacted target, including AHRGEF and DOCK guanine exchange factors, ARHGAP GTPase activating proteins, and regulatory protein kinases. Consistent with these findings, exposure to 20:4 resulted in strong alterations to the actin filament network and a consequent enhancement of macrophage migration. Moreover, 20:4 LPA induced p38 phosphorylation, a response not mirrored by 18:0 LPA, whereas the pattern for AKT was reversed. Furthermore, RNA profiling identified genes involved in cholesterol/lipid metabolism as selective targets of 20:4 LPA. These findings imply that the two LPA species cooperatively regulate different pathways to support functions essential for pro-tumorigenic macrophages within the TME. These include cellular survival via AKT activation and migration through RHO/RAC1 and p38 signaling.

Using Human Genetics to Develop Strategies to Increase Erythropoietic Output from Genome-Edited Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Genome editing is a powerful tool that enables precise changes in the genetic code of a cell. Genome-edited hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) yield genome-corrected cells of all lineages, yet the only cell type of clinical relevance in red blood cell (RBC) disorders is the RBC. Most applications of genome editing have sought to correct disease-causing mutations of monogenic diseases. However, human genetic variation reveals variants that confer positive health benefits as well. In this study we took advantage of a naturally occurring human variant to increase erythropoietic output from genome-edited HSPCs. The variant leads to a condition termed congenital erythrocytosis (CE), a rare phenotype in which people have higher than normal levels of RBCs and consequently elevated hemoglobin. It is caused by truncations in the erythropoietin receptor (tEPOR) in which the intracellular inhibitory domain to erythropoietin (EPO) signaling is eliminated. The genetic cause of this phenotype was identified in a family of a Finnish Olympic gold medal-winning cross-country skier who was found to have levels of hemoglobin >50% higher than normal. One of the challenges in gene therapy is to achieve sufficient engraftment of genetically engineered cells to have a clinical effect. Here we sought to give edited cells a selective advantage such that low levels of engraftment might still result in a clinical benefit through use of genome editing to recreate the CE phenotype by engineering tEPOR into HSPCs in different ways. We hypothesized we could recapitulate the CE variant using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of HSPCs to create insertions/deletions (indels) at the EPOR locus near the site of the mutation ( EPOR c.1316G>A) and then transfer the cells into culture media that promotes erythroid differentiation (Fig. 1). We demonstrated increased erythropoietic output from cells containing truncating mutations in EPOR, measured by an increase in indel formation throughout erythroid differentiation (1.3-3.8-fold increase). Because not all indels created cause truncations in EPOR, we explored if we could amplify this effect by integrating an AAV6 repair template that introduces a stop codon into EPOR followed by a BGH-polyA tail and GFP marker driven by a constitutive UbC promoter. This strategy enriched for GFP + cells with the truncation even more dramatically as they developed during erythroid differentiation (2.5-4.6-fold increase). We also found a substantial increase in the total number of cells produced from the tEPOR edited condition at the end of differentiation (3.3 times greater fold increase compared to mock edited cells). Importantly, we observed no enrichment in cells kept in HSPC media or cultured in RBC media without EPO, indicating this effect is EPO-dependent (Fig. 2). Next, we investigated whether a tEPOR cDNA could be targeted to the CCR5 safe harbor locus under ubiquitous expression or to the HBA1 RBC-specific safe harbor site imparting high levels of erythroid specific expression. Integration of the tEPOR cDNA at both loci yielded strong enrichment of edited alleles in an EPO-dependent manner when put through erythroid differentiation (6.2-8.6-fold increase at CCR5 and 2.9-5.2 at HBA1). Lastly, we sought to pair the tEPOR cDNA with a clinical edit for β-thalassemia to boost production of disease-corrected RBCs. We showed that through use of bi-cistronic cassettes we were able to drive a >2-fold enrichment of edited alleles over the course of differentiation. Additionally, we were able to pair the tEPOR cDNA and clinical edit for β-thalassemia through multiplexed gene editing at EPOR and HBA1, respectively, and again demonstrated enrichment of edited alleles. Ultimately, we believe this work has the potential to amplify the efficacy of gene and cell therapies for blood disorders currently in the clinic. Expression of tEPOR could be integrated into any treatment for blood disorders that involve transplantation of HSPCs, including both allogeneic and autologous bone marrow transplants. Further, as low chimerism in the bone marrow could produce high levels of peripheral RBCs using our strategy, it has the potential to reduce the morbidity of myeloablation regimens currently required for cure of blood disorders. This work, in effect, has the potential to improve the safety and accessibility to currently available treatments for the millions of patients affected by RBC disorders worldwide.

