Type Of Position Sensitive Detector Research Articles

Distance-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: What, Why, and How?

Distance-of-flight mass spectrometry (DOFMS) separates ions of different mass-to-charge (m/z) by the distance they travel in a given time after acceleration. Like time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), separation and mass assignment are based on ion velocity. However, DOFMS is not a variant of TOFMS; different methods of ion focusing and detection are used. In DOFMS, ions are driven orthogonally, at the detection time, onto an array of detectors parallel to the flight path. Through the independent detection of each m/z, DOFMS can provide both wider dynamic range and increased throughput for m/z of interest compared with conventional TOFMS. The iso-mass focusing and detection of ions is achieved by constant-momentum acceleration (CMA) and a linear-field ion mirror. Improved energy focus (including turn-around) is achieved in DOFMS, but the initial spatial dispersion of ions remains unchanged upon detection. Therefore, the point-source nature of surface ionization techniques could put them at an advantage for DOFMS. To date, three types of position-sensitive detectors have been used for DOFMS: a microchannel plate with a phosphorescent screen, a focal plane camera, and an IonCCD array; advances in detector technology will likely improve DOFMS figures-of-merit. In addition, the combination of CMA with TOF detection has provided improved resolution and duty factor over a narrow m/z range (compared with conventional, single-pass TOFMS). The unique characteristics of DOFMS can enable the intact collection of large biomolecules, clusters, and organisms. DOFMS might also play a key role in achieving the long-sought goal of simultaneous MS/MS. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

Mathematical modelling and study of the encoding readout scheme for position sensitive detectors

Encoding readout methods based on different schemes have been successfully developed and tested with different types of position-sensitive detectors with strip-readout structures. However, how to construct an encoding scheme in a more general and systematic way is still under study. In this paper, we present a graph model for the encoding scheme. With this model, encoding schemes can be studied in a more systematic way. It is shown that by using an encoding readout method, a maximum of n(n−1)2+1 strips can be processed with n channels if n is odd, while a maximum of n(n−2)2+2 strips can be processed with n channels if n is even. Furthermore, based on the model, the encoding scheme construction problem can be translated into a problem in graph theory, the aim of which is to construct an Eulerian trail such that the length of the shortest subcycle is as long as possible. A more general approach to constructing the encoding scheme is found by solving the associated mathematical problem. In addition, an encoding scheme prototype has been constructed, and verified with MRPC detectors.

Systematic characterization of optical beam deflection measurement system for micro and nanomechanical systems

Optical beam deflection (OBD) measurement method is very popular in various types of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and micro/nanomechanical sensors to measure a mechanical motion. This paper reports the detail design and implementation of a very low drift (2nm over 1000s), high bandwidth (40MHz) and low noise (15fm/Hz) OBD measurement setup that can be used in metrological SPM. The noise, bandwidth and stability of the setup and the thermo-mechanical behavior of SPM cantilevers were systematically characterized. The influences of optical beam spot size, power of the laser beam and the type of position sensitive detector on the total measurement noise for different preamplifications were analyzed in detail. Consequently, recommendations for further improvements of the OBD systems in SPMs and MEMS sensors are given. The results can be used in future high speed, high accurate and low drift SPMs and MEMS sensors applications.

Wavelength prediction of laser incident on amorphous silicon detector by neural network

In this paper we present a method based on artificial neural networks (ANN) and the use of only one amorphous semiconductor detector to predict the wavelength of incident laser. Amorphous semiconductors and especially amorphous hydrogenated silicon, a-Si:H, are now widely used in many electronic devices, such as solar cells, many types of position sensitive detectors and X-ray imagers for medical applications. In order to study the electrical properties and detection characteristics of thin films of a-Si:H, n–i–p structures have been simulated by SILVACO software. The basic electronic properties of most of the materials used are known, but device modeling depends on a large number of parameters that are not all well known. In addition, the relationship between the shape of the induced anode current and the wavelength of the incident laser leads to complicated calculations. Soft data-based computational methods can model multidimensional non-linear processes and represent the complex input–output relation between the form of the output signal and the wavelength of incident laser.