Identifikasi dan Manajemen Risiko untuk Mereduksi Kerentanan Pada Masyarakat

Vulnerability is an important aspect of national development. Failure to identify and manage vulnerabilities makes programs or policies designed by the government, companies, or non-governmental organizations run not as expected. This study aims to provide an understanding of definitions, sources and forms, identification methods, and interventions in managing risk to minimize vulnerability in the community. This study uses a systematic literature review method with inclusion criteria based on keywords: vulnerability, social risk, and social protection. The inclusion and exclusion criteria include: type of publication, year, accessibility, relevance, methodology and publication contribution. Vulnerability is a condition that makes a community easily affected by various threats. These threats consist of external risks such as the natural environment, social and demographic composition as well as internal risks such as economic conditions, physical and mental health. Both external and internal risks are closely related. Identification is carried out to map and categorize not only based on the causes and forms of vulnerability, but also on the magnitude of the impact, the number of victims and the possible losses. These data are important to determine the priority scale in determining the intervention that must be carried out. Preventive interventions are needed at low risk levels, promotive at moderate risk levels, and protective at high risk levels. If prevention, support and protection are no longer possible, transformative interventions are needed to keep communities away from crises.

Relevance in Belief Update

It has been pointed out by Katsuno and Mendelzon that the so-called AGM revision operators, defined by Alchourrón, Gärdenfors and Makinson, do not behave well in dynamically-changing applications. On that premise, Katsuno and Mendelzon formally characterized a different type of belief-change operators, typically referred to as KM update operators, which, to this date, constitute a benchmark in belief update. In this article, we show that there exist KM update operators that yield the same counter-intuitive results as any AGM revision operator. Against this non-satisfactory background, we prove that a translation of Parikh’s relevance-sensitive axiom (P), in the realm of belief update, suffices to block this liberal behaviour of KM update operators. It is shown, both axiomatically and semantically, that axiom (P) for belief update, essentially, encodes a type of relevance that acts at the possible-worlds level, in the context of which each possible world is locally modified, in the light of new information. Interestingly, relevance at the possible-worlds level is shown to be equivalent to a form of relevance that acts at the sentential level, by considering the building blocks of relevance to be the sentences of the language. Furthermore, we concretely demonstrate that Parikh’s notion of relevance in belief update can be regarded as (at least a partial) solution to the frame, ramification and qualification problems, encountered in dynamically-changing worlds. Last but not least, a whole new class of well-behaved, relevance-sensitive KM update operators is introduced, which generalize Forbus’ update operator and are perfectly-suited for real-world implementations.

Local corrosion: calculation in oil field conditions (according to weight measurements)

Complications associated with a corrosive environment, according to Rosneft’s data at 01.01.2020, are among the prevailing at oil and gas production facilities and rank fourth among other factors complicating production – 12% the complicated mechanized wells. Failures due to corrosion are the second largest complicating factors. Based on the results of approbation, the article proposes a method for calculating the maximum rate of local carbon dioxide corrosion, applicable in oilfield conditions, including to complicated stocks of oil wells and pipelines of oil gathering systems. Based on the approbation results, a method for calculating the maximum rate of local carbon dioxide corrosion, applicable in oilfield conditions, including to complicated stocks of oil wells and oil-gathering pipelines systems is proposed in the article. The proposed technique is realizable according to the results one of «traditional» methods the corrosion monitoring - weight (or gravimetric). The approbation results and application possibility of the technique in the pilot tests process in assessing the protective ability of corrosion inhibitors and the selection of the effective dosages in relation to local damages, which are the main cause the oilfield equipment failures according the factor «Corrosive aggressiveness» (one of the complicating factors in terms of gradation, adopted in the Rosneft Company regulations). On practical examples the oilfield equipment operation, the results of corrosion monitoring and the summary statistics the corrosive stock of wells (using the example of an oil Company), the current situation with respect to this type of complication and relevance the issue under consideration is shown.

A scoping review of studies using observational data to optimise dynamic treatment regimens

BackgroundDynamic treatment regimens (DTRs) formalise the multi-stage and dynamic decision problems that clinicians often face when treating chronic or progressive medical conditions. Compared to randomised controlled trials, using observational data to optimise DTRs may allow a wider range of treatments to be evaluated at a lower cost. This review aimed to provide an overview of how DTRs are optimised with observational data in practice.MethodsUsing the PubMed database, a scoping review of studies in which DTRs were optimised using observational data was performed in October 2020. Data extracted from eligible articles included target medical condition, source and type of data, statistical methods, and translational relevance of the included studies.ResultsFrom 209 PubMed abstracts, 37 full-text articles were identified, and a further 26 were screened from the reference lists, totalling 63 articles for inclusion in a narrative data synthesis. Observational DTR models are a recent development and their application has been concentrated in a few medical areas, primarily HIV/AIDS (27, 43%), followed by cancer (8, 13%), and diabetes (6, 10%). There was substantial variation in the scope, intent, complexity, and quality between the included studies. Statistical methods that were used included inverse-probability weighting (26, 41%), the parametric G-formula (16, 25%), Q-learning (10, 16%), G-estimation (4, 6%), targeted maximum likelihood/minimum loss-based estimation (4, 6%), regret regression (3, 5%), and other less common approaches (10, 16%). Notably, studies that were primarily intended to address real-world clinical questions (18, 29%) tended to use inverse-probability weighting and the parametric G-formula, relatively well-established methods, along with a large amount of data. Studies focused on methodological developments (45, 71%) tended to be more complicated and included a demonstrative real-world application only.ConclusionsAs chronic and progressive conditions become more common, the need will grow for personalised treatments and methods to estimate the effects of DTRs. Observational DTR studies will be necessary, but so far their use to inform clinical practice has been limited. Focusing on simple DTRs, collecting large and rich clinical datasets, and fostering tight partnerships between content experts and data analysts may result in more clinically relevant observational DTR studies.

Perceptual relevance and art: Some tentative suggestions

Abstract A fundamental assumption in relevance theory is that human cognition has evolved in the direction of increased efficiency and, as such, tends, as Sperber and Wilson (Relevance: Communication and cognition, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995: 38–46, 260–66) put it in their cognitive principle, to be naturally geared towards the maximisation of relevance. The cognitive principle inter alia explains the selectivity of human agency and attention: for an input to merit the attention of the human cognitive system, it must seem relevant enough to be worth attending to. But what makes an input relevant? The relevance-theoretic account proposes that relevance for an individual organism at any specific time involves a balancing of mental effort and a particular type of worthwhile modifications, cognitive effects, that are representational in nature and amount to improvements in knowledge. The type of relevance yielded by such effects could be described as a cognitive type of relevance. However, inputs such as artistic stimuli – including literary ones – invite us to widen the scope of the causal engineering behind the selective directedness of our mental lives. Artistic stimuli merit the attention of the human cognitive system at various time-scales (momentary, developmental, and evolutionary). Following Kolaiti (The limits of expression: Language, literature, mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019: 76–94) and drawing on neuroscientific evidence from the last 25 years, I will make tentative suggestions that artistic stimuli may also yield non-representational worthwhile modifications or effects. My discussion focuses on one such type of effects involving the human perceptual system: perceptual effects. Being partly or wholly embodied, perceptual effects could extend the machinery of relevance theory in an embodied direction and widen its interdisciplinary implications.