New opportunities provided by modernized small-angle neutron scattering two-detector system instrument (YuMO)

Main features of the modernized small-angle neutron scattering spectrometer (YuMO) at IBR-2M pulsed reactor are described. New installations for sample environment of the spectrometer are highlighted. The modernized SANS instrument (YuMO) is equipped with a new type of position sensitive detector as well as two detector system which provide a unique dynamic range (Qmax/Qmin ratio is about 90). Sample environment is extended with a magnetic system (magnetic field about 2.5 Tesla), automated high pressure setup which allows simultaneous SANS and volumetric high pressure studies and light illumination system. In particular, these developments led to considerable improvements of resolution of the instrument (about 1%) and opened the possibility to study anisotropic materials and perform efficient high pressure studies.

A Transparent Anode Array Detector for 3d Atom Probes

In a three dimensional atom probe, the identity and spatial coordinates of the atoms field evaporated from the specimen are determined. Their identity is calculated from the flight time from the specimen to the single atom detector. The x and y coordinates of the atom in the specimen are determined from the coordinates of its impact position on the position-sensitive detector and the z coordinate is determined from its position in the evaporation sequence. These data may then be reconstructed to visualize and quantify the distribution of all the elements in the specimen. Several types of position-sensitive detectors have been used including a wedge-and-strip detector (position-sensitive atom probe), a 10 by 10 array of anodes (tomographic atom probe), and a gateable CCD camera (optical atom probe). The wedge-and strip and the CCD camera detectors both suffer from the limitation that if more than one atom strikes the detector on a field evaporation pulse then the impact positions cannot be determined in many cases.

A polycapillary bending and focusing lens for neutrons

A glass polycapillary lens that both bends and focuses a cold neutron beam has been designed and constructed. The bender focuser guides part of the incident beam away from its line of sight and focuses it to a spot of width 0.65 mm at a distance 95 mm from the lens exit and 20 mm below the bottom edge of the beam path, with a gain of 20 in neutron current density. The neutron transmission characteristics of the lens have been determined with two types of position-sensitive detectors, a charge injection device, and an imaging plate. The lens has been tested with prompt gamma measurements on a gadolinium shard and titanium foil.

Proposals for a new type of microchannel-plate-based vertex detector

We put forward the idea of a new type of position sensitive detector based on microchannel plates (MCP) and a special super high-frequency delay line readout anode. The detector is capable to precisely determine time and two space coordinates of a charged particle track intersecting the MCP's surface.

A new type of position sensitive detector

A new type of position sensitive monitor is under development in order to meet the demands of beam control in the field of modern accelerators. Tests on the first prototype revealed the possibility of realizing a simple and reliable profile monitor for a wide range of beam energy and intensity.

The Fine Grid Detector : A Parallel Electrode Postion Sensitive Detector

A parallel electrode type of position sensitive detector with a fast delay-line read-out system has been developed. As a preliminary result, a spatial resolution of 0,5mm FWHM has been obtained. The counting rate capability is as high as 105 sec-1 mm-2.

Helical focal plane detectors

A general description is given of the theory, design and construction of helical delay line proportional counters for position determination along the focal plane of magnetic spectrometers. A discussion of the numerous designs now in use at various facilities is also presented together with their advantages and disadvantages. Spatial resolutions of 0.3–0.5 mm appear typical of this type of position sensitive detector. The energy loss information in the proportional region is also used for particle identification in many applications. The use of helical delay lines in hybrid heavy ion detectors is also discussed.

The noise analysis and optimum filtering techniques for a two-dimensional position sensitive orthogonal strip gamma ray detector employing resistive charge division

The analysis of an orthogonal strip, two-dimensional position sensitive high purity germanium gamma ray detector is discussed. Position sensitivity is obtained by connecting each electrode strip on the detector to a resistor network. Charge, entering the network, divides in relation to the resistance between its entry point and the virtual earth points of the charge sensitive preamplifiers located at the end of each resistor network. The difference of the voltage pulses at the output of each preamplifier is proportional to the position at which the charge entered the resistor network and the sum of the pulse is proportional to the energy of the detected gamma ray. The analysis of energy and spatial noise resolution is presented for this type of position sensitive detector. The results of the analysis show that the position resolution is proportional to the square root of the filter amplifier's output pulse time constant and that for energy measurement the resolution is maximized at the filter amplifier's noise corner time constant. The design of the electronic noise filtering system for the prototype gamma ray camera was based on the mathematical energy and spatial resolution equations. For the spatial channel a Gaussian trapezoidal filtering system was developed. Gaussian filtering was used for the energy channel. The detector noise model was verified by taking rms noise measurements of the filtered energy and spatial pulses from resistive readout charge dividing detectors. These measurements were within 10% of theory.