Valeriana pilosa Ruiz & Pav.: una revisión de usos tradicionales, fitoquímica y farmacología Valeriana pilosa Ruiz & Pav.: a review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology

Background: The genus Valeriana is native to Asia, but some of its species, such as Valeriana pilosa Ruiz & Pav., they are native to South America and are traditionally used for their sedative or sleeping aid effect. The purpose of the review is to collect the scientific information on V. pilosa regarding its ethnopharmacological uses, chemical composition and biological activities.Methods: 1773 search results were found in the main databases and academic search engines, they were filtered according to access, type of research and relevance; obtaining 70 research documents including scientific articles, books, and theses.Results: V. pilosa is commonly known as ‘’valerian’’ and is traditionally used for its anxiolytic and sedative effect. Valerenic acid is the main compound attributed to its pharmacological activity, although it has only been verified in experimental animals. Also, in Peru, V. pilosa and other species of the genera Valeriana, Astrephia, Plectritis, Betckea and Phyllactis are confused with Valeriana officinalis.Conclusions: Review of V. pilosa ‘‘valerian’’, evidences that it is a plant species used by rural and urban communities; mainly in diseases of the nervous system. However, it is necessary to deepen their phytochemical and pharmacological studies.Keywords: Valeriana pilosa, Valeriana longifolia, Valeriana officinalis, Peru.

Services under new management: the myth of a fresh start

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the consumer-side effects of “under new management” (UNM) signs. The authors integrate cue-utilization theory and relevance theory to guide hypotheses about the conditions under which these signs are and are not beneficial.Design/methodology/approachTwo consumer-based experiments were used to examine the quality and reputation effects of restaurants signaling a management change on potential and existing customers.FindingsThe results suggest that positive and negative effects are possible. The direction of these effects is contingent upon consumers’ prior experience, type of service (i.e. search/experience) and the relevance of the signal.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited to one industry (i.e. restaurants) and examines the effects of market signals on perceived quality and reputation. In addition, this research brought forth the notion of “signal relevance” and suggested that it may be explicitly tied to attributions. However, this assertion must examine multiple signals (relevant/irrelevant) and their contingent effects on consumer perceptions.Practical implicationsThe findings advise businesses to use caution when using signals such as an “UNM” sign, as they appear to have different effects depending on the experience of the consumer with the service and the relevance of the signal.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the literature on cue utilization theory to understand the effects of marketplace cues on consumer perceptions. It contributes to marketing theory and practice by proposing a model of cue effects based on prior customer experience, type of service and cue relevance.

Feature relevance determination for ordinal regression in the context of feature redundancies and privileged information

Advances in machine learning technologies have led to increasingly powerful models in particular in the context of big data. Yet, many application scenarios demand for robustly interpretable models rather than optimum model accuracy; as an example, this is the case if potential biomarkers or causal factors should be discovered based on a set of given measurements. In this contribution, we focus on feature selection paradigms, which enable us to uncover relevant factors of a given regularity based on a sparse model. We focus on the important specific setting of linear ordinal regression, i.e. data have to be ranked into one of a finite number of ordered categories by a linear projection. Unlike previous work, we consider the case that features are potentially redundant, such that no unique minimum set of relevant features exists. We aim for an identification of all strongly and all weakly relevant features as well as their type of relevance (strong or weak); we achieve this goal by determining feature relevance bounds, which correspond to the minimum and maximum feature relevance, respectively, if searched over all equivalent models. In addition, we discuss how this setting enables us to substitute some of the features, e.g. due to their semantics, and how to extend the framework of feature relevance intervals to the setting of privileged information, i.e. potentially relevant information is available for training purposes only, but cannot be used for the prediction itself.

ISNO Position Statement on Treatment Guidance in Neuro-oncology During Pandemics.

The entire world including India is currently fighting the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic that threatens to disrupt healthcare systems globally in terms of capacity and resources. This outbreak necessitates an urgent review of existing management guidelines for commonly encountered tumors of the brain and central nervous system (CNS). Such a review should include a reassessment of benefit-risk ratio to align with local, national, and international priorities without compromising on delivery of care in terms of safety, compassion, efficiency, and effectiveness. Towards this end, the Indian Society of Neuro-Oncology (ISNO) constituted an online expert panel with adequate representation from all major treatment modalities (neuro-surgery, radiation oncology, and pediatric/medical oncology) to formulate a "COVID-19 context" position statement to guide the care of neuro-oncology patients during the ongoing crisis. The ISNO position statement suggests graded prioritization (based on clinical presentation, type of tumor, expected prognosis, and relevance of immediate therapy) for efficient utilization of resources and provides a framework through a set of general considerations, treatment modality-based considerations, and disease-specific considerations for the guidance of healthcare professionals involved in the delivery of care and services to patients with CNS tumors. The views expressed herein represent the current consensus of key opinion leaders from within the Indian neuro-oncology community and should not be in any case considered binding medically or legally to individual physicians and/or hospitals who may formulate their guidelines based on local setup and health-environment and update them periodically based on emerging evidence through the COVID-19 pandemic.

Improved niche genetic algorithm based parameter identification of excitation system considering parameter identifiability

In order to obtain the parameters of excitation system accurately, and improve the accuracy and efficiency of parameter identification much further, an improved niche genetic algorithm was adopted, which can overcome local convergence of genetic algorithm by the fitness sharing mechanism that could increase population diversity. Moreover, the proposed algorithm could avoid the disadvantage of usual niche genetic algorithm that is difficult in determining the niches. By using the method of fuzzy clustering, niche groups can be created dynamically. In addition, regarding the problem that the partial parameters of excitation system cannot identify stably because of the relevance among these parameters, this study analysed the identifiability of excitation system model primarily, separated associated parameters into several parameter sets then. This type of relevance would be removed by assigning typical values to representative parameters, which belong to different sets. Identifiability analysis can not only avoid identifying parameters blindly, but also increase the credibility of the results. The test study shows that the proposed method can acquire accurate and reliable parameter values.

RELEVANCE OF INTERPRETATION AS THE DETERMINANT OF THE BARNUM EFFECT

The current research features the relevance of the psychological portrait as a factor of influence on the Barnum effect. The article contains some definitions of the phenomenon in question, as well as some other relevant concepts. It offers a brief review of the literature on the matter. The subjects of the research were full-time students of the Far East Federal University and the Admiral Nevelskoy Maritime State University, who were offered to relate a trivial personal description to their self-concept. The study was carried out in accordance with the standard procedure used in empirical studies of the Barnum effect. The processing of the obtained data was carried out with the help of the Pearson statistical criterion χ2 . Based on the results of the study, a statistically significant difference in the assessment of the accuracy of the trivial personal description was found. The difference depends on the type of relevance, which clarifies the current understanding of the Barnum effect. The conclusion features some further ways of investigating the Barnum effect and using the obtained data.

A New Type of Research Relevance: Career Relevance and Closing the Relevance Gap

Management scholars are expected to produce research that is relevant to management practice and scientifically sound. This dual-mission opens the possibility that research might be scientifically ...

Risk assessment of critical infrastructures – New parameters for commercial ports

Risk assessment of critical infrastructures is an important topic, but the available methodologies do not enable the proper scoring of the risks to commercial port infrastructures, which is vital to formulating effective and realistic security plans. Developing a comprehensive risk assessment methodology for commercial ports is a long-term project. However, this paper focuses on the first mandatory step of analyzing the different types of risks faced by a commercial port infrastructure. The number of potential risks is large – information technology risks, operational risks, labor risks, etc. Therefore, the emphasis is on the risks associated with threats to people, infrastructure, services and goods, which include terrorism, sabotage, criminal activities involving contraband goods and human trafficking, and labor conflicts.This paper presents a methodology for improving the scoring of the risks to commercial ports and understanding their real scope. This is accomplished by examining the key methodologies related to infrastructures in general and commercial ports in particular. After comparing the characteristics of the selected methodologies, the paper discusses the results of a survey of experts at Spanish ports and an analysis of almost two years of security statistics, the goal being to obtain realistic information about the importance of the various risks in order to specify suitable countermeasures and evaluate their costs. The results have enabled the identification of several new parameters that must be considered when assessing the risks to commercial ports, as well as enhancements to the definitions and use of some of the existing parameters. The new parameters include the intrinsic risk to a port, intrinsic risk to the type of terminal, accessibility, terminal layout and operational relevance of key elements to port operations (e.g., structures, railroad facilities and warehouses). The results presented in this paper have been validated by an expert panel.

A humanized phenotypic screening platform for chronic pain

Censo Biotechnologies and Cellectricon have joined forces to develop a first-in-kind humanized drug discovery platform to target chronic pain. The platform is based on human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived neurons in combination with Cellectricon's Cellaxess® Elektra screening system. The combination of highly functional screening with a human cell type of relevance for chronic pain has the potential to enable the generation of better drug candidates for this condition and other diseases.

Dynamic Bayesian Graphical Modeling to Predict Regulatory Networks in Hypertensive Rats

We have previously used Bayesian graphical methods to detect networks of interacting genes relevant to the development of salt sensitive hypertension. However, these previous approaches are “static” or time‐insensitive methods that cannot infer causality to gene interactions. Here, we present a dynamic Bayesian graphical modeling approach which is used to connect potential target genes to other genes and networks.Dynamic Bayesian graphical networking approaches require large amounts of time‐series data, in addition to being computationally complex. Data was generated by isolating medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) cells from 3 rat strains: the Dahl Salt‐sensitive rat (SS), the Fawn Hooded Hypertensive rat (FHH) and the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR). After isolation, the freshly isolated mTAL cells were exposed to one of two stimuli: H2O2 (500 nM) or TNF‐α (50 ng/mL). RNA was then collected at 30 minute intervals for 8 hours, resulting in a 16‐point time‐series for each strain and stimulus. Each time‐series was duplicated, and duplicates were pooled to reduce overall measurement noise. As there are 6 combinations of strains (3) and stimuli (2) this procedure resulted in 96 individual time‐points. RNA was then isolated and sequenced on an Illumina Hi‐Seq 2500.The Dynamic Bayesian graphical model attempts to find connections between genes by looking at the sequence of activation/inactivation of genes across the entire 8 hour time‐series. For example, in a time‐series generated by treatment of SS mTAL cells with 500 nM H2O2, we find that the gene Dusp5 undergoes a 4‐fold increase in RNA expression one hour before a similar 4‐fold increase in the gene Rasgrp3, a GWAS gene for hypertension that has no known function in the mTAL. The Bayesian graphical modeling algorithm looks at such changes across each time‐series for the different rat strains and stimuli, and detects the most probable connections between the analyzed genes.This analysis represents the first attempt to create a dynamic Bayesian graph in non‐cancer mammalian cells. The use of such a graphical modeling approach in mTAL, a cell type of particular relevance to the pathophysiology of hypertension, will give us insight into the regulation of critical genes in hypertension and allow us to better understand, and potentially treat, this important disease.Support or Funding InformationA. Dayton supported by NIH Fellowship: 1F30HL127979‐01A1.Work funded by NIH grant: 4P01HL116264.

Aplicación mundial de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud en Fisioterapia: revisión sistemática

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health seeks to promote a unified language among health disciplines, which is essential for the development of clinical practice and research. This article aims to present a review of the use and application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in the clinical setting of Physiotherapy. The search focused on publications between 2001 and 2015 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro, SciELO and LILACS. The articles were categorised by geographic location, type of study, population and relevance for physical therapy. A total of 128 articles were evaluated and 22 were finally selected, of which 47.8% were qualitative studies and 60.8% were conducted in Europe. The areas of greatest application were neurological and musculoskeletal. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health can be used to guide clinical reasoning in Physiotherapy and allows confidence in decision-making to achieve proposed goals.

Terra preta de índio: Commodification and Mythification of the Amazonian Dark Earths

Terra preta is a “hot” topic in the environmental sciences. From an anthropogenic soil type of local relevance, terra preta has been transformed by soil scientists into a techno-scientific object that helps to escape the global ecological crisis. The commodification goes along with a mythification that does not spare the scientific sphere.This paper contributes to the history of terra preta research. It traces not only the history of science of Amazonian Dark Earths (terra preta de índio) but the history of knowledge of terra preta taking explicitly into account indigenous contributions. Five major phases are distinguished. In the beginning knowledge on terra preta was local indigenous knowledge. The scientific object “terra preta” was created in the context of archaeological research and has then been reframed as a carbon-sequestering soil in the context of the rising global warming debate in the early 1990s. This development led to a de-contextualization of terra preta and to commodification, giving rise to the biochar industry. Commodification included mythification of terra preta, stressing its ancient, prehistoric roots. Both processes ‐ commodification and mythification ‐ can also be found within the scientific sphere. This seems to indicate that not only terra preta has become a commodity, but that also research on terra preta shows signs of commodification